2022

TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENT MUMBAI

Table of Contents

Vision: Towards a Net Zero & Climate Resilient Mumbai

Executive Summary

How to Read the MCAP?

1 City ContextMumbai’s Baseline Assessment

Pathways to a 1.5°C Warming Scenario for Mumbai

Sectoral Priorities

2.1.Assessment of Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities in Mumbai

2.2.GHG Inventory: Critical Sources and Sinks

2.3.Conclusion from Baseline Assessment

4.1. Six Priorities

4.2. Ensuring Inclusivity and Equity

4.3. Aligning with Global, National and Sub-national Planning Goals

3743

8191

23Leaders Pledge for Climate Action in Mumbai

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

1.1.Ecological Landscape

1.2.Urban Landscape

1.3.Social and Economic Context

3.1.City-wide Mitigation Targets

3.2.GHG Scenarios for Mumbai

3.3.Sectoral Strategies94 82

Sectoral Plans – Goals, Actions & Implementation Strategies

5.1.Energy & Buildings

5.2.Sustainable Mobility

5.3. Sustainable Waste Management

5.4. Urban Greening & Biodiversity

5.5. Air Quality

5.6.Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management

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Governance and Institutional Structures

Tracking Progress

6.1. The Existing Organizational Structure of BMC

6.2. Proposed Department of Environment & Climate Change

6.3. Creating a Climate Budget for Mumbai

7.1. Monitoring

7.2. Evaluation

7.3. Reporting

7.4.Conclusion

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204

Annexure 1

Annexure 2

Annexure 3

Annexure 4

References

207

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217

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233

Figure 1

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Location of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and Mumbai city in the State of Maharashtra in India

Greater Mumbai’s ecological and urban landscape

Annual air temperature anomalies between 1973 and 2020

LST map for Mumbai

Difference in surface temperature by land use and land cover in Mumbai

Map showing BMC waterlogging hotspots and population density exposed within 250m risk area around

each spot

Landslide-prone locations and informal settlements

Average annual sea surface temperature, 2003-2020 (a) Daytime (b) Night-time

Storm surge associated with Cyclone Tauktae, May 2021

Mumbai coastline change, 1990 vs 2020

Mumbai mangrove area assessment, 2008-2010 vs 2018-2021

Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 (July 2015 – March 2021)

3D timeseries of hourly average concentration of PM2.5 for Bandra and Colaba monitoring stations,

Mumbai, June 2019 - May 2021

Concentration of NO2Levels in Mumbai April 2010– March 2021 (Annual Average)

Total vertical column density of S02and CO and NO2, June 2019 - May 2020

Climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment framework

Emissions from sub-sectors

GHG emissions by sector for Mumbai (million tonnes CO2e)

Stationary energy emissions - Total GHGs (metric tonnes CO2e)

Transportation (SCOPE 1 & 2) - Total GHGs (metric tonnes CO2e)

Waste sector emissions - Total GHGs (metric tonnes CO2e)

Carbon sequestration from different vegetation types in Mumbai from 2016 to 2021

% Loss in tree-cover density in Mumbai, 2016-2021

Change in mangrove and protected forest density in Mumbai for 2016-2021

Scenarios modeled

Business-as-usual scenario emission estimate

Emission reduction potential of actions in the E&P scenario

Emission reduction potential of actions in the ambitious scenario

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Chapter flow

Land surface temperature increase over 10 years (range from 2005-2010 [top] and 2015-2020

[bottom]) along Andheri-Ghatkopar link road due to heat island effect

Approach to decarbonize Mumbai’s grid and make buildings resilient

Public transport in Mumbai

Municipal solid waste composition

Waste disposal sites in Mumbai

Wards with the highest number of SMPAs (left) and highest quantities of segregated waste (right)

Approach for the waste sector

Frequency of heavy rainfall events in Mumbai during 2011-2020

Water infrastructure and service systems in Mumbai

Water resilient approach for Mumbai

Organizational structure of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)

Proposed climate action cell

Department-wise percentage of estimated cost of project works in BMC

Map representing access to recreational open spaces within 1km walking distance

Map representing access to (existing and proposed) mass transit stations within 1km walking distance

Map representing access to healthcare by population density

Map representing population living within 1km walking distance of educational institutions

Map representing access to fire services within 5-minute response time across Mumbai

Map correlating access to flood shelters with population density within 1km walking distance

ANNEXURE 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Table 13

Table 14

Table 15

Table 16

Table 17

Table 18

Table 19

Table 20

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 30

Table 31

Sector-wise action tracks and rationale

Critical pollutants by pollution control permissible limits

Socio-economic aspects

Physical environment aspects

Infrastructure and services aspects

% Emission reduction under E&P and Ambitious scenarios

Strategy goals for the Ambitious scenario for Mumbai

Ongoing renewable energy and green building initiatives by BMC

Energy & Buildings: Sectoral action tracks

Energy & Buildings: Track-wise actions table and their implementation

Approach for sustainable transport

Ongoing transport initiatives undertaken by BMC

Sustainable Transport: Sectoral action tracks

Sustainable Transport: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Ongoing initiatives in the waste sector

Sustainable Waste Management: Sectoral action tracks

Sustainable Waste Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Approach for urban greening and biodiversity

Ongoing greening initiatives undertaken by BMC

Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Sectoral action tracks

Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Air Quality: Ongoing initiatives by BMC

Air Quality: Sectoral action tracks

Air Quality: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Ongoing initiatives of BMC

Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Sectoral action tracks

Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Existing list of line departments and other agencies as per priority action areas

Staffing plan in Climate Action Cell

Key performance Indicators for priority actions

Sample reporting template for energy sector actions

Leaders Pledge for Climate Action in Mumbai

I am pleased to know that the Brihanmumbai

Municipal Corporation (BMC) has responded to

the climate crisis with the Mumbai Climate Action

Plan (MCAP). As extreme weather events unfold

across the globe, the climate crisis has reached our

doorstep. While India is on track to achieve the

Nationally Determined Contributions, Maharashtra

is determined to lead India’s fight against this

impeding crisis by policy-governance reforms and

inculcating a climate action culture in the society.

At COP26 in Glasgow, Maharashtra was the only

Indian state to be felicitated with the Inspiring

Regional Leadership Award from the Under2

Coalition for Climate Action.

The Government of Maharashtra has been

proactive in encouraging sustainable development

of the State with various local to global climate

action programs such as the Maharashtra Electric

Vehicle Policy 2021 and the Majhi Vasundhara

Abhiyan to introduction of stringent norms in

the Maharashtra (Urban Areas) Protection and

Preservation of Trees (Amendment) Act, 2021, and

having 43 cities in Maharashtra sign-up to their

commitments for the UNFCCC’s Race to Zero

campaign.

The Mumbai Climate Action Plan is aligned to

meet the goals of the Paris Agreement limiting

global warming to 1.5°C. The evidence-based

policymaking and stakeholder consultations that

have led to the shaping of the MCAP will help

Mumbai become a climate-resilient city.

I wholeheartedly congratulate BMC for the MCAP

and wish them luck in spearheading the climate

resilience journey of Mumbai and Maharashtra,

towards a greener future.

Shri. Uddhav ThackerayHonourable Chief Minister of Maharashtra

A day’s delay in taking decisive, inclusive climate

action is akin to adding months of uncertainty

and vulnerability to the lives of our future

generations. The climate crisis is no longer an event

in the distant future but a reality unfolding in our

everyday lives.

At such a critical juncture, I welcome the unveiling

of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan (MCAP) by

the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation(BMC).

The Sixth Assessment Report published by United

Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change has estimated that Mumbai can witness a

sea-level rise of around 0.58 metres by 2100, the

highest in India. Various recent extreme weather

events in Maharashtra such as the Cyclone Tauktae,

urban flooding, and untimely rains have shown

that developing localised mitigation and resilience

strategies is the need of the hour.

Our objective is to encourage climate action at the

grassroots level. Achieving climate resilience in an

urban body such as Mumbai is to strike the perfect

balance between its developmental aspirations

and nature conservation. Despite developmental

pressures, the citizens of Mumbai successfully

protected their city’s natural green lungs – The

Aarey Forest. More than 5,000 illegal structures on

Mumbai’s mangrove lands have been removed by

the Mangrove Cell. Mumbai has also witnessed a

phenomenal rise in the uptake of electric vehicles in

public as well as private fleet.

To educate our children about the science behind

climate change, we have introduced the Majhi

Vasundhara Curriculum in our schools. Mumbai

has joined the World Resources Institute’s

Cities4Forests and C40 Cities’ Urban Nature

Declaration – both of which aim to protect,

preserve and amplify the city’s open blue and

green spaces to conserve our rich ecological

heritage. Mumbai has also joined the C40 Cities

Women4Climate program to ensure that women

play a pivotal role in Mumbai’s fight against Climate

Change.

The indomitable spirit of our city has overcome

innumerable challenges. It is now time to initiate

collective action to safeguard our future. With the

launch of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan, Mumbai

has set the benchmark for Climate Action in India.

As the Guardian Minister of Mumbai Suburban

District, I firmly resolve to contribute in every

possible manner to make MCAP a success story.

Shri. Aaditya ThackerayHonourable Cabinet Minister of Environment & Climate Change, Tourism & Protocol, Government of Maharashtra

Smt. Kishori PednekarHonourable Mayor of Mumbai

It is an honour for me to present the Brihanmumbai

Municipal Corporation’s Mumbai Climate Action

Plan. For a city reeling under climate stress for

years now, the MCAP is a path towards a brighter

future. The memories of the urban floods of

2005 and 2017 are still fresh in our minds. The

increasing frequency of cyclones hitting Mumbai’s

coast every year is an equally daunting prospect.

Between 1991 and 2018, Mumbai has witnessed

a 2-degree Celsius rise in average temperature. A

well-grounded and scientifically designed strategy

is critical to combat the vagaries of climate change.

Even before the formulation of the MCAP, BMC

had commenced its journey towards sustainability

with active support from the Central and State

Government. With the MCAP in hand now, our

efforts towards a sustainable city will become even

more streamlined.

The MCAP is revolutionary because it provides

a holistic roadmap for Mumbai’s drive towards

sustainable development. Its six focus areas

– Energy & Buildings, Integrated Mobility,

Sustainable Waste Management, Urban Greening

& Biodiversity, Air Quality, and Urban Flooding

& Water Resource Management – provide

innovative and lasting solutions to Mumbai’s

climate challenges. The MCAP has truly inspired

city leaders like myself to deliver inclusive climate

actions and provide equitable solutions for all.

Mumbai stands at the critical juncture, where

Mumbaikars can guide the nation by making

the MCAP a success and ensuring a safe and

sustainable future for our children.

As the Executive Head of the Brihanmumbai

Municipal Corporation (BMC), I feel extremely

proud and fortunate to present the Mumbai

Climate Action Plan (MCAP). Firstly, I would

like to thank the Government of Maharashtra

and Mumbai for their constant support and

commitment towards making the MCAP a reality.

Next, I congratulate the Additional Municipal

Commissioner (City) and his team for their tireless

efforts in drafting the MCAP.

Mumbai is at high risk due to changing weather

patterns. Between 1973 and 2020, Mumbai

observed a warming trend with an average

temperature increase of 0.25°C per decade. Over

the years, of all the significant urban floods in

India, three major ones have occurred in Mumbai

in 2005, 2014 and 2017. Furthermore, as per

the data from BMC’s Disaster Management

Department, 287 locations within Greater Mumbai

are landslide-prone.

The MCAP is revolutionary because the solutions

that it suggests for Mumbai’s climate vulnerabilities

are scientifically designed taking into account

ground realities after several deliberations with

citizens. To begin with, the MCAP team conducted

an in-depth vulnerability analysis of the city. Next,

a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory was prepared

to identify the city's critical sources and sinks of

greenhouse gases which then guided action tracks

to reduce emissions.

MCAP aims to guide the city towards a net zero

future through inclusive, low carbon urban

development. I humbly request all Mumbaikars to

support the BMC in its efforts to implement the

MCAP in an effective manner.

Dr. I.S. Chahal IASMunicipal Commissioner of Mumbai, BMC

Dr. Sanjeev Kumar IASHonourable Additional Municipal Commissioner – City, BMC

At the outset, I would like to thank the political

leadership of Maharashtra and Mumbai, for

their progressive vision, without which this

revolutionary action of the Mumbai Climate Action

Plan (MCAP) would not have seen the light of day.

I’m humbled to have had the opportunity to lead

the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation’s (BMC)

team in preparing the MCAP. I extend my sincere

thanks to all departments for their meaningful

contributions towards the MCAP. Furthermore, I

am deeply grateful to our knowledge partners C40

cities and World Resources Institute India (WRI

India) for their technical guidance and support in

drafting the MCAP.

South Asian coastal cities like Mumbai are at a

high risk and we stand at a crucial precipice where

climate disasters can push our developmental

aspirations back a few decades. Hence, the

MCAP is vital for ensuring climate resilient urban

development in Mumbai driven by a people-centric

approach. The chosen six focus areas of Mumbai

CAP are congruent with India’s commitments

towards the Sustainable Development Goals

(SDG), such as SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and

Communities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action)

amongst others. With ongoing initiatives like

electrifying our bus fleet, developing open blue and

green spaces and investing in renewable energy,

I am confident that the MCAP would enhance

BMC’s efforts towards climate change mitigation

and adaptation.

Mumbai, a C40 city with a population of over 12

million people, has published the Mumbai Climate

Action Plan (MCAP). This is the first CAP in the

region, aligned to the C40 CAP framework, an

important milestone for the region and the Global

South. As a signatory to Deadline 2020, Mumbai

has committed to reducing carbon emissions by

50% by 2030 and setting a roadmap to becoming

carbon neutral by 2050 aligned with the Paris

Agreement. Mumbai has led the way in showcasing

how political commitment and leadership can

result in an ambitious yet implementable plan —

which is particularly of importance to the global

south, which is home to some of the most polluted,

populous and fastest growing cities of the world.

A unique component of the MCAP is around

building knowledge systems and common actions

to broad base the benefits of this transition, across

42 other cities in the state that joined Cities Race

to Zero, with the potential to impact an additional

60 million people. The State Environment and

Climate Change Department, the Brihanmumbai

Municipal Corporation (BMC) and WRI India led

from the front on many of these discussions and

helped frame the key priorities and activities that

can enable this transition. Beyond the MCAP, the

city has also actively engaged on inter-sectional

themes like the Women for Climate, Climate

Budget Pilot, U20 2022 and Urban Nature

Declaration, led and coordinated by the regional

C40 Cities team. The next step is to accelerate

and mainstream implementation to deliver on

Mumbai’s transformational climate actions.

At C40, we look forward to working with Mumbai

to achieve the targets set out in this plan while

acting together, learning from each other, sharing

knowledge and building a resilient city that can not

only make its citizens prosperous but also achieve a

greater quality of life for the future generations of

Mumbaikars.

Shruti Narayan Regional Director, South and West Asia C40 Cities

Acknowledgements

The development of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan was under the leadership of Shri. Aaditya Thackeray,

Hon’ble Minister for Environment and Climate Change, Tourism, Protocol, and Guardian Minister, Mumbai

(Suburban), Government of Maharashtra.

We’d like to sincerely thank the individuals listed below for their support and contributions to the Mumbai

Climate Action Plan:

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation:

Dr. I.S Chahal, IAS, Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai, BMC

Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, IAS, Additional Municipal Commissioner (City), BMC

Shri. Suresh Kakani, IAS, Additional Municipal Commissioner (Western Suburbs), BMC

Shri. Sunil Godse, Deputy Municipal Commissioner (Environment), BMC

Shri. Sunil Sardar, Officer on Special Duty (Environment), BMC

Shri. Eknath Sankhe, Officer on Special Duty, Mumbai CAP, BMC

Shri. Chandrakant Hule, Executive Engineer (Environment), BMC

Smt. Revati Shidaye, Assistant Engineer (Environment), BMC

Shri. Rohan Hingmire, Assistant Engineer (Environment), BMC

Shri. Vishwajeet Vagatkar, Sub-Engineer (Environment), BMC

Shri. Srikant Solunke, Consultant to the Department of Environment, BMC

Shri. Abhijit Sirkar, Consultant to the Department of Environment, BMC

Government of Maharashtra:

Shri. Sanjay Bansode, Minister of State for Environment and Climate Change

Smt. Manisha Mhaiskar, IAS, Principal Secretary, Department of Environment and Climate Change

Shri. A.L. Jarhad, IAS, Chairman, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

Shri. A.A. Shingare, IAS, Member Secretary, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

Authors:

Saurabh Punamiya Jain, Policy and Engagements Secretary to the Cabinet Minister of Environment & Climate Change, Tourism & Protocol

Tanmay Takle, Policy and Partnerships Advisor to the Cabinet Minister of Environment & Climate Change, Tourism & Protocol

WRI India

Authors:Lubaina Rangwala, Program Head – Urban Development

Mehul Patel, Program Manager, Climate Program

Ramya M A, Project Associate, Climate Program

Avni Agarwal, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development

Sahil Kanekar, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development

Amrita Chakraborty, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development

Prutha Vaze, Program Manager, Climate Program

Geo Analytics Team: Bina Shetty, Program Head - Spatial Data And Data Analytics

Raj Bhagat Palanichamy, Senior Program Manager

Janhavi Mane, Program Associate

Aditya Sharma, Program Associate

Abhinand Gopal, Senior Program Communications Associate

Design & Communications: Rama Thoopal, Program Manager – Communications

Garima Jain, Program Manager – Communications

Shreya Bansal, Project Associate, Urban Development

Deepti Talpade, Program Manager, Urban Development

Spandan Sharma, Communications Manager

C40 Cities Shruti Narayan, Regional Director for South and West Asia Region

Max Jamieson, Head of Technical Aid

Ryan Green, Technical Manager for Climate Change Mitigation

Siyasanga Sauka, Senior Technical Manager, Adaptation Planning

Nikhil Kulkarni, City Advisor for Mumbai

Christina Muniandy, Regional Coordinator for South and West Asia

Media Partner:Climate Voices

Badri Chatterjee, Vinamrata Borwankar, Virat Singh

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation would like to thank all the advisors and reviewers from C40 Cities and

WRI India, Climate Voices, all Assistant Commissioners, Deputy/Joint Municipal commissioners, all Chief

Engineers, all department heads at the ward level and Zonal Deputy Municipal Commissioners, stakeholders

and external agencies who participated in the stakeholder consultations of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan.

Contacts for this report:

1. Additional Municipal Commissioner, City - amc.city@mcgm.gov.in

2. Saurabh Punamiya Jain - saurabhpunamiya.sp@gmail.com

3. Tanmay Takle - tanmaytakle@gmail.com

4. Lubaina Rangwala - lubaina.rangwala@wri.org

All maps in this report are intended as visualizations to communicate city-wide data analysis for information

purposes only and are not to scale

This report should be referred to as the ‘Mumbai Climate Action Plan, March 2022’

Edited by Chandni Nair

Mukta Salunke, Project Associate – Urban Development

Ananya Ramesh, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development

Bhanu Khanna, Senior Program Associate – Geo Analytics

Priya Narayanan, Program Manager – Urban Development

Linda Regi, Program Associate – Urban Development

Vishal Ramprasad, Senior Manager – Sustainable Cities & Transport

Madhav Pai, Executive Director, Ross Center for Sustainable Cities

Abbreviations

2W2 Wheeler

A & CAssessment & Collection Department

A&CAssessment and Collection

ACAssistant Commissioner

ADBAsian Development Bank

AEMLAdani Electricity Mumbai Limited

AIArtificial Intelligence

ALMAdvanced Locality Management

AMCAdditional Municipal Commissioner

AMRUTAtal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

BAUBusiness-as-Usual

BEEBureau of Energy Efficiency

BESTBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport

BKCBandra-Kurla Complex

BMCBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

BPCLBharat Petroleum Corporation Limited

BRTSBus Rapid Transit System

BSBharat Stage

C&D Construction and Demolition

CAAQMSContinuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System

CACClimate Action Cell

CAPClimate Action Plan

CBOCommunity Based Organization

CCRAClimate Change Risk Assessment

CIDCOCity and Industrial Development Corporation

CIRISCity Inventory Reporting and Information System

CLUAClimate and Land Use Assesment

CMP Comprehensive Mobility Plan

CNGCompressed Natural Gas

COCarbon Monoxide

CO2eCarbon Dioxide Equivalent

CPCBCentral Pollution Control Board

CRZCoastal Regulation Zone

CSCAFClimate Smart Cities Assessment Framework

CSMIAChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport

CSOCivil Society Organization

CSRCorporate Social Responsibility

D2DDoor-to-Door

DCRDevelopment Control Regulations

DISCOMDistribution Companies

DMCDeputy Municipal Commissioner

DODissolved Oxygen

DPDevelopment Plan

DREDistributed Renewable Energy

DWSCDry Waste Segregation Centre

E&PExisting and Planned

ECBCEnergy Conservation Building Code

ECBC-REnergy Conservation Building Code For Residential Buildings

EDGEExcellence in Design in & for Greater Efficiencies

EEEnergy Efficiency

EF Emission Factor

EIAEnvironmental Impact Assessment

ENSEco-Niwas Samhita

EREExtreme Rainfall Events

ESREnvironment Status Report

EVElectric Vehicle

EWSEconomically Weaker Section

FAMEFaster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

FSSIFood Safety and Standards Authority of India

FSIForest Survey of India

FSSAIFood Safety and Standards Authority of India

GDPGross Domestic Product

GHG-iGreenhouse Gas Inventory

GISGeographic Information System

GOIGovernment of India

GPC Global Protocol for Communities

GPSGlobal Positioning System

hahectare

HDVHeavy-duty Vehicles

HEHydraulic Engineering

HHHouseholds

HPCLHindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

HPSVHigh Pressure Sodium Vapour

ICAPInclusive Climate Action Planning

ICCTInternational Council on Clean Transportation

ICTInformation and Communications Technology

IDBIIndustrial Development Bank of India

IECInformation, Education and Communication

IFCInternational Finance Corporation

IGBCIndian Green Building Council

IITMIndian Institute of Tropical Meteorology

IMCIndian Merchants Chamber

IMDIndian Meteorological Department

INCOISIndian National Centre for Ocean Information Services

IOCLIndian Oil Corporation Limited

IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPTIntermediate Public Transport

ISWMIntegrated Solid Waste Management

ITInformation Technology

ITESInformation Technology Enabled Services

JMCJoint Municipal Commissioner

JNPTJawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

KDMTKalyan Dombivali Municipal Transport

KmphKilometer Per Hour

KPIKey Performance Indicators

KWKilowatt

LBSAPLocal Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan

LPCPDLiters Per Capita Per Day

LPGLiquefied Petroleum Gas

LSTLand Surface Temperature

MbPTMumbai Port Trust

MCMunicipal Commissioner

MCAPMumbai Climate Action Plan

MEDAMaharashtra Energy Development Agency

MERMonitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting

MERCMaharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission

MgCMegagram Carbon

MGLMahanagar Gas Limited

MHADAMaharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority

MHSECMaharashtra State Energy Calculator

MLMachine Learning

MLDMillion Litres Per Day

MMBMaharashtra Maritime Board

MMIMulti Modal Integration

MMRMumbai Metropolitan Region

MMRCMumbai Metro Rail Corporation

MMRDAMumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority

MNGLMaharashtra Natural Gas Limited

MNREMinistry of New And Renewable Energy

MoEFCCMinistry of Environment, Forest And Climate Change

MoPMinistry of Power

MPCBMaharashtra Pollution Control Board

MRFMaterials Recovery Facility

MRVCMumbai Railway Vikas Corporation

MSDPMumbai Sewerage Disposal Projects

MSDRDCMaharashtra State Road Development Corporation

MSEDCLMaharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited

MSWMunicipal Solid Waste

MUMillion Units of Electricity

MUDRAMicro Units Development and Refinance Agency

MUTPMumbai Urban Transport Project

MVAMajhi Vasundhara Abhiyan

MWpMegawatts-peak

NAAQNational Ambient Air Quality

NABARDNational Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NAPCCNational Action Planfor Climate Change

NBSNature-based Solutions

NCAPNational Clean Air Programme

NCVNet Calorific Value

NDCNationally Determined Contributions

NDVINormalized Difference Vegetation Index

NGONon-Governmental Organization

NGTNational Green Tribunal

NH3Ammonia

NIIFNational Investment and Infrastructure Fund

NMMTNavi Mumbai Municipal Transport

NMTNon Motorized Transport

NOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NYCNew York City

NZEBNet Zero Energy Buildings

OEMOriginal Equipment Manufacturer

OWCOrganic Waste Converter

PAProtected Area

PAHPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PMParticluate Matter

PNGPiped Natural Gas

PPBParts Per Billion

PPPPublic–private Partnership

PUCPollution Under Control

PVPhotovoltaic

RCPRepresentative Concentration Pathways

RERenewable Energy

ROPAXRoll On/Roll Off Passenger Ferry

RTORegional Transport Office

RTSRooftop Solar

RWAResident Welfare Association

RWHRainwater Harvesting

SAPCCState Action Plan on Climate Change

SCADASupervisory Control and Data Acquisition System

SDAState Dedicated Agency

SDGSustainable Development Goals

SECISolar Energy Corporation of India

SGNPSanjay Gandhi National Park

SIDBISmall Industries Development Bank of India

SLRSea Level Rise

SMPASwachh Mumbai Prabhodhan Abhiyan

SOSewerage Operation

SO2Sulphur Dioxide

SOMSoil Organic Matter

SPSewerage Projects

SRASlum Rehabilitation Authority

SSTSea Surface Temperature

STPSewage Treatment Plants

SWDStorm Water Drainage

SWHSolar Water Heaters

SWMSolid Waste Management

TCTropical Cyclones

TCOTotal Cost of Ownership

TMTThane Municipal Transport

ToFTrees Outside Forests

TPDTonnes Per Day

UHIUrban Heat Island

ULBUrban Local Body

URDPFIUrban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation

UTUnion Territory

VOCVolatile Organic Compound

W2EWaste To Energy

WASHWater, Sanitation and Hygiene

WAYUWind Augmentation and Purifying Units

WHOWorld Health Organization

WPRWork Participation Rate

WRIWorld Resources Institute

WSPWater Supply Projects

Vision: Towards a Net Zero & Climate Resilient Mumbai

Mumbai city, home to over 12 million people and thriving on a

diverse economy, is increasingly at risk of the impacts of climate

change. Increasing temperatures, depleting natural green cover,

routine bouts of extreme rainfall events resulting in severe flood

conditions incur severe losses to the city’s economy and its

people. Recent increase in tropical cyclones along the coast and

future risks from sea level rise projected over the next 3 decades

pose critical challenges to Mumbai’s future. In this context, the

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation have led the process to

drafting the first ever, Mumbai Climate Action Plan ( MCAP).

The MCAP envisions a city where its communities and citizens

are safer, healthier, and thrive even in the context of a changing

and uncertain climate. The MCAP is committed to a net zero

and climate-resilient Mumbai by 2050. This means ensuring

just transitions – towards net zero pathways; big investments

– towards inclusive and transformative climate solutions; and

coordinated and robust governance – to ensure a targets-based

approach. BMC acknowledges that the climate crisis is already

affecting us all, although in varying ways, and the time for action is

nowto secure a better future for all by 2050.

Mindful of these consequences that climate change presents to future generations living in Mumbai and its

region, the MCAP recognizes that actions must be taken on priority across six strategic areas - Sustainable

waste management, Urban greening & biodiversity, Urban flooding & water resource management, Energy &

buildings, Air quality and Sustainable mobility. The actions identified in each strategic area are framed on four

pillars of success:

EconomyEconomic activity

catering to citizens to

serve as a ‘common

good’, be sustainable

and generate

local employment

opportunities.

EnvironmentCity, citizens and

stakeholders protect

and build natural assets

and maintain resources

for future generations.

EngagementImpacted groups and

citizens engage in

climate action planning

and the effective

implementation of

climate actions.

EquityImproved health and

equitable distribution

of benefits to address

the needs of vulnerable

communities and other

impacted groups.

It is indisputable that

human activities are

causing climate change,

making extreme climate

events, including heat

waves, heavy rainfall,

and droughts, more

frequent and severe.

– IPCC, AR6, The Physical

Science Basis, 2021

Executive Summary

umbai is among the cities most

vulnerable to climate change

induced hazards, such as sea level

rise, storm surge and urban flooding.

The 2005 floods, which resulted in

410 deaths and displaced thousands,

particularly in the low-income areas,

is a case in point of the risks and

vulnerabilities the city faces. Mumbai

is a C40 member city. In 2020,

Mumbai signed C40’s Deadline 2020

commitment – aligned with the Paris

Agreement – to reduce greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions by 50% by 2030,

support the Government of India (GoI)

in achieving its Nationally Determined

Contributions (NDCs) and become

net zero by 2050. In order to meet

C40’s Leadership Standards, the

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

(BMC) is developing the city’s first

ever climate action plan (CAP) aligned

to the C40 Climate Action Panning

Framework, with technical support

from World Resources Institute India

(WRI India) that has been engaged as a

knowledge partner.

The MCAP will present the city with a

robust roadmap in the run-up to 2050,

which is the target year for

the plan.

The main objective of the plan is to

create a comprehensive strategy to

tackle the challenges of climate change

in the city of Mumbai by adopting

inclusive and robust mitigation and

adaptation strategies. Mitigation

strategies will be adopted for the

sectors that have the potential to

significantly reduce emissions by

adopting cleaner, greener technologies,

building materials and land use planning

approaches. Adaptation strategies will

focus on the sectors that can enhance

the city’s capacities to manage and

recover from growing climate risks and

extreme weather events by protecting

the city’s green and blue systems,

keeping the air clean and allowing its

natural systems to thrive.

The MCAP is framed as a policy

document with an evidence-based

approach to planning and mobilizing

resources for action plans as well

as strategic projects. The process of

planning is closely aligned with the

Development Plan for Greater Mumbai

2014-34 (DP 2034) and several sector-

specific plans and policies to leverage

the existing institutional capital

towards a unified goal.

The MCAP process adopts an inclusive and

consultative approach and comprises five

stages: 1)project inception and preparation;

2)data collection and baseline assessments,

including the completion of a Global Protocol

for Cities (GPC)-compliant GHG inventory

for the city; 3) launch of the planning process;

4)stakeholder consultations; 5)action plan

preparation and internal reviews.

MCAP Project

Inception

Data Collection

Subject Expert

Consultations

Action Plan

Preparation BMC, C40 & WRI India Internal Review Process

1. Project Inception

& Preparation

2. Baseline

Assessments

4. Stakeholder

Consultations

3. Launch of the

MCAP Process

5. Planning &

Implementation

MCAP Core Team

Setup

Baseline

Assessments

BMC Departmental

Consultations

MCAP website: https://mcap.mcgm.gov.in

Sectoral Gaps

Analysis

Sectoral Priorities

Identified

Administrative

Zonal Consultations

Baseline Assessments

When Mumbai secured C40 membership

in December 2020, the Minister for

Environment & Climate Change, Tourism

and Protocol in the Government of

Maharashtra, Aaditya Thackeray, announced

the government’s commitment to draft a

CAP for the city. The MCAP process has

received support from the State government.

In the project inception stage, a core team

of officers within BMC was created to

lead the planning process in collaboration

with partners and other consultants. The

Additional Municipal Commissioner - City,

Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, IAS was designated

the leading Nodal Officer, in the project,

and Deputy Municipal Commissioner

Sunil Godse and his team were assigned

the Environment Department. The core

team was supported by the Department

of Environment & Climate Change,

Government of Maharashtra, which assigned

Fellows from the Climate Fellows program to

coordinate data needs and support inter-

agency collaborations. The C40 Cities team

provided support in the form of knowledge

sharing, especially scientific methodologies

and global best practices, through their

networks in partner cities. As the knowledge

partner, WRI India took the lead in drafting

the technical document of MCAP.

As a first step, the team undertook a review

of available literature, which included DP

2034, Environment Status Reports and

other sectoral plans, to understand the city’s

urban, ecological, demographic and socio-

economic context. This review is presented

in Chapter 1 of this report. Sectoral gaps

were identified, which threw light on the

city’s planning challenges.

The climate and air pollution risks and

vulnerability baseline assessments for the

city were conducted using data from 20

departments of BMC and 26 parastatal, state

and national government bodies and private

agencies. A GPC-compliant GHG emissions

inventory was developed. Mumbai city faces

three distinct risks — increasing heat and

heat island effect, increasing flood risk as a

result of sea level rise and during extreme

rainfall events, tropical cyclones and storm

surges and increasing air pollution affecting

human health. The Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group

1 (WG1): Sixth Assessment Report projects

an increase in mean precipitation and heavy

rainfall events in Mumbai and neighboring

regions, resulting in floods and landslides.

According to this report, by the end of

the 21stcentury, the mean temperature

and number of hot days above 35oC

would increase under all Representative

Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios.

Sea level rise and coastal floods are indicated

as future risks for several cities in India. In

South Asia, particularly in coastal cities such

as Mumbai, the number of “internal climate

migrants”, i.e., those migrating due to climate

change and associated impacts such as water

scarcity, crop failure, sea level rise and storm

surges, is expected to increase between

2020 and 2050, amplifying rural-urban

migration.

Based on the C40 Cities Pathways Model, three types of emission reduction scenarios were developed —

existing and planned actions scenario, ambitious actions scenarioandextended scenario. These are presented

in detail in Chapter 3 of this report. These scenarios have been applied to structure the analysis, document

Mumbai’s current strategies, identify new strategies for the short and medium terms and assess the barriers in

implementation. In order to arrive at its overarching mitigation target of net-zero emissions by 2050, Mumbai

has committed to achieving 30% reduction by 2030, 44% by 2040 and net zero1by 2050.

total GHG

emissions

for the base

year 2019

23.42million tons CO2e

The waste sector 8%

1.8tons CO2e per capitaThe transport sector 20%

The stationary energy sector accounts for 72%of the total emissions

Energy & Buildings

Air QualityUrban Flooding & Water Resource Management

Integrated Mobility

Urban Greening & Biodiversity

Sustainable Waste Management

C02e

Stakeholder Consultations

The process of planning the MCAP was

initiated on 27 August 2021 under the

auspices of the Honourable Minister,

Shri. Aaditya Thackerayji, Minister of

State, Shri. Sanjay Bansodeji, Mayor of

Mumbai, Smt. Kishori Pednekarji, Municipal

Commissioner of Mumbai, Dr. I.S. Chahal

IAS, MMRDA Commissioner Shri. S.V.R.

Srinivasji and Additional Municipal

Commissioner - City, Dr. Sanjeev Kumar

IAS. The citizens of Mumbai were invited

to participate in the planning process

through the MCAP website2that was

launched by Shri. Aaditya Thackerayji.

The website presents information about

the MCAP, the six sectoral priorities and

links to relevant blogs and presentations.

Citizens’ inputs in the form of more than

300 recommendations were received on

the Talk to Us page of the website, thus

strengthening public participation and

awareness about the CAP. Of the citizens

who shared recommendations, 60%

were male and 40% female. Most of the

recommendations (65%) pertained to the

adaptation sectors of flooding, greening

and air quality, with the latter two being of

primary concern to the citizens, while 35%

was focused on mitigation, particularly on

waste management.

The first round of consultations was

held with experts from NGOs, research

organizations, citizens’ forums, international

development agencies and municipal

service providers such as BEST and private

companies. Six consultations were held

in the first round, one for each sector. In

each consultation, 5-7 subject experts

shared specific recommendations, which

formed the basis of the initial approach,

goals and actions for each sectoral priority.

These consultations were widely attended

by climate enthusiasts, subject experts,

students and citizens, with an average

participation of 80-100 people. These

consultations highlighted the key priorities

and impact groups for each sector, with a

focus on ensuring inclusivity in the planning

process and representation of the needs of

vulnerable citizens.

The second round of consultations

was hosted with various departments

within BMC, external agencies such as

Brinhanmumbai Electric Supply & Transport

(BEST), Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT),

Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development

Authority (MMRDA), Maharashtra Pollution

Control Board (MPCB) and DISCOMS such

as TATA Power and Adani Electricity Mumbai

Ltd. In this round, the overarching goals and

actions were discussed and the participants

shared their feedback and recommendations

on priority actions proposed in the MCAP.

This process helped assess the relevance and

feasibility of actions, the status of projects

underway and the key barriers to timely

implementation.

The third round of consultations was held

at the ward level for seven administrative

zones across three divisions - City, Western

Suburbs and Eastern Suburbs. During these

consultations, Assistant Commissioners

(ACs) and zonal DMCs of the divisions were

familiarized with the MCAP and the proposed

actions. The officials shared their perspectives

with respect to the challenges and priorities

at the grassroots and offered their support

and commitment for the implementation

of MCAP at the ward level. The ACs’

recommendations for increased capacities to

monitor progress, track projects and ensure

timely collaboration is reflected in the form

of the Climate Action Cell (CAC) proposed

for the city. The complete list of stakeholders

who participated in the three rounds of

consultations is presented in Annex 3.

Based on the literature review, analysis of

the primary data and climate profile, inputs

from stakeholder consultations and experts’

review, the goals and actions for each

sector were revised and strengthened. The

sectoral action plans were then prepared.

These are summarized in Table 1.The action

plans present information about the key

stakeholders, outcome and output indicators,

timeframes and revenue sources for each

action. To ensure timely implementation of

the MCAP, BMC will create a CAC as part of

its Environment Department that will report

to the AMC City on progress made. Mumbai

is also part of the C40 Cities Climate Budget

Pilot. The City of Oslo, which is leading the

pilot, is supporting Mumbai to develop its

first climate budget. The budget will be

developed and monitored by the CAC. A

Monitoring-Evaluation-Reporting-Learning

(MERL) cell within the CAC will track budget

allocations, expenditures, implementation

and progress of the MCAP. A climate budget

will help operationalize the plan, build on

existing emission scenario analysis, targets,

goals and actions and organize actions

into prescriptive implementable tasks for

relevant stakeholders. The climate budget

will also help the city plan and secure

financial resources.

Table 1: Sector-wise action tracks and rationale

Sectoral Action TrackRationale

Decarbonizing Mumbai’s electricity generation mix

The city’s electricity mix presents the biggest mitigation opportunity throughphasing out fossil fuel-based power and tapping into the decentralized renewable energy (RE) potential, while simultaneously reducing transmission losses.

Transition to clean fuels and resource efficiency in buildings

Reducing energy demand through energy efficiency improvements is the mosttime- and cost-effective way to reduce emissions. Electrification of cooking coupled with a clean grid will reduce emissions from buildings and avoid carbon lock-in.

Low carbon buildings Decarbonizing buildings is a smart and sustainable way of promoting urbandevelopment by mitigating emissions, avoiding future carbon lock-in of inefficient infastructure and reducing urban heat island effect.

Passive design strategies to improve resilience

in buildings

Better ventilation and cooling in different building typologies, coupled with low carbon and heat-resistant material in construction is essential to mitigate increasing

heat risk, especially in low-income communities with limited access to cooling equipment.

Energy & Buildings

Sectoral Action TrackRationale

Improve public transport ridership

Improving reliability, interconnectivity, accessibility, safety and information delivery of public transport services would reduce private vehicle usage, thereby reducing congestion, road fatalities, air pollution and GHG emissions. It will also help increase safety and accessibility for all, especially women, children and the elderly.

Access to non-motorized transport (NMT) and infrastructure

Currently, only 22% of the roads in Mumbai are walkable. Increasing pedestrian and NMT infrastructure will increase walkability, enable modal shift and reduce GHG emissions, air pollution and congestion. It will also lead to improved health benefits due to physical activity.

100% municipal and private zero emission vehicles by 2050

Increasing the share of alternative fuels and improving fuel efficiency, along with an increase in the share of renewable energy in the grid through increased access to finance, policy enablers and incentives, will reduce GHG emissions and air pollution.

Zero emission freight

There is an urgent need to decarbonize freight through policies, route management and incentives as logistics contributes to about 7% of total emissions in India. Also, the current Comprehensive Mobility Plan lacks any freight-related strategies, governance mechanisms, data and targets.

Sectoral Action TrackRationale

Reducing landfilled wasteAt source reduction and reuse is the most preferred way of managing waste through waste minimization, sustainable use/multi use of products and awareness, thereby

reducing overall emissions.

Decentralized waste management

Setting up decentralized infrastructure helps reduce costs and emissions related to collection and transportation and facilitates the overall uptake of recycling and composting.

Remediation and scientific management of landfills

Landfilling is the least preferred mode of managing solid waste as it generates the least amount of value. Remediation of legacy sites and scientific management of existing landfills is crucial to reduce GHG emissions, pollution and health risks due to unscientific solid waste management (SWM).

Sustainable Waste Management

Sectoral Action TrackRationale

Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface

Increasing vegetation cover and applying scientific knowledge in tree planting and maintenance will help reduce heat and flood risk, increase permeable surfaces in the city and secure other co-benefits in terms of health and air quality.

Reduce urban heat island effect

Reducing urban heat island effect and increasing permeable surfaces along the city streetscape to manage vulnerability to heat and floods through tree banking system, streetside landscape guidelines and usage of permeable/cooling materials.

Equitable access to green open spaces

There is a gap in demand for and available open spaces, and BMC aims to increase per capita open space from 1.8 square meters to 6 square metres. This will increase flood and heat resilience, make space available for physical activity and improve public health as co-benefits. Increased green spaces will also increase the city’s carbon sequestration potential.

Restore and enhance biodiversity in the city

Protecting, restoring and enhancing Mumbai’s diverse natural habitats is essential for maintaining and preserving hotspots for biodiversity. This will enhance urban resilience, improve public health, build healthier ecosystems and increase carbon sequestration in line with Mumbai’s commitments to the C40 Urban Nature Declaration and the Cities4Forests partnership.

Sectoral Action TrackRationale

Curb the pollution concentration level by 20-30% by 2030

Mumbai has higher concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 than the CPCB permissible limit (Refer Table 1 of Chapter 2), and the concentration of these air pollutants in the city is extremely localized. Improving air quality by curbing pollution levels will help reduce health risks.

Increase information availability through monitoring

Improving stationary and dynamic monitoring systems to increase information access, lending to accurate trend and hotspots analyses and forecasting mechanisms will help issue timely warnings in local areas, or by times of day, where/when people are more at risk, and help reduce personal exposure.

Community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness

Ward-wise analysis of the city reveals that certain wards are very critical in terms of concentrations of NO2, SO2, CO, PM2.5, and PM10 and have become gas chambers from toxic emissions and fires at landfill site. This action track will help tackle acute health issues and respiratory risks among people living in these areas.

Air Quality

Sectoral Action TrackRationale

Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure

The existing Storm Water Drainage (SWD) network is due to concretization of open spaces in discharging the surface flow. Thus, large-scale nature-based solutions would go a long way in reducing annual instances of waterlogging and flooding.

Localized water conservation and efficiency

Ensuring that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation and efficient use initiatives will help increase water security for all, meet the city’s daily water demand and reduce the extreme dependency on catchments and lakes located far from the city.

Reducing pollution and restoring aquatic ecosystems

Reducing pollution by improving sanitation through strict enforcement and introducing nature-based solutions will help reduce pollution and waste disposal at the outfalls and maintain and restore riparian zones and green cover.

Safe and affordable drinking water

Improving availability and accessibility to water will lead to health and socioeconomic benefits for all and reduce the risk of contamination while sourcing water from informal sources. Understanding the energy consumption in water supply and treatment will help make these systems energy efficient and reduce GHG emissions.

Clean, safe and accessible toilets

Sanitation has been recognized as a human right and, hence, all citizens must be provided with toilet facilities. Real-time monitoring and GIS systems in sewage disposal coupled with sanitation data generation and management systems can be developed and utilized to expand sewage network in the underserved areas.

Disaster risk and impact reduction

Ensuring disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data monitoring and integration, and community engagement would make the city better prepared and reduce human, financial, infrastructural losses.

Chapter TitleChapter Overview

What is the city like? Urban Context Ecological Context Demographic Context Socio-economic ContextCity Context Understanding Mumbai

What is the current climate like?

Baseline Assessment Conducting an assessment of climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability, and developing a GPC-compliant GHG inventory for Mumbai

What are the future trajectories?

Pathways to a 1.5°C Warming Scenario Understanding future emissions in the business-as-usual scenario and assessing future emission reduction scenarios to make Mumbai

net-zero by 2050

How do we make Mumbai climate resilient?

Sectoral Priorities and Plans Establishing overall priorities across sectors and conducting a detailed assessment of every sector in terms of sectoral overview, gaps, approach, ongoing initiatives and implementation strategies

for priority and long-term actions

How do we achieve this vision and ensure we are on track?

Governance & Institutional Structures

Proposing governance mechanisms to support implementation of the CAP

• Update the GHG inventory and climate & air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment every two years.

• Revise the Climate Action Plan every five years

Urban Heat

Climate Risks

Future Emission Scenarios

Six Sectors – Priorities and Plans

Critical SourcesCarbon Sinks

Urban Flooding LandslidesCoastal RisksAir Pollution

Stationary Energy

Business as Usual Scenario

Energy & Buildings

Existing Governance Structure

Proposed Department of Environment & Climate Change (CAC)

Climate Budget

MER Cell to monitor, evaluate and report progress

• Environment Protection & Pollution Control

• Knowledge Management

• Innovations and Green Finance

• Sustainable Urban Landscapes

• Vulnerable Communities

• Climate Resilient Buildings

Sustainable Mobility

Sustainable Waste Management

Urban Greening & Biodiversity

Air Quality

Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management

Existing &Planned Scenario Ambitious Scenario

Transport Waste AFOLU

Key Elements of the Chapter

Chapter 1:City Context

Mumbai is the most populous city in India, the

seventh most populous in the world and projected

as the sixth most populous by 2030 (UNDESA,

2018), despite its growth rates declining since 1991

(MMRDA, 2003). Located in the southwestern

part of India, it is the state capital of Maharashtra

and the financial capital of the country. The city

of Mumbai, also known as Greater Mumbai,

comprises the two districts of Mumbai City and

Mumbai Suburban and is part of the Mumbai

Metropolitan Region (MMR) that includes three

more districts — Palghar, Thane and Raigad. The

MMR covers an area of 6,328 square km and is

governed by various Municipal Corporations

and ULBs; and the Mumbai Metropolitan

Development Authority (MMRDA) is the planning

and infrastructure development authority for the

MMR. The Mumbai Climate Action Plan (MCAP)

has been developed for Greater Mumbai. As per

Development Plan for Greater Mumbai 2034

(DP 2034), Greater Mumbai covers an area of

458.28 sq km and is managed and governed by the

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). For

the purpose of administration, the BMC is divided

into 7 zones and 24 wards. The three geographic

divisions are Mumbai city, western suburbs, and

eastern suburbs. The BMC is led by the Municipal

Commissioner and four senior IAS officers as

Additional Municipal Commissioners (AMC), one

for each division and one for spearheading special

projects across the city. Detailed information is

presented in Chapter 6.

Figure 1: Location of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and Mumbai city in the State of Maharashtra in India

India

3.28 million km2

382 persons/km2

MMR

6,328 km2

3,700 persons/km2

Maharashtra

307,713 km2

365 persons/km2

BMC

437.71 km2

28,471

persons/km2

05km

Figure 2: Greater Mumbai’s ecological and urban landscape

(cid:31)(cid:30)(cid:29)(cid:28)

(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:23)(cid:22)

(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:28)

(cid:21)(cid:29)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:26)

(cid:18)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:29)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:25)

(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:29)(cid:14)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:22)(cid:29)(cid:30)

(cid:13)(cid:29)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:29)(cid:28)

(cid:11)(cid:23)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:25)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:12)

(cid:11)(cid:23)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:25)(cid:9) (cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:30)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:30)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:28) (cid:27)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:7)(cid:17)

(cid:5)(cid:29)(cid:14)(cid:29)(cid:25)

(cid:13)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:7)

(cid:13)(cid:17)(cid:29)(cid:26)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:30)

(cid:18)(cid:11)(cid:8) (cid:11)(cid:11)(cid:2) (cid:1)(cid:29)(cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:30)(cid:9)(cid:24)(cid:127)(cid:15)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:14) (cid:129)(cid:127)(cid:30)(cid:20)(cid:14)(cid:7) (cid:11)(cid:29)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:30)(cid:127)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:14)

05101520kms

Ecological Landscape1.1

the Sahyadri range, also known as the Western Ghats.

Greater Mumbai is a coastal estuary that lies south of

the Ulhas river and is drained by four rivers into the

Arabian sea – Mithi, Dahisar, Poisar and Oshiwara.

These rivers originate from the Powai-Kanheri ranges

in Sanjay Gandhi National Park, a protected area

in the northeast of the city (Disaster Management

Department of BMC, 2019). Mumbai’s coastline of

146 kms is indented with numerous creeks and bays,

stretching from the Thane creek on the eastern coast

to Madh and Marve on the western coast. The eastern

coast is characterized by large mangrove swamps, rich

in their biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly

sandy and rocky with few mangroves and wetlands

closer to the creeks. These mangrove forests guard

the city against tidal erosion, support an ecosystem of

flora and fauna and prevent urban flooding, besides

performing the function of productive carbon sinks.

The DP 2034 has demarcated these ecologically

sensitive areas, such as forests, mangroves, water

(CRZ)-I, as Natural Areas where no (built) development

is permitted.

Mumbai city, commonly known as the island city, is the

older part of the city that is marked by Mahim creek

and the Mithi river on the north and extends up to the

Backbay reclamation in the south. As the name suggests,

the island city of Mumbai was built through a process of

reclamation, connecting seven islands south of Salsette

island or present-day Bandra. This has resulted in

several “low-lying” areas that are just above the mean

sea level and chronically challenged by monsoon and

tidal flooding. Northern Mumbai is hilly, with the highest

point in the city at 450 m in the Powai-Kanheri ranges.

The forest in Sanjay Gandhi National Park further

subdivides Mumbai’s suburbs into western and eastern.

It is the only mega city in the world that has a forest

within its boundaries. The city’s landscape is dotted with

three lakes — Vihar, Tulsi and Powai — and several small

ponds, comprising 0.2% of the total area.

The land use survey for Mumbai conducted as part of

DP 2034 revealed that while 65% of the planning area

(area under the jurisdiction of BMC) is developed, 35%

lies undeveloped. The undeveloped areas comprise

natural areas, vacant land, plantations, and salt pans.

Mumbai’s land use distribution is 38% residential, 8%

industrial, 3% commercial and 1% office. In addition,

33.43% is used for amenities, open spaces, public

utilities and transport, while 14% comprises roads. The

city’s existing housing stock of 3.1 million units includes

a mix of 2.6 million residential and mixed-use units,

with 0.5 million vacant homes. Of the total housing

stock, approximately 38,000 units are identified as

“dilapidated” or structurally unstable and approximately

23,000 units are “non-serviceable”; these are largely

located in the older precincts of south and central

Mumbai. In addition, 42% of the city’s residents live

in slum settlements. Ageing buildings, small homes

and underserviced slum units have led to a demand

of 1.1 million new units in the city that are affordable

and dignified. The planning institutions Maharashtra

Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA)

and Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) build affordable

to address housing shortage. There is immense scope for

the MCAP to introduce energy-efficiency and climate-

resilience in this sector. Chapter 5 presents more details.

Mumbai’s spatial development is largely concentrated

around mass-transit stations along the vast suburban

railway network, and the city’s transport modal share

includes a high share (76%) of public transport usage.

This includes trips on the suburban railway, metro,

monorail, and the public bus system Brihanmumbai

Electric Supply and Transport Undertaking (BEST).

Mumbai’s BEST bus network is one of the oldest and

largest in the country, with a fleet strength of 4,128

buses (as of 2021), operating on 507 routes. The

suburban rail services carry an estimated 7 million

passengers every day while the public bus transport

system accounts for 5.5 million passengers. As of 2015,

suburban rail had the highest modal share (62%) within

public transport, followed by the BEST bus network

(34%). The metro and monorail comprised a total of 4%

MoHUA, 2016). To improve regional transportation

corridors, the MMRDA has conceived a series of trans-

harbor links, connecting Greater Mumbai to the MMR

Urban Landscape1.2

The sex ratio of Greater Mumbai stands at 853 per

1000 males, which is lower than the state average of

925 and the national average of 940. The lowest sex

ratio of 695 is observed in C-ward in south Mumbai.

The district of Greater Mumbai has the highest literacy

rate (81%) and highest female literacy rate (77.7%) in

the MMR. M/E Ward has the lowest effective literacy

rate, of 83%, and the lowest effective female literacy

rate, of 78%. Despite the relatively high literacy rates

in the region, in 2019, only one-fifth of women in

Greater Mumbai were employed and only 17% of their

trips were for work as compared with 80% for men,

according to a World Bank (2021) study. Findings from

the survey revealed that women were seen accessing

fewer economic opportunities even though they were

commuting for an equal duration of time as men,

with a majority of them identifying commuting as a

barrier. Systems that do not explicitly recognize gender

differences in access and usage can exacerbate gender

inequalities. The dependency percentage, which is the

percentage of the elderly and children that is not in the

labor force, for Greater Mumbai is 37.5%. Data reveals

that the city areas falling in the BMC jurisdiction have a

lower population of persons belonging to the Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes as compared with that

in the MMR. Data on asset ownership across the city

reveals that 85% households own a television, 61.7%

households own a mobile phone, and 20.1% households

own a computer with access to the Internet, indicating

the extent of socio-economic stability as well as access

to information and telecommunication systems that is

critical during disasters.

Mumbai is

one of the

densest

mega cities

in the world

The Growth Rate Percentage of Slum Residents in Mumbai from 2001-2011

With a population of 12.44million (as per

Census 2011)

Population density of 28,426persons/sq.km.

38.07%

52.52%

20.68% 20.41%

41.85%

3.87%

1981

2001

20011991

2011

With a marginal increase to

Though spatial coverage of slum areas has increased as per

satellite images, population projections (based on academic

research models) estimate that the Mumbai Metropolitan Region

(MMR) will be the world’s largest urban agglomeration by 2050,

at 42.4 million people (Hoornweg & Pope, 2014).

To a sharp decline to

Social and Economic Context1.3

(Disaster Management Department of BMC, 2019).

The key sectors contributing to the city’s economy are

finance, IT & ITES, textiles, entertainment, gems and

jewellery and leather processing. Over the years, the

economy of the city has transformed from being a major

trading port to a manufacturing hub to a services and

financial center (BMC, n.d.). The employment data clearly

reveals the shift from manufacturing to services. The

total service sector employment increased from 55%

in 1961 to 64% in 2001 (BMC, n.d.). Similarly, factory

employment reduced from 4.47 lakhs in 1991 to 3.39

lakhs in 2001 to only 2.59 lakhs in 2011 (MMRDA, 2021).

Despite the increase in service sector employment in

Greater Mumbai, the city recorded a negative growth

over the last two Census periods, from 88.2% in 1998 to

78.89% in 2005.

While male WPR hovers between 55% and 61%, female

WPR has doubled, from 8.81% in 1961 to 16.38% in

2011. Despite this, the gender participation gap in the

city is wide. The Census of India 2011 identifies 44.2% of

Mumbai’s population as “migrants”, of which 62.7% have

migrated from outside Maharashtra and 30.4% migrated

for employment. Of the migrant population, 55.8% are

male. A 2021 IIED study (Bharadwaj et.al., 2021) states

that recurrent climate disasters, such as floods and

droughts, have a tremendous impact on livelihoods,

forcing people to migrate to other cities and work in

the informal sector. Approximately 65% of the city’s

workforce is employed in the informal sector (Bhowmik,

2010), exacerbating the negative impacts of climate-

induced hazards among these vulnerable communities.

This also suggests that exposure to and experience of

climate risks are highly varied across the city and across

different socio-economic groups.

By Zeber 2010

Chapter 2:Mumbai’s Baseline Assessment

Mumbai’s Baseline Assessments include Three Parts

Adaptation strategies help reduce the city’s (including people, communities, infrastructure, systems, and

services) vulnerability to climate change, while mitigation strategies are those that enable GHG emission

reduction. The link between GHG emissions and increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather

events is unequivocal. This calls for cities to take immediate steps to adapt to climate risks and ensure that

new investments are not detrimental to the city’s climate in the future.

Mumbai city faces two major climate challenges

– rising temperatures and increasing number of

extreme rainfall events (ERE). The city has been

routinely experiencing higher temperatures and

variable heat stress in areas with higher urban heat

island3(UHI) effects. The total rainfall per season

has also increased, with a fewer number of rain days.

Flood prone areas — areas that are either low-lying

or marked by poor storm water drainage— are

routinely waterlogged during the monsoons and

remain submerged for several hours during EREs.

Landslide prone areas too experience heavy loss

and damages as a result of EREs, especially if the

retaining walls are weak or fail. In recent years, there

has been an upward trend of cyclonic events in the

Arabian Sea due to warming seas, thereby increasing

coastal risks for the city. Coastal communities in

fishing villages or slum settlements close to the east

or west coast face coastal inundation even during

non-monsoon days., with Often high tides bring

in sea water, causing localized flooding which only

retreat with the low tide.

Assessment of Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities in Mumbai

1. The Climate & Air

Pollution Risks and

Vulnerability Assessment

that places the issues

of increasing risks and

vulnerability in Mumbai

city in the global context of

climate change

2.The GHG inventory

that summarizes the key

sources responsible for

GHG emissions

3.An inventory of

natural green cover

in the city that will

help sequester carbon

dioxide (CO2)

2.1

Projections made as part of recent research by Climate

Central projects indicate that a large part of Mumbai city

is at risk of being submerged by 2050 (Kulp & Strauss,

2019) and that by 2080, the likelihood of urban floods,

such as the 2005 event, is more than double (Ranger et

al., 2010). Based on a report by Patankar et al (2010),

the Indian Merchants Chamber (IMC) has estimated the

financial losses of the 2005 deluge to the tune of USD

1,100 million, of which around USD 245 million could

be the value of the losses borne by the marginalized

population and the informal economy alone (Patankar,

2015). If the potential risk of such events reoccurring

doubles over a period of time, the likelihood of potential

financial losses will also double. Several impacts of climate

change – sea level rise, extreme rainfall events and storm

surge – can compound the impacts, resulting in more days

of inundation (or submergence) during which low-lying and

vulnerable parts of the city may be cut off and residents

may need to relocate temporarily. Anthropogenic activities

have been neglectful of the estuary nature, landscape

ecology and diverse demography of the city, exacerbating

vulnerabilities (TERI, 2014). It is projected that by the

2070s, Mumbai will be among the top Asian cities in

terms of population exposed (including all environmental

and socioeconomic factors) to coastal floodingalong with

Kolkata, Shanghai, Bangkok and some other cities (Hijioka

et al., 2014).

Along with climate-induced risks, the increasing air

pollution caused by the increasing traffic congestion,

unregulated construction activities and mismanaged solid

waste adds to the city’s risk exposure, leaving vulnerable

communities more exposed to adverse health impacts.

These risks impact different communities to varying

degrees. Communities living in informal settlements,

residing in weak structures, with poor access to services

or in areas with poor vegetation or lack of open spaces

remain more exposed or sensitive to risks. This section

of the baseline assessment focuses on analyzing climate

risk and air pollution trends in the city and understanding

differential vulnerabilities based on socio-economic

aspects and access to infrastructure or essential services.

The Maharashtra State Adaption Action Plan on Climate

Change (SAPCC) 2014 (TERI, 2014) provides the context

for climate vulnerability at state, regional and city levels.

In Maharashtra, 40% of the geographic area is drought-

prone and 7% is flood-prone, with deficient rainfall

reported every once in five years.The state experienced

severe and successive years of drought during 1970-

1974 and 2000-2004. Severe drought conditions occur

once in 8-9 years. According to a recent study on India’s

vulnerability to climate change, projects that Maharashtra

is the third most vulnerable state in the country and

Mumbai is one of five districts in Maharashtra most

vulnerable to the compounded impacts of climate change

(CEEW, 2021). Climate risks, such as severe droughts,

extreme heat waves, and unseasonal riverine flooding,

in the State of Maharashtra indirectly impact Mumbai

and other cities, in the form of climate-induced migration

(Vitthal et al., 2021) and food insecurity (Chakrabarty,

2016).

Urban HeatUrban FloodingLandslidesCoastal RisksAir Pollution

The Climate and Air Pollution Risks and Vulnerability

Assessment framework used to develop the MCAP

was aligned with the C40 Cities’ Climate Change Risk

Assessment (CCRA) framework through its screening

parameters related to past climatic trends and future

projections based on global models and assessment

reports such as the IPCC, state and national plans. The

climate and air pollution risks were assessed spatially and

temporally and by exploring the relationship between

the parameters that increase a community’s exposure or

sensitivity to climate risks and potentially decrease or

restrict their adaptive capacities during extreme events.

The spatial analysis was carried out using GIS and remote

sensing-based technologies to identify the areas that are

more exposed to climate or air pollution risks. Monitored

weather and air pollution data was used to map decadal,

inter-annual and temporal (monthly, daily and hourly)

trends, present associated impacts and project potential

future trends. Socio-economic sensitivities were mapped

using Census of India 2011 data by visualizing and

overlaying risk layers at the ward level to identify the

potentially vulnerable wards in the city. BMC’s services

and amenities data was visualized spatially to identify

the underserved neighborhoods with poorer adaptive

capacities4. Finally, these different data sets were

correlated to present the interlinkages between climate

risks, air pollution risks, socio-economic sensitivities and

compromised access to infrastructure and services.

Shot in Kurla | By Manoej Paateel

Mumbai presents a warming trend over a period of

47 years (1973-2020), with an increase of 0.25°C per

decade observed between 1973 and 2020.

An increase in frequency of warmer years has been

observed with three out of the last five years

Indicating a departure of more than 1°C from the

baseline average air temperature (1973-2020)

Between 1973 and 2020, 10 heatwave and 2 extreme

heatwave events were observed.

Urban Heat

Since the mid-’90s, a transition from caution5to extreme caution events has been observed, with over 200 days

annually classified as extreme caution events.

Land Surface Temperature (LST) data was analyzed to

identify the heat islands in the city, where increased

heat exposure is caused by certain land use types (such

as industrial and commercial), poor vegetation cover,

or high exposure to heat-conductive or reflective

building materials, such as metal roofs, glass and steel

structures. Mumbai airport recorded a temperature

of over 35°C owing to the nature of land use, a large

footprint, extensive use of concrete and asphalt and

very low vegetation cover. On the contrary, the areas

adjacent to the mangroves and Sanjay Gandhi National

Park recorded temperatures in the 25-30°C range due to

the large area and density of vegetation cover that helps

reduce the surface temperature. LST indicates a negative

relationship with green cover (NDVI), with higher

temperatures observed in areas with lower green cover.

Higher LSTs result in increased UHIs in the city, resulting

in areas that are more exposed to heat than others.

Figure 3: Annual air temperature anomalies between 1973 and 2020

(Source: Meteorological data from IMD Santacruz station (1973 - 2020))

Figure 4: LST map for Mumbai

Figure 5: Difference in surface temperature by land use and land cover in Mumbai

(Source: WRI India using LandSat 8 (USGS), October (2017-2019) )

As per the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Hijioka,

et al., 2014), Asia is projected to experience more

frequent and intense heat waves and an intensified

heat island effect, resulting in a very high risk of

heat-related mortalities in the long term (2080-

2100), especially among vulnerable groups, such as

outdoor workers, residents of informal settlements,

children and the elderly. The IPCC A6 Atlas (IPCC

2021) projections for the Mumbai region are as

follow:

By the end of the century, the mean temperatures

are expected to increase by 1.5-2oC under RCP 2.6

and by 4.5-5oC under RP 8.5.

The maximum temperatures, specifically the total

days above 35oC per annum, are expected to

increase by 20-30 days under RCP 2.6 and by more

than 40 days under RCP 8.5.

By 2050, India has a 10% likelihood of experiencing

a lethal heat wave in climate-exposed regions that

would lead to reduced productivity due to loss of

working hours (McKinsey Global Institute, 2020).

According to NOAA and Climate Lab projections,

by 2040, in Mumbai, 60% of the days in a year

will comprise high heat days, i.e., those days when

temperatures could exceed 32°C. This, along with

high-humidity days, would increase heat exhaustion

and result in a sudden spike in heat-related deaths

and illnesses.

Future Heat Risk

40o

35o

30o

AirportResidential SlumIndustrial AreaCommercial AreaResidential (Non Slum) MangrovesWater Bodies 25o

Decadal data (2011-2020) accessed from 37 weather

stations show that Mumbai experiences an average of 6

heavy, 5 very heavy and 4 extremely heavy6rain events

per year. Between 2017 and 2020, there has been a

steady increase in extremely heavy rainfall events.

Spatially, most EREs tend to occur as localized clusters

in western and central areas, such as Worli-Dadar, Kurla

and Andheri. The analysis also shows that most EREs tend

to last only a single day while 17% of very heavy and 21%

of extremely heavy EREs last more than a day. Between

2004 and 2007, Mumbai experienced flooding annually

causing heavy losses and damages (Kuruppu et al., 2018).

The worst flooding in the city’s history took place in

July 2005 (Gupta, 2007), causing huge damages of over

INR 450 crores and more than 900 deaths (TERI, 2014)

(Hallegatte et al., 2010).

The low-lying areas of the island city have a history of

flooding 5-6 times in a year, generally for a few hours,

when high-intensity rainfall is coupled with high tides.

In areas such as Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk (Sat rasta)

Rasta, Lower Parel and Grant Road, the land level is below

the high-tide level. In these areas, the low-tide periods

(about 10-12 hours in a day, below the mean sea level)

provide relief during the storm when the accumulated

surface waters are drained out (TERI, 2014). The Disaster

Management Department in the BMC catalogues data

on the flooding “hotspots” in the city, where waterlogging

and flood incidents are common. Figure 6 shows the 699

hotspots marked across the city. These hotspots are also

monitored by the Storm Water Drainage Department in

order to help with infrastructural arrangements.

Wards F-north, H-east, H-west, K-west, L and M-west

have over 40 hotspots each, making the population within

these wards more vulnerable to the risk of flooding. This

shows that about 35% of Mumbai’s population is exposed

to the risk of flooding7and wards H-east, H-west, and

F-north are the most vulnerable, with more than 60% of

their population exposed to risk. Wards P/N and S have

the highest percentage of population living in informal

settlements and a high number of flooding hotspots,

making these wards the most vulnerable. These areas are

particularly at risk during storm surge or cyclonic events

when the sea level rises and coastal inundation takes

place. Recurring waterlogging events create challenges

in accessing places of work, thus impacting businesses,

jobs and the economy as whole (UNICEF, 2021). Based

on our analysis using DoE data (Source: MOSPI, 2013)

and using a 500m buffer around flooding hotspots, every

year, in Mumbai, 73% of small and large industrial and

commercial establishments are affected during floods. Of

the employees who work at these establishments, 69%

experience limited access.

Mumbai ranks 5th among the world’s cities most at risk of

flooding, recording annual losses amounting to USD 284

million (Hallegatte et al., 2013). The catastrophic flood

events of 2005 killed around 5,000 people and caused

economic damages of up to USD 690 million (Nagendra,

2017). Several studies have projected that by 2050, such

annual losses from flooding and heavy rain events will

increase up to USD 6.1 billion per year (Picciariello et al.,

2021). Most of these losses are uninsured and borne by

individuals or small businesses (Patankar & Patwardhan,

2016), leading to devastating impacts on livelihoods and

household incomes

Urban Flooding

The IPCC AR6 predicts that South Asia will witness

increased annual and summer monsoon precipitation

during the 21stcentury, with enhanced inter-annual

variability. Climate projections for Mumbai estimate

that by 2080, the likelihood of a 2005-like event will

more than double, under an “upper bound”8climate

scenario (Ranger et al., 2010).The IPCC A6 Atlas

(IPCC, 2021) indicates that owing to an increase in

intense rainfall events, there is medium confidence

that the region will be exposed to increased fluvial

and pluvial flood events.

The analysis also points to the importance of

adaptation actions, such as strengthening the city’s

storm water drainage network that can reduce losses

due to a 100-year flood event by 70%. Other flood

resilience solutions are described in Chapter 6.

Future Flood Risk

6.The IMD has categorized events on the basis of the intensity of rainfall. –An event is categorized as “heavy rain” when the amount of rainfall

Figure 6: Map showing BMC waterlogging hotspots and population density exposed within 250m risk area around each spot

(Source: BMC and WRI India)

According to projections made in the IPCC report (2012),

the settlements on unstable slopes or landslide-prone

areas, which are common in some coastal cities in Asia,

face increased prospects of rainfall-induced landslides.

A majority of the locations that are prone to the risk of

landslides are concentrated along the flanks of hill slopes

and foothill regions in Mumbai towards the north, around

Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in central Mumbai, around

the Ghatkopar area and in the southwestern coastal

areas around Malabar Hills.

As per the data recorded by the Disaster Management

Department, BMC, there are 287 locations within

Greater Mumbai that are landslide-prone, of which

209 fall in the extent of informal settlements (figure 7),

exacerbating vulnerability, given the temporary nature

and poor condition of built environment within these

settlements. S-ward, with the highest slum population

in BMC, is the most vulnerable with 160 landslide prone

locations out of which 147 overlap with

informal settlements.

The slums that are located along the slopes of the hills/

hillocks or foothill regions are prone to landslide events.

These are majorly located towards the north, near

Borivali and western flanks of Sanjay Gandhi National

Park, and to the northeastern part of the city, near

Mulund and Kanjurmarg, along the eastern flank of the

National Park. The slums in the central part of the city,

around Ghatkopar and the airport, are also highly prone

to landslide events caused by sudden heavy rainfall

episodes or slope failures. The slum pockets near Andheri

and some south-eastern parts are affected by landslides.

Landslides

The IPCC A6 Atlas (2021) indicates that there is

medium confidence that the risk of landslides in

India will increase. Given the projected trends

for extreme rainfall for Mumbai, there is a

strong likelihood that landslides will become an

increasing risk for the city if adequate investments

on adaptation are not made, especially in the

vulnerable slum settlements located on/ in close

proximity of hilly terrains.

Future Landslide Risk

Figure 7: Landslide-prone locations and informal settlements

Coastal risk assessment in Mumbai is made by examining

sea surface temperature (SST) patterns along with

measurements from tidal gauges, to understand the

temporal patterns in tides and short-term effects such

as storm surges. Analyzing storm surges is critical as a

heated sea surface can create more cyclonic storms and

the ability of the city’s stormwater drainage to move

water would be affected by the increased height of the

sea. Coastal risk assessment also includes long-term

coastline change analysis at different tidal phases (1990-

2020), and the transformation in mangrove areas that act

as a natural cushion against violent storm surges.

SST is an important physical property that impacts

the biological processes and flora and fauna in coastal

regions. SST is one of the key factors in the formation of

tropical cyclones (TC) and must be at least 26°C (Dare

& McBride, 2011) for TCs to develop. While various

factors are required for TC development, SST is widely

considered as a leading factor for examining the TC

climatology, especially the maximum intensity that a TC

can attain in a given environment (Thanh et al., 2019).

As observed in several studies, the surface temperature

of the Arabian Sea has increased (Bharti et al., 2020;

Kumari et al., 2021; Nandkeolyar et al., 2013), over the

last two decades, which can also be a tentative cause for

the increase in cyclone events in the Arabian Sea. While

the analysis of annual mean SST between 2003 and 2020

shows an absence of a statistically significant trend in

sea level variations, as illustrated in Figure 8, a slight

steady increase of 0.025°C per year for daytime SST and

0.019°C per year for night time SST has been observed.

Coastal Risk

Figure 8: Average annual sea surface temperature, 2003-2020 (a) Daytime (b) Nighttime,

(Source: INCOIS Radar tide gauge data )

Day Time Annual SST Trend in Arabian Sea

The annual sea level trend analysis (measured at the

JNPT tide gauge, Mumbai coast) for the period between

2011 and 2021 shows an absence of a statistically

significant trend in sea level variations. A storm surge

event results in an exceptional rise of water level due to

the impact of the strong winds associated with a storm.

As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD),

between January 2011 and June 2021, Mumbai and

other areas along the Arabian Sea were subjected to

18 cyclone events. During this period, when the storm

is active, the maximum sea level variation is used as an

indicator of the amount of sea level change or surge

due to the storm event. The year 2019 saw the highest

number of cyclones occur in the region. This is highlighted

by Cyclone Kyarr (2019) and Cyclone Tauktae (2021),

both of which reached their highest potential during a

high tide. Storms surge events that coincide with high

tide formation are more likely to contribute to higher sea

level increase. Figure 9 illustrates the sea level rise (SLR)

associated with Cyclone Tauktae at 0.93 m. Projections

of SLR for Mumbai city show that by 2050, the Arabian

Sea could begin flooding most of Mumbai at least once

every year, estimating the at-risk population to be three

times more in the coming decades than was previously

estimated (Goswami, 2019).

Figure 9: Storm surge associated with cyclone tauktae, May 2021

line the sea. As illustrated in Figure 10, the coastlines in

2020 and 1990 reconcile for most of the shoreline length.

The comparison between 1990 and 2020 shows that

Thane Creek on the eastern side of Mumbai has been

shrinking. This has also been observed by the Mangrove

and Marine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation of

Maharashtra (2021). Parts of the creek have turned into

mudflats and mangroves over the last three decades,

with more than 14 sq.km of coastline witnessing mud

deposition. The smaller creeks, led by Malad Creek, are

shrinking due to the extension of mangroves and mud

flats such as those in Thane Creek. On the northwestern

coast, which is not protected and where there are no

cases of land reclamation, in areas such as Versova and

Juhu beach, the sea has been eroding and accreting.

Ceaseless shoreline erosion poses threats in the form

communities dependent on coastal activities.

Increasing storm surges and sea intrusion can only be

addressed by conserving mangrove forests and mudflats

to protect coastal communities from routine inundation.

However, there has been a significant transformation of

mangroves since the year 2008, which can be attributed

to the efforts made by the state Forest Department

(Prasad et al., 2010) to protect the mangrove areas.

Based on the satellite imagery analysis, from the year

2008 to 2021, 325 ha of dense mangrove cover changed

to sparse mangrove cover or has been converted

to intertidal mudflats due to excessive erosion and

sedimentation, as illustrated in Figure 11, and for around

305 ha of mangroves, the density has increased.

The IPCC A6 Atlas (IPCC, 2021) indicates that there

is high confidence that the sea levels in India will

increase. In addition, there is high confidence of

coastal floods, coastal erosion and marine heatwaves.

In addition, the IPCC AR6regional factsheet for

Asia states that relative sea level around Asia has

increased faster than the global average, with coastal

area loss and shoreline retreat. It states with high

confidence that regional mean sea level will continue

to rise, warning that Mumbai along with 11 other

Indian coastal cities will witness sea level rise of

0.1-0.3 m over the next three decades due to climate

change. Due to a lack of coastal data for the Mumbai

coast, it is tough to establish SLR as a current risk for

the city. The global projections are a warning to the

city to pay heed to coastal adaptation strategies and

plan for future risks.

Future Coastal Risk

Figure 10: Mumbai coastline change, 1990 vs 2020

(Source: WRI India, LandSat 5 & LandSat 8 (USGS) )

Assessment of Air Pollution-Induced Risks in Mumbai

In 2017, outdoor air pollution caused around 670,000

premature deaths in the country, a six-fold increase since

2000 (The World Bank Group, 2021). The air pollution

risk analysis was done using data from seven Fixed

Monitoring Stations of BMC for the period from April

2010 to March 2021, nine stations of SAFAR Mumbai for

the period from July 2015 to March 2021 and CAAQMS

data for the period from May 2019 to June 2021,

which helped identify the temporal (annual) trends of

various pollutants. The monthly and hourly variations in

PM2.5 have been computed using hourly mean PM2.5

data recorded at nine CAAQMS monitoring stations in

Mumbai for the period from June 2019 to May 2021.

Monthly variation using mean weekday and weekend

of PM2.5 concentrations has been derived using daily

averages for PM2.5. Similarly, the spatial distribution

of the pollutants was mapped for the period from June

2019 to May 2020 using the annual average value of

Copernicus Sentinel 5P (TROPOMI) data. For PM2.5, the

critical hotspots have been identified for the period from

June 2019 to May 2021 using the data from CAAQMS

monitoring stations.

The air pollution risk assessment includes the temporal

and spatial concentration patterns and the distribution

across various hotspots by pollutant type, highlighting

certain times of day and particular areas that are more

exposed. However, the scope and expanse of the analysis

is hampered by critical data gaps that inhibit the ability

to project correct past and future trends. Hence, this

analysis helps identify those areas and concentration

variations that show up as extreme but may exclude some

others for which data is lacking.

PM10 and PM2.5:The air pollution assessment

includes a trend analysis based on monitored data from

monitoring stations of BMC and SAFAR to identify

pollutant concentration trends at city level and around

specific monitoring stations. The pollutants assessed

for the trend analysis include particulate matter (PM

2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide

(SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3).

Along with the annual trend analysis, the concentration

of these pollutants with reference to their individual

CPCB permissible limits was also assessed. The CPCB

permissible limits of each of these pollutants are listed

in Table 2.

Table 2: Critical pollutants by pollution control permissible limits

PollutantsCPCB Permissible LimitWHO Standards

Particulate Matter (PM) 2.540 (µg/m3)5 μg/m3

Particulate Matter (PM) 1060 (µg/m3)15 μg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)40 (µg/m3)10 μg/m3

Carbon Monoxide (CO)1.78 (8 hrs) (ppm)4 μg/m3(24-hour mean)

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)50 (µg/m3)40 μg/m3(24-hour mean)

Ammonia (NH3)100 (µg/m3)NA

continue to remain above the National Ambient Air

Quality (NAAQ) standards. Areas with high concentration

have emerged in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mazgaon,

Andheri and Malad, as per SAFAR Mumbai data. In 2019,

and Sion. PM10 and PM2.5, being critical pollutants for

the city, are majorly generated from construction and

roadside dust and in traces from traffic congestion and

vehicular emission.

Figure 13 shows higher concentrations of PM2.5 were

observed during the winter months than the rest of the

year. Relatively lower concentrations were observed

during monsoons, whereas the values start increasing

after the monsoon period, reaching a peak during the

winter months. PM2.5 values are higher on weekdays

than on weekends, with some winter months recording

higher concentrations on weekends due to festivities in

that season. On average, peak morning and evening office

hours show higher concentrations as compared with the

other times of the day and a spike is seen past midnight

due to high freight movement. On average, the maximum

daily mean concentration for weekdays and weekends

stands 2-3 times higher than the permissible limit of

60μg/m37, except in Kurla, Colaba and Ville Parle, where

the weekdays and weekend peaks have reached levels

that are 10 times higher than the permissible limit in

2019. In conclusion, areas in central Mumbai and traces

in the southern part of the city show high concentration

of particulate matter (especially PM2.5) mostly during

the weekdays of the winter months, in the morning and

evening office hours and after midnight.

Figure 12: Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 (July 2015 - March 2021)

(Source: SAFAR - Mumbai,NAAQ )

Figure 13: 3D timeseries of hourly average concentration of PM2.5 for Bandra and Colaba monitoring stations, Mumbai, June 2019 - May 2021 (Source: Two monitoring stations, CAAQMS; CPCB, June 2019 - May 2021)

Figure 15: Total vertical column density of S02and CO and NO2, June 2019 - May 2020

WRI India, Contains Modified Copernicus Sentinel Data (2022)

Shot in Borivali East | By Ikshit Patel

The impact of indoor air pollution is a poorly studied area

of vulnerability to air pollution. The major contributor is

the burning of fossil fuels and domestic activities such

as cooking and heating water. Exposure to the burning

of fossil fuels causes 4.5 million premature deaths

worldwide every year. In 2018, fossil fuel burning caused

over 1 million deaths in South Asia (The World Bank

Group, 2021). Data from Census of India 2011 suggests

that firewood is consumed by only 2% of the households

in Mumbai in comparison to kerosene and LPG. However,

based on an analysis conducted by WRI in 2021,

these 2% households are exposed to maximum indoor

concentration of PM2.5 from the kitchen area, which is

twice the exposure of PM2.5 concentration levels from

kitchens fueled by kerosene and LPG.

Indoor Air Pollution

Vulnerability Assessment Framework

Vulnerability assessment to climate and air pollution-

induced risks is carried out across three aspects:

socio-economic sensitivities, physical environment,

and access to infrastructure and essential services. The

overall demographic context provides a background

to understand how vulnerabilities are experienced

differentially, even within a neighborhood (that is equally

exposed geographically) or a household (that is equally

impacted), based on demographic differences such as

age, gender, occupation and education. Climate-induced

risks, such as urban heat, flooding, landslides, coastal risks

and increasing exposure to various air pollutants in the

city are jointly seen as hazards or drivers of vulnerability.

The different aspects of socio-economic, physical,

infrastructural and service access contribute differently

to increasing vulnerability. Figure 16 illustrates the

vulnerability assessment framework which uses climate

and air pollution risk indicators against indicators under

the three aspects to understand, spatialise and quantify

differential vulnerabilities.

The mean concentration levels of these three pollutants

have been below the NAAQ permissible limits. Higher

concentration of CO can be found in the eastern suburbs

(around Mulund and Mankhurd); it is observed that the

M/E and M/W wards are exposed to CO pollution due

to the Deonar landfill site. Traces of CO have also been

found in the south in the G/S, G/N, F/N and F/S wards.

Higher concentrations of SO2 are observed in the east

(around Mankhurd) and west (around Bandra and BKC),

contributed mostly by the activities around the airport.

NH3 also showed lower concentration levels, below the

CPCB permissible limit, except in the years 2012 and

2015. [see figure 14].

Ozone (O3) also exhibited a gradual decreasing trend in

annual concentration from 2015 to 2020, much below

the CPCB permissible level of 51 (8hrs) ppb8, with

comparatively higher concentration in Colaba, Worli

and Bhandup. Colaba had recorded a strikingly high

concentration of 62ppb in 2015-16, much above the

concentrations of other monitoring stations.

In conclusion, the wards M/E (Deonar, Govandi,

Mankhurd and Trombay), M/W (Mahul and Chembur),

F/N (Antop Hill and Sion) and N (Ghatkopar and Vikhroli)

are highly exposed to the risks of air pollution. The other

hotspots include the airport complex, Andheri, Kurla,

Worli and Colaba. Some extreme locations, such as

Mahul, Ambapada and Chembur, are commonly described

as “gas chambers” of the city due to their proximity to

the refineries and petroleum industries (Saigal, 2020).

A respiratory morbidity survey undertaken by KEM

Hospital, Mumbai, in 2013 observed that 67% of Mahul’s

residents complained of routine breathlessness and

84.5% complained of choking sensations.

Ozone

Figure 16: Climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment framework

CLIMATE RISK CONTEXT

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Urban Heat RiskPopulation exposed to ≥35°C mean surface temperature

Urban Flooding RiskLiving within 250m radius of ﬂooding hotspots

Landslide RiskLiving in the vicinity of landslide-prone locations

Coastal RisksExposure to storm surges and cyclonic events

Air Polluƒon RisksExposure to pollutants: outdoors and indoors

Access to InformaƒonAccess to broadcast media, telephone & internet

Home OwnershipResidents as owners

House CondiƒonMaterial of roof

Access to Daily Urban Recreaƒon SpacesWithin 1km walking distance

Access to Drinking WaterSource & proximity of source of drinking water

Access to SanitaƒonLatrine location, sewage & wastewater disposal

Access to Clean Cooking FuelLPG, Biogas & Electricity

Access to Mass TransitWithin 1km walking distance

Access to ElectricityConnection to grid/Main source of lighting

Access to HealthcareWithin 5km driving distance

Access to Fire ServicesWithin 5mins response time at 35km/hr

Access to Flood ShelterWithin 1km walking distance

Nature of poten(cid:20)al impacts:

Early warning systems and communica(cid:13)on

Timely response, ﬁrst aid, rescue & recovery eﬀorts

Lives, health, quality of life, produc(cid:13)vity

Physical access to jobs, economy

Service Delivery (disrup(cid:13)on in services)

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Effective literacy Greater Mumbai: 89.7% Low rank ward: M/E 83.3% Top rank ward: T 93.2%

Higher literacy increases adaptive capacity, thereby reducing sensitivity to shocks and stresses.

Mumbai city has an overall high population of literate people; however, female literacy is slightly lower.

Literacy increases one’s ability to access information, absorb early warnings and respond faster during a crisis or disaster event.

Higher literacy increases socio-economic stability and decreases one’s sensitivity to shocks and strains; access to stable jobs, knowledge of saving mechanisms, etc. are observed to be better in educated individuals/ families.

Effective female literacy Greater Mumbai: 86.4% Low rank ward: M/E 78% Top rank ward: R/C 91.3%

Access to education - Population having no access to schools within 1km walking distanceGreater Mumbai: 3.2% Low rank ward: G/S 6.4% Top rank ward: C 0% [access map in the Annex A]

For poor families, proximity to educational institutions ensures enrolment, especially for girls.

Access to education improves literacy, thereby improving adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability.

Most people in Mumbai have access to educational institutes within walking distance of 1km.

Schools and higher educational institutions can help build community resilience capacities, among the youth as well as climate consciousness and disaster preparedness, especially for those living in vulnerable communities.

A. Table 3: Socio-economicaspects9

KeyLeast vulnerableModerateMost vulnerable

Literacy

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Households owning radioGreater Mumbai: 36.2% Low rank ward: B 17.5% Top rank ward: R/C 55.7%

Information access enables better adaptive capacity and reduces sensitivity to shocks and stresses.

Information and telecommunication devices increase one’s access to warning alerts and climate risk and preparedness information.

The ownership of these devices offers the opportunity to access regular live news updates, weather broadcasts and awareness campaigns, as well as timely updates, such as warnings

and evacuation instructions, in the event of a disaster.

Greater access to information increases adaptive capacities and reduces vulnerability to disasters and slow onset events. A larger percentage of the population with whom communication is possible before and during such events can help authorities and communities prepare better, efficiently manage evacuation plans and effectively carry out rescue operations.

Households owning TVGreater Mumbai: 85.3% Low rank ward: M/E 75.3% Top rank ward: R/C 92.4%

Households owning PC with InternetGreater Mumbai: 20.1% Low rank ward: M/E 7.7% Top rank ward: H/W 39.8%

Households owning landline connections onlyGreater Mumbai: 9.3% Low rank ward: M/E 6.2% Top rank ward: H/W 14.6%

Households owning mobile phones only Greater Mumbai: 61.7% Low rank ward: D 40.2% Top rank ward: L 75.7%

Households owning landline connections and mobile phonesGreater Mumbai: 24% Low rank ward: M/E 8.6% Top rank ward: D 44.7%

B. Table 4: Physical environment aspects

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Households residing in a house owned by themGreater Mumbai: 73.7% Low rank ward: C 54.1% Top rank ward: R/C 82.7%

Owning a house enables better financial security, thereby reducing vulnerability.

Approximately, 74% of Mumbai’s households live in houses owned by them.

Home ownership increases one’s willingness to invest in improvements to increase safety (to increasing climate risks such as heat and extreme rainfall events) and resilience of property and associated assets.

In case of other associated losses, such as job loss, income loss due to health impacts and asset losses (such as vehicles or electronics), having a safe living space is critical to retaining a sense of social security and decreased vulnerability.

By Johnny Miller

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Population having limited access to daily urban recreation spaces Greater Mumbai: 40.2% Low rank ward: T 61% Top rank ward: M/W 21 %

Access to a recreational open space enhances overall quality of life and increases community health, thereby reducing vulnerability.

Approximately 60% of Mumbai’s population live within walking distance of 1km from a daily urban recreation space.

Open spaces are critical for physical and mental health. During disaster events, open spaces serve as grounds for evacuation, rescue and recovery. During slow onset events, such as extreme summers or heat waves, well-shaded open spaces can offer poor and more exposed communities (such as those living in informal settlements) essential respite from extreme indoor heat stress.

The populations with limited access to open spaces are at higher risk and more vulnerable.

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Populations living in houses with temporary roofing material Greater Mumbai: 45.7% Low rank ward: S 63.6% Top rank ward: C 10.8%

Living in structurally stable houses reduces the risk of life loss and asset losses. Hence, those living in poor housing conditions are more sensitive to shocks and stresses.

A high percentage of Mumbai residents live in structurally unstable/compromised houses.

The roof is the largest exposed area of a house. As compared with walls and floors, constructing a structurally stable and safe roof built of concrete, burnt brick or machine-made tiles costs more. Hence, houses with roofs made of material such as thatch, mud, polythene and asbestos are more vulnerable to extreme weather conditions (such as heavy rainfall, strong winds and heat waves), thereby exposing the residents to a greater risk to climate-induced hazards.

Poor housing conditions result in increased risk and vulnerability.

House Condition

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Households with access to treated tap water Greater Mumbai: 94.4% Low rank ward: M/E 82.8% Top rank ward: C & D 98.3%Access to reliable and potable water is crucial for public health.

Limited access to drinking water increases health hazards and exacerbates vulnerabilities during climate-induced disasters.

In Mumbai, 94% of households have access to treated piped water and 79% have a tap in their premises. However, access is largely restricted or unavailable in informal settlements.

During or after a disaster, the households dependent on alternate water sources, such as tankers or community taps, face vulnerability since physical access via roads is impacted.

During a heat wave or days of extreme heat, the households with limited access to piped water are vulnerable to health impacts. In times of water cuts, these households may not be able to access alternate sources such as water tankers on account of affordability thereby restricting their access and increasing vulnerability.

Households with tap within premisesGreater Mumbai: 79.2% Low rank ward: M/E 53.6% Top rank ward: C 98.4%

Access to Drinking Water

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Households with latrine within premisesGreater Mumbai: 58.3% Low rank ward: M/E 35.8% Top rank ward: C 93.4%Access to safe sanitation within the premises at all times reduces dependency on public toilets, curtails the risk of public health hazards and ensures access even during disaster events when physical access to toilets may be limited or blocked; this, in turn, reduces vulnerabilities.

Only 58% of the households in the city have access to toilets within their homes. This has led to greater dependency on public toilets, exposing people to health risks and safety and ease-of-use issues, especially for women, children and persons with special needs. These conditions increase vulnerabilities during extreme events when physical access is hindered.

Unhygienic methods of sewage and wastewater disposal can pose serious health hazards, pollute surface water and groundwater, exacerbate air pollution, worsening the impact in case of a climate-induced hazard, such as flooding.

Households relying on unhygienic sewage disposal methodsGreater Mumbai: 2.8% Low rank ward: M/E 4.06% Top rank ward: F/N 1.7%

Households relying on unhygienic wastewater disposal methodsGreater Mumbai: 18% Low rank ward: M/E 47.9% Top rank ward: C 1.26%

Access to Sanitation

Access to Electricity

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Households with electricity as source of lightingGreater Mumbai: 97.3% Low rank ward: M/E 95.3% Top rank ward: C 99.7%

Electricity as the main source of lighting represents a connection to a safe and stable grid, which improves the adaptive capacity of households and reduces vulnerability.

Most households in the city have access to a metered electricity connection, which reduces the risks of illegal connections, and ensures connectivity when the grid is restored after disasters. Hence, the lack of power/electricity is not a source of vulnerability for most households in Mumbai.

Access to Mass Transit [Access Map in Annex A]

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Population having no access to mass transit within 1kmGreater Mumbai: 39.5% Low rank ward: M/E 74.6% Top rank ward: B 0.8%

Access to mass transit enables access to jobs and resources, which can help improve household incomes. Women and children have access to safe and affordable networks for better access to jobs and education, thereby increasing their adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability.

More than 60% of Mumbai’s population lives within walking distance of 1km from mass transit stations and has good access to sustainable mobility options. (This analysis takes into consideration the completion of the Metro network, planned for the next decade).

During flood events, waterlogged streets hinder physical access to mass transit stations, disrupting regular access to mobility networks. During a flooding event, the population having access to a mass transit station within 1km potentially declines to 36.6%, as compared with 60.5% on normal days.

The populations that are dependent on mass transit to access jobs and for personal needs are deeply impacted due to loss of working hours, reduced productivity, loss of income and the inability to access basic needs or access health and emergency services.

The vulnerability of poor households is exacerbated during such events.

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Population having limited access to any healthcare facilitiesGreater Mumbai: 1.1% Low rank ward: P/N 4.2% Top rank ward: F/N & C 0%

Healthcare is an essential service, critical to the wellbeing of city residents.

Limited access to healthcare reduces adaptive capacities and increases vulnerability during shocks and stresses.

Timely access to medical care is crucial for everyday life as well as during a disaster event. The vulnerability of population concentrations with limited access to health services is exacerbated during heat waves, flooding and landslides, which may lead to higher mortalities or long-term health risks. During a flood event, the population with access to a healthcare facility potentially declines to 63.9%, as compared to 98.9% on normal days.

Access to Clean Cooking Fuel [Access Map in Annex A]

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Households with access to clean cooking fuelGreater Mumbai: 78.6% Low rank ward: M/E 54.3 % Top rank ward: R/C 91.3%

The usage of non-polluting cooking fuels, such as LPG, electricity and biogas, reduces exposure to indoor air pollution and decreases vulnerability.

Although 79% of Mumbai’s households have access to LPG (cleaner cooking fuel), several low-income households continue to rely on firewood and kerosene for cooking purposes.

Indoor air pollution is as critical as outdoor air quality. The current trends of deteriorating air quality coupled with indoor air pollution increase health risks and make populations more vulnerable. Those living in smaller houses, with kitchens not separated from the living quarters are the most vulnerable.

Access to Fire Services [Access Map in Annex A]

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Population with limited access to emergency fire rescue servicesGreater Mumbai: 21.4% Low ranking ward: S 61.1 % Top rank ward: C 0 %

Higher access to fire services implies low response time, which decreases vulnerability.

Majority of Mumbai’s residents are well covered by emergency fire services and are within a five-minute response time, ensuring timely emergency and rescue operations.

Residents of high-density, informal settlements are most at risk during fire emergencies ( higher the density, higher is the risk of fires spreading and challenges in physical access for rescue operations). The population having access to fire services within the standard response time potentially declines, from 78.6% on a regular day to 47.2% during a flood event.

Conclusion

The geography and scale, rate and pattern of its

urbanization exposes Mumbai to the risks of several

climate-induced hazards. Analysis reveals changing

and uncertain patterns of rainfall, deteriorating coastal

ecology and development choices that have made

flooding a recurrent major challenge. More than 35%

of the city’s population lives within the influence zone

(250m radius buffer around a hotspot) of BMC-reported

flooding hotspots. Ward F/N has the highest number

of flooding hotspots (54), and more than 65% of the

population here is potentially exposed to the risk of

flooding, making it the most vulnerable area to the

hazards of flooding. Also, only 50% of the households in

this ward have a latrine within the premises, hindering

access to safe and hygienic sanitation services during a

flood event.

Urban heat not only in summer but also post-monsoon,

is another major challenge for Mumbai owing to the

rise in relative humidity at that time, the increasing

built density, the choice of building materials and the

reducing green cover in the city. M/E is the ward most

vulnerable to heat stress, with over 40% of its population

potentially exposed to a surface temperature greater

than 35°C. This ward also has the highest percentage

(more than 45%) of households depending on polluting

cooking fuels, is among the top three wards with the

highest number of houses with a temporary roof made

without a drinking water source within their premises

and only about 35% households with a latrine within their

premises, intensifying the risk. Further, across different

aspects and indicators, a potential reduction of more than

30% in services (access to mass transit, healthcare, daily

urban recreation space, fire services and flood shelter)

has been observed during flood events and between 10%

and 15% of Mumbai’s underserved population, i.e., those

who have limited or no access to daily urban recreation

spaces, healthcare and fire services based on defined

thresholds, is exposed to an overlapping risk of heat

stress, exacerbating the vulnerabilities.

With a large section of Mumbai’s population living

in underserved neighbourhoods, climate and air

pollution-related risks can be catastrophic for the city.

The demographic and socio-economic study to assess

Mumbai’s vulnerability is largely based on Census of

India 2011 data, which is outdated and may not

adequately represent the city’s vulnerability to climate-

induced disasters. Among the 24 administrative wards

in Mumbai, the M-East ward ranks lowest across most

socio-economic and infrastructure parameters, pointing

to the possibility of greater vulnerability in that area.

A deeper assessment of vulnerability parameters and

community resilience capacities is recommended to

bridge capacity gaps and ensure access to infrastructure

and services, thereby reducing vulnerability for all

Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis

Population having no access to any flood shelters within 1km walking distanceGreater Mumbai: 24.1% Low rank ward: M/E 68.5% Top rank ward: C 0.1%

Proximity and easy access to flood shelters reduces vulnerability.

In flood-prone cities, such as Mumbai, access to flood shelters is pivotal to ensure the safety of lives, effective evacuation and emergency response measures.

Underserved populations living far from flood shelters are more vulnerable during flood events when road access is compromised. The population having a flood shelter within 1km of walking distance potentially declines, from 75.9% on a regular day to 46.5% during a flood event. People living in temporary structures in dense informal settlements are more vulnerable owing to the high likelihood of the structure collapsing, giving lesser time to react.

GHG Inventory: Critical Sources and Sinks

The GHG inventory for Mumbai includes an analysis of all

the sectors/sources that emit GHGs into the atmosphere

and all the sectors/land uses that absorb (or sequester)

GHGs from the atmosphere.

A citywide GHG inventory forms a critical piece of any

climate action plan as it establishes the sources/sinks of

GHGs. This allows cities to formulate evidence-based

mitigation actions and policies and is a powerful tool for

monitoring progress towards climate goals.

In 2019, Mumbai’s GHG emissions were 23.42 million

tonnes of CO2e, or 1.8 tonnes of CO2e per person. The

emissions inventory complies with the Global Protocol

for Communities (GPC) BASIC standards using the City

Inventory Reporting and Information System (CIRIS) tool

of C40. Most of the city’s emissions are from energy use

in residential buildings, followed by commercial buildings

and transport. Electricity consumption contributes

significantly to the total emissions (64.3%) due to the

predominantly coal-based grid in the city.

Mumbai’s GHG emissions inventory includes three

GHGs —CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide

(N2O). The inventory boundary spans an area of

603 km2, with a population of 12.8 million people.

The stationary energy sector is responsible for 16.9

million tonnes of CO2e, which is 72% of Mumbai’s

total emissions, followed by the transportation sector

at 4.56 million tonnes of CO2e, which is 20% of the

city’s total emission and the waste sector at 1.94

million tonnes of CO2e, which is 8% of the city’s total

emissions. This is illustrated in Figure 18.

Residential buildings

Stationary energy

Commercial and institutional buildings and facilities

Transport

Manufacturing industries and construction

Waste

On-road transportation

Railways

Solid waste generated in the city

Biological waste generated in the city

Wastewater generated in the city

Critical Sources

Figure 17 Emissions from sub-sectors

(Source: BMC & Service providers)

Analysis by WRI India

37%

72%

20%

27% 9%

16%

0%4%

Figure 18: GHG emissions by sector for Mumbai

(million tonnes CO2e)

2.2

residential buildings, (ii) commercial and institutional

buildings, (iii) manufacturing industries and construction

and(iv)energy industries. This sector accounts for 72% of

the total GHG emissions in the city. Of this, the emissions

from electricity consumption make up 89% of the total

emissions from stationary energy. The remaining are

from the consumption of PNG, LPG, coal, fuelwood and

kerosene. Residential buildings are responsible for 8.68

million tonnes of CO2e (51% of total stationary energy

emissions), while commercial and institutional buildings

account for 37%, as illustrated in Figure 19. This is

mainly because the source of a significant amount of the

electricity consumed is a predominantly coal-based grid.

Furthermore, 50% of the lighting in residential buildings

and 44% in commercial buildings are derived from

incandescent technologies, which have the least energy

efficiency. In commercial and residential sectors, 60% of

the heating demand is also met using electricity.

Transportation:The transport sector comprises (i)on-

road transport, (ii)railways and (iii)aviation. Within the

BMC boundary, the transportation sector is responsible

for 4.56 million tonnes of CO2e, of which on-road

transportation is responsible for 83%, as illustrated in

Figure 20. This is because of high fossil fuel consumption

across passenger and freight sub-segments (65% of cars,

85% of freight and 100% of two wheelers run on petrol,

while 27% of buses run on diesel). Despite being a low-

carbon alternative, 40% of the emissions also result from

CNG consumption by intermediate public transport fleets

(three-wheelers and taxis). Railways are responsible

for 17% of the emissions. Although all trains operate

on electricity, the emissions can be attributed to the

coal-dominated grid. Aviation, which is responsible for

3.7 million tonnes of CO2e , falls in the Scope 3 category

as these are emissions mostly occurring outside the

boundary as a result of the activities within the boundary

and is therefore not included in the “BASIC”

total emissions.

Figure 19: Stationary energy emissions - Total GHGs

(metric tonnes CO2e)

(Source: BMC & Service providers)

Analysis by WRI India

Figure 20: Transportation (SCOPE 1 & 2) - Total GHGs

(metric tonnes CO2e)

(Source: BMC & Service providers)

Analysis by WRI India

51%

37%

12%

Residential buildings

Commercial and institutionalbuildings and facilities

On-road transportation Railways

83%

17%

for 0.96 million tonnes, or 50%, as illustrated in

Figure 21. This is mainly due to CH4emissions from

landfills, with the city landfilling 75% of its dry waste

and 90% of wet. The biological treatment of waste in

the city is responsible for 0.04 million tonnes of CO2e,

mainly due to composting, with 9% of the total wet

waste being composted. Wastewater is responsible

for 0.92 million tonnes of CO2e. This is because 53%

of wastewater is treated using facultative methods

without biogas capture and 47% is released without

treatment.Figure 21: Waste sector emissions - Total GHGs

(metric tonnes CO2e)

(Source: BMC & Service providers)

Analysis by WRI India

Carbon Sinks

Natural ecosystems, such as forests, wetland and

mudflats, play an important role in sequestering carbon

and modulating the overall climate. The GHG inventories

for lands are reported in six “land use” categories —

forest land, grassland, cropland, wetland, settlement and

other land (barren, snow, ice). In the case of Mumbai,

cropland and grassland are extremely small. Settlement

comprises the largest land area, followed by wetland.

The two protected areas (PAs) in the city — the Sanjay

Gandhi National Park and the Aarey forest — are the

forested area.

As part of the Cities4Forests Initiative, the BMC

conducted a climate and land use assessment to

quantify the role of forests, mangroves and trees in

influencing Mumbai’s net GHG flux. Unlike other sectors,

forests, mangroves and trees not only emit GHGs, they

also remove CO2from the atmosphere. To develop

baseline data for Mumbai, the periods 2010-2016

and 2016-2020 were analyzed for changes in forests,

mangroves and Trees outside Forest (ToF). GHG values

were estimated for (i)the PAs of Sanjay Gandhi National

Park and Arrey forest, (ii)mangrove forests and (iii)ToF in

Mumbai city and Mumbai suburbs separately.

The assessments from the three typologies of

vegetation (as in figure 22) in Mumbai for the 2016-

2021 period shows that in the PAs,3448.74 tonnes

of CO2/yearis removed from the forest remaining

as forest category, 308.80 tonnes of CO2/yearis

removed because of the net gain of forest and 1067.99

tonnes of CO2/yearis emitted due to loss of forest. In

mangroves,87622.08 tonnes of CO2/yearis removed

from the mangroves remaining as mangroves, 4569.95

tonnes of CO2/yearis removed because of the net

gain of mangroves and 1572.06 tonnes of CO2/year is

emitted due to loss of mangroves. In ToFs,for the 24

wards in Mumbai (as in Figure 23), the annual carbon

emissionamounts to 19640.899 tonnes of CO2/yearand

the annual carbonremovedis 76991.35 tonnes of CO2/

year. Map in Figure 24 shows the changes in mangrove

areas and protected forest cover in Mumbai for the

period 2016-2021

48%

50%

Waste diposal sites

Biological treatment

Waste water discharge and treatment

-60 ha

per year1067.99 tonnes of CO2 per year

308.80 tonnes of CO2per year

76991.35 tonnes of CO2per year

87622.08 tonnes of CO2per year

+187 ha

-54 ha

-2028 ha

7682 ha

+281 ha

3600 ha

*For Trees outside Forest the calcuated area is based on extent of canopy coverSource: Google Earth Engine; i-Tree Canopy Cover, 2021.

3146 ha

Area(in hectares)

Green Cover Area (in hectares)

MangrovesProtected Forest & Trees Outside ForestAmount of Carbon Removed/Emitted (Mega gram Carbon per Year)

square indicates an area of 40 hectares

Carbon Emitted

Carbon Removed-

- -

Area Retained with Increased Density

Area Lost with Decreased Density

Area Retained & Gained with Increased Density

Area Gained with Increased Density Area of Decreased Density

Area of Increased Density

Area Retained with Increased Density

Figure 23: % Loss in tree cover density in Mumbai, 2016-2021

(Source: WRI India, iTree Canopy)

Marine Lines0

Matu nga

Ban dra

Colaba

Chemb ur

GrantRoad

Mulu n d

Borival iKurla

Gore gao nMalad

Chemb ur(west)Parel

Khar/Santacruz

Ghatko par

Bycul la

Bhan d u p

An d heri(East)

An d heri(West)

Dahisar

San d h urstRoad

Kan dival i

Elp hinso ne

DadarPlaza

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Figure 22: Carbon sequestration from different vegetation types in Mumbai from 2016 to 2021

(Source: Google Earth Engine; i- Tree Canopy Cover, 2021)

Figure 24: Change in mangrove and protected forest density in Mumbai for 2016-2021

The climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment points to three key risk areas that impact the city:

Increasing heat stress, with

an increase in heat island

effect in areas that have

depleted green cover

Increasing air pollution

impacting public health,

especially among those who are

more exposed (due to location

or occupational exposure)

Increasing monsoon flooding during

extreme rainfall days, tropical cyclones

resulting in increased storm surges, and

increasing risk of landslides in informal

settlements

2.3

The vulnerability assessment helps identify areas and communities that are more at risk/sensitive or have poorer

adaptive capacities to endure these risks.

The GHG emissions inventory points to three key sectors:

A majority of the emissions originate

from electricity consumption, since

electricity is predominantly generated

from high-emitting fossil fuels, such as

coal, oil and gas.

The transportation sector is the

second-largest contributor, emitting

4.5m tonnes of CO2e, which is 19% of

the city’s total emissions.

While the climate and land use

assessment helps calculate the carbon

removal factor from forests, mangroves

and trees outside forests in the city, the

adaptation benefits of increasing the

green cover in Mumbai are higher than

the mitigation potential.

The stationary energy sector is responsible

for 16.9m tonnes of CO2e, which is 72.2% of

Mumbai’s total emissions.

The waste sector contributes 1.93m

tonnes of CO2e, which is 8.2% of the

city’s total emissions.

Decarbonizing Mumbai’s energy grid and building energy efficient and climate resilient infrastructure.

Promoting low-carbon mobility solutions, with a strong focus on non-motorized transport infrastructure and zero emission fuels.

Increasing resilience by reducing water-sanitation inequity and adopting nature-based solutions for water conservation and flood risk management.

Adopting an inclusive and zero landfill waste management strategy.

Increasing the urban green cover to reduce heat risk and increase the city’s resilience to flood events.

Reducing air pollution by improved monitoring, effective regulations and a shift to cleaner technologies.

Energy and Buildings

Sustainable Mobility

Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management

Sustainable Waste Management

Urban Greening and Biodiversity

Air Quality A

By Atharva Tulsi

Chapter 3:Pathways to a 1.5°C Warming Scenario for Mumbai

The objective of the pathways scenario exercise is

to establish an evidence base that could be used

to set emissions reduction targets for Mumbai’s

energy, transport and waste sectors in line with

the fair-share 1.5 degree scenario and identify the

strategies to achieve these.

In the MCAP, these scenarios have been used to

structure the climate action planning analysis,

document Mumbai’s current strategies, identify

new strategies that could be implemented in the

near and medium terms and assess the barriers in

implementing ambitious action.

Mumbai has an overarching mitigation target of

achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Interim and

long-term targets include a 30% emissions reduction

by 2030, 44% by 2040 and net zero by 2050 against

the base year emissions of 2019. These targets

are based on the pathways scenarios developed as

part of the MCAP. These actions would help reduce

about 27% emissions in 2030 and 71% emissions

in 2050 against the base year emissions of 2019.

The definitions of the modelled GHG scenarios are

presented in Figure 25.

Business-as-usual (BAU)No action scenario excluding

the effects of ongoing or

planned policies

Existing and planned (E&P)Considers effects of existing or

planned city actions along with

regional and national policies

AmbitiousIncludes the most ambitious yet

achievable strategies for the city

City-wide Mitigation Targets3.1

Figure 25: Scenarios modeled

C40’s landmark research ‘Deadline 2020’ describes

the fair-share 1.5 degree warming scenario trajectory

of cities, depending on their specific contexts. The

scenarios presented in Figure 21 are based on the

pathways model developed by C40. These have been

developed to model a trajectory that could keep

emissions within the limits established in the Paris

Agreement. The scenarios, were developed over a

period of five months, primarily through desk-based

research, and provide an evidence-based roadmap to a

fair-share 1.5 degree warming scenario for Mumbai.

The pathways scenarios were developed in

consultation with key city departments and external

stakeholders to gain inputs on feasibility and priorities.

Most of the data was provided by different agencies

with whom BMC coordinated. For example, SWM data

was received from the SWM, Water Supply, Gardens

and Storm Water Drainage Departments, energy

data from DISCOMS within BMC and Mahanagar

Gas Limited (MGL), and transport data from fuel

companies, MMRDA, BEST, Regional Transport Offices

(RTOs) and Western and Central Railways. Gaps in

The Pathways Methodology

As the graph in Figure 26 indicates, if no action is taken,

the emissions are expected to reach 64.8 million tonnes

CO2e/year by 2050, increasing 2.7 times between 2019

and 2050. This is slightly higher than the Indian level

Business-as-usual (BAU) trajectory of 2.5 times

(Ge et al., 2020).

1. Business-as-Usual Scenario

3,33,16,830

3.2

Figure 26: Business-as-usual scenario emission estimate

(Source: Analysis by WRI India)

2019204020302050

1,00,00,000

2,00,00,000

3,00,00,000

4,00,00,000

5,00,00,000

6,00,00,000

7,00,00,000

As per this scenario, the emissions are expected to reach

51.3 million tons CO2e/year by 2050, an increase of

119.4% in comparison to the base year emissions (see

Table X). Mumbai can achieve a 30% share of renewables

in the electricity grid by 2050 under this scenario through

solar photo voltaic (PV) initiatives by Maharashtra State

Electricity Development Company Limited (MSEDCL)

and hydro power projects of 732 MW proposed by

Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA) and

BMC’s Water Resources Department. This scenario also

estimates that 28% of passenger cars and 32% of buses

in the city will be electric by 2050, thereby progressing

towards Maharashtra’s electric vehicle (EV) policy

targets. The emissions trends are not aligned

with the 1.5°C Paris Agreement and Deadline 2020

emission trajectories.

Figure 27: Emission reduction potential of actions in the E&P scenario

(Source: Analysis by C40 & WRI India)

National/Regional ActionsBuilding Energy - Fuel switchTransportation - Fuel switchAFOLU

Electricity GenerationIndustrial Energy -EfficiencyUrban PlanningRemainig Emissions

District heatingIndustrial - Fuel switchWasteBaseline Forecast

Building energy - efficiencyTransportation efficiencyIPPUTarget Trajectory

in meeting the 1.5°C Paris Agreement goals and the

Deadline 2020 trajectory, indicating that more aggressive

action would be required for Mumbai to meet a fair-

share 1.5°C warming scenario. The Ambitious scenario

was modelled as the most “ambitious yet achievable”

trajectory for Mumbai to identify the strategies to

achieve it. This scenario forms the basis of city-wide GHG

targets and mitigation actions within the MCAP.

The scenario also takes into account India’s recent

commitments at the 26thsession of the Conference of the

Parties (COP26) in Glasgow, where the country set new

targets to install 500 GW of renewable energy capacity

by 2050 and source 50% of its energy demand from

renewables by 2030and announced a net zero target for

the year 2070. The actions taken towards meeting these

targets can accelerate city-level climate action, resulting

in steeper emissions reduction.

reduce by 27% by the year 2030 and by 72% by the year

2050 as compared with the emission levels in 2019.

This implies that the city will have a residual emission

amounting to a 30% gap in meeting the 2050 target of

net-zero emissions. A majority (two-thirds) of the residual

emissions in 2050 is originating in buildings coming from

use of LPG as cooking fuel, implying a perceived lack

of policy appetite to shift from using LPG as cooking

fuel. The rest of the residual emissions is mostly from

wastewater treatment that remains predominantly

facultative treatment without biogas capture systems.

Further research would be required to gauge the

reduction of all long-term residual emissions. Meanwhile,

BMC is committed towards mitigation efforts before they

begin exploring options to offset any eventual residual

emissions.

UNITSCENARIO2019203020402050

E&P

Ambitious

% reduction below base year level

Table 6: % emission reduction under E&P and Ambitious scenarios.

27.1%43.8%71.5%

-119.4% -78.5%

-43.3%

Figure 28: Emission reduction potential of actions in the ambitious scenario

(Source: Analysis by C40 & WRI India)

National/Regional ActionsBuilding Energy - Fuel switchTransportation - Fuel switchAFOLU

Electricity GenerationIndustrial Energy -EfficiencyUrban PlanningRemainig Emissions

District heatingIndustrial - Fuel switchWasteBaseline Forecast

Building energy - efficiencyIPPUTarget Trajectory

3.3

The assumptions and targets developed for the

Ambitious scenario were based on secondary research

and consultations with various stakeholders, such as

city administrators such as Environment Department,

Solid Waste Department, transport operators, MMRDA

and Development Planning Department, community

organizations and political leaders. The complete list of

stakeholders is presented in Annex 3.

Energy

Transport

Mumbai’s GHG emissions inventory reveals

that energy is the most emissions-intensive

sector in the city, followed by transport and

waste. This scenario assumes a 50% share

of total grid electricity from renewables

by 2030 and 90% by 2050. This is because

utility companies such as Adani Electricity,

TATA Power, MSEDCL and BEST have

committed to 50% renewable energy-driven

electricity generation by 2030. Moreover,

India has committed to sourcing 50% of

its energy demand from renewables by

2030. The targets of 100% LED lighting in

residential and commercial subsectors, 60%

low flow fixtures in residential buildings

and 80% commercial buildings with high

efficiency chillers is based on the heroic

effort scenario modeled in the Maharashtra

State Energy Calculator tool (MHSEC)

2050, a scenario building tool developed by

NITI-Aayog and the UK government with

the support of the Energy Department,

Government of Maharashtra.

The key assumptions include 96%

electrification of cars by 2050, in line with

the aggressive effort scenario in MHSEC

2050. According to the India Emissions

Model developed by the International

Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT),

in order to achieve India’s air quality

goals and its Nationally Determined

Contribution (NDC), 28.1% of light duty

trucks need to be electrified by 2030 and

100% by 2044 (Gode et al., 2021). It also

estimates that 100% of all three-wheelers

and taxis need to be electrified by 2047.

Thus, the ambitious scenario for Mumbai

assumes 100% electrification of light duty

trucks, three-wheelers and taxis by 2050.

By 2030, all buses will be electric, based

on the government’s target of 100% bus

electrification by 2028 (Marpakwar, 2021).

This scenario assumes that while vehicle

ownership of two- and four-wheelers is

likely to increase till 2030, given the current

policy landscape, the city will witness a shift

from use of private vehicles to that of public

transport, particularly mass transit, given the

proposed Metro expansion. This scenario

aims at retaining the current share of

non-motorized transport (46%) and

increasing the share of public transport, from

32% to 42% by 2050. This can be achieved by

harnessing Mumbai’s dense public transport

network and implementing strategies to

increase access, affordability, data-driven

multimodal integration and inclusive last

mile access. This can also be coupled with

demand management strategies that focus

on principles such as parking management

and congestion pricing.

Currently, the city’s waste composition

includes plastic waste (4%), paper and metals

(3%), organic wet waste (73%), organic

dry waste (3%) and sand and stones (17%).

However, only a negligible amount of paper

and plastic waste is recycled while only 9%

of organic waste is composted and the rest

is landfilled. BMC has floated tenders for

five dry waste sorting centers, each having

a capacity of 100 MT/day and expandable

up to 250 MT/day. With plans to expand

recycling capacities, the Ambitious scenario

assumes 80% of paper and plastic waste will

be recycled by 2050, supported by strategies

to improve mass awareness, decentralized

infrastructural capacities and better waste

data management at the city level. This

scenario also assumes composting of 60% of

organic waste by 2050, driven by strategies

focused on decentralized composting pilots,

landfill gas capture, and market creation

for compost with local capacity building,

particularly for informal communities.

Recycling paper | By Sebastian73

Target203020402050

% share of total grid electricity from renewables50%70%90%

% of total residential buildings with solar PV installed10%20%40%

Residential water flow technology in buildings (% low flow fixtures)20%40%60%

LED lighting in commercial and residential buildings (%)100%100%100%

Commercial cooling system technology (% of high efficiency chillers)38%59%80%

Target203020402050

% of paper recycled20%40%80%

% of plastic recycled20%40%80%

% of organic waste composted20%40%60%

% Waste water treated by tertiary treatment10%15%17%

% landfill gas captured20%30%50%

Table 7: Strategy goals for the ambitious scenario for mumbai

Energy and Buildings

Waste

Target203020402050

% Mode share for public transport and NMT73%78%85%

% Electrification of passenger automobiles35%70%96%

% Electrification of light duty freight29%70%100%

Transport

The strategies in the Ambitious scenario inform sector-wise targets and actions for the waste, energy and transport

sectors. An example of pathways strategies and associated actions under each strategy for the three sectors is

illustrated in Figure 29.

Energy & Buildings

Waste

Transport

90% grid electricity from renewables

100% electrification ofbuses by 2030, 96% electrification of 4 wheelers by 2050

renewables

Incentives (reduced parking fee, road tax)

RE awareness programs for citizens

Integrated ticketing and pass options, open data policy

Mass D2D campaigns for segregation

Green buildings cell

Decentralized composting through citizen participation,biogas plants in mandis and hotels

Energy cell within BMC

Creation of EV cell

Mandate for solar heaters in new buildings

Audit of existing NMT infrastructure and creation of an NMT cell

Material recoveryfacilities and waste collection centres in each ward

Capacity building for municipal departments

Biodegradable waste processing at ward level with market

40% residential buildings with solar PV by 2050

100% electric freight with shift to rail and water by 2050

80% paper & plastic recycled by 2050

80% buildings with high efficiency chillers, 60% low flow fixtures by 2050

85% mode share for public transport and NMT by 2050

60% organic waste composted by 2050

Incentives and pilots for electrification of municipal services

Shifting non bulk goods to rail and water

Chapter 4:Sectoral Priorities

Based on the baseline assessments, six priorities

have been identified for developing mitigation and

adaptation strategies for Mumbai to transition to

a net zero and climate-resilient city by 2050. The

actions and strategies in the MCAP are in alignment

with the Inclusive Climate Action Planning approach

and global, national and sub-national climate and

environmental priorities.

While these priorities are aligned with existing sectoral departments within BMC to ensure the efficient

implementation of the MCAP, there is immense scope to converge across sectors, catalyze collaborations across

Departments and reap the co-benefits of holistic solutions. The six priorities identified are as follow:

Decarbonizing Mumbai’s energy grid and building energy-efficient and climate-

resilient infrastructure

The city will work to decarbonize the energy grid, increase proportion of renewable

energy and improve climate-resilient buildings in Mumbai. This priority directly aligns

with the Paris Agreement. To tackle Mumbai’s energy sector emissions, the approach

addresses both the supply side – increasing RE– and the demand side – improving

energy efficiency (EE). The impact of this action will reduce the overall carbon

emissions and heat effects, enabling good health for all residents of the city. Achieving

this priority implies increasing the availability of RE mix-energy generation, improving

energy efficiency in new and existing infrastructure, promoting green buildings,

integrating passive design strategies for thermal comfort in all affordable housing

projects and ensuring equity in energy access.

Six Priorities4.1

Energy & Buildings

Adopting an inclusive and zero-landfill waste management strategy

The city will work for creating value from waste by decentralizing municipal waste

management through inclusive climate solutions. This priority recognizes that the

city needs to focus on the 4R approach (Reduce-Reuse-Recover-Recycle) to manage

its waste in a sustainable and inclusive manner. To do this, the city must implement

actions such as segregation at source, organic waste composting, processing of

dry waste to recover and recycling and reusing C&D waste as building material. In

addition, wastewater must be treated at the tertiary level and treated water reused

in industry as well as for purposes other than human consumption. If treated with

low-carbon technology, energy can also be produced.

Increasing the urban green cover to reduce heat risk and increase the city’s

resilience to flood events

The city will work towards green space access for all citizens, undertake conservation

and extend biodiversity to protect the city from the impacts of climate change. Urban

green cover helps minimize the mean rising temperature, reduce the effect of heat

waves and arrest urban flooding. This goal can be achieved by increasing the vegetation

cover and permeable surface of the city surface area by 30-40% by the year 2030 and

reducing the heat island effect by increasing the permeable surface along the city

streetscape. Ensuring an equitable distribution of open spaces, increasing the per

capita open space to 6 sq m by 2040 and restoring, maintaining and enhancing the

Sustainable Waste Management

Urban Greening & Biodiversity

Promoting low-carbon mobility solutions, with a strong focus on non-motorized

transport infrastructure and zero-emission fuels

The city will work towards integrated modes of transport, increase ridership in

public transport and promote EV vehicles in new registration and increased EV

infrastructures city-wide. BMC has launched EV Cell on 23 rd February 2022 action

directly results in improved air quality and human health, reduced travel time and less

congestion in the city. To manage Mumbai’s transport system with effective transport

demand management measures, trip integration and seamless trip chains, and real-

time transit and traffic information dissemination systems, it is essential to have a

robust parking policy.

Achieving this goal implies retaining the mode share of non-motorized trips and

improving NMT infrastructure while ensuring increased pedestrian safety and last mile

connectivity, as well as a transition to zero-emission vehicles and vehicles with more

efficient engines by 2050 (electrification of all buses by 2027, all two-wheelers, taxis

and autorickshaws by 2050, 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050). It is equally

important to develop a sustainable freight policy for Mumbai, with the aim to electrify

100% of light duty trucks and 2W freight and 46% of medium- and heavy-duty trucks

by 2050, improving public transport ridership and multimodal connectivity and shifting

demand away from private vehicles for improving human health.

Increasing resilience by reducing water-sanitation inequity and adopting nature-

based solutions for water conservation and flood risk management

The city will work to reduce flood risk and losses to its economy, infrastructure

and ecosystem and increase water security for all citizens. Mumbai faces extreme

precipitation, resulting in water logging at various low-lying areas. In addition,

increasing coastal risks due to storm surge, sea level rise and an increasing trend of

tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea are increasing incidents of coastal inundations in

the city.

The city will work to build flood-resilient infrastructure to protect physical and

economic assets by introducing nature-based solutions to strengthen the drainage

network and increase the percolation and holding capacity of the existing flood

management infrastructure. Efforts will be made towards disaster risk reduction

through an improved early warning system and the sensitization of vulnerable and

coastal communities. Mumbai is water-rich, but non-revenue water losses during

transmission and infrastructure gaps in slum communities and older neighbourhoods

with aging infrastructure have resulted in severe water-sanitation inequity in the city.

By adopting robust water resource management policies to reuse water and increase

percolation and harvest rainwater, additional and local sources will be explored.

Reducing air pollution through improved monitoring, effective regulations and a

shift to cleaner technologies

In terms of air pollution, Mumbai is one of the most polluted cities in India. Air quality

improvement depends upon co-benefits from other sectors, such as green cover

and biodiversity, transport, waste, energy and building construction. Poor air quality

impacts human health, biodiversity and ecosystems adversely. To improve air quality,

efforts should be taken to curb pollution levels by 20-30% by the year 2030, increase

publicly available information and data through improved monitoring, implement

forecasting and awareness programs and build community health resilience through

decentralized planning, capacity building and training initiatives.

The MCAP is framed as a policy document with an evidence-based approach to

planning and mobilizing for action plans as well as strategic projects. Each of the

six sectoral action plans (presented in detail in Chapter 5) are inclusive and closely

aligned with the principles of Majhi Vasundhara Abhiyan or My Earth Vision (MVA),

an initiative of the Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government

of Maharashtra, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Each sectoral

strategy presents a set of goals aligned with the city-wide targets.

Air Quality

India is committed to the goals of the Paris Agreement,

whereby it strives to reduce climate risk, alleviate

poverty, build shared prosperity and promote sustainable

development. This can be achieved well through Inclusive

Climate Action Planning (ICAP) that facilitates local

governments to assess climate-related risk and identify

actions that are consistent with the country’s climate

goals. In other words, inclusivity can be achieved by

engaging relevant stakeholders in the policy-making

process, ensuring universal accessibility of the policy

process, while also ensuring an equitable impact of

climate programs, actions and policies. ICAP must target

1) a consultative process engaging the stakeholders,

2) policies that encourage people-centred planning and

decision making and 3) programs that ensure equity

in the distribution of resources and information and

in institutional access. The MCAP team has adopted

the globally applicable ICAP guidelines to integrate

inclusivity and equity throughout the climate action

planning process.

The MCAP integrates co-benefits for its residents, such

as improving urban health and well-being, increasing

economic prosperity and promoting education and

skill development. All actions that are a part of the

MCAP (that are presented in detail in Chapter 5) were

assessed using the action analysis database in order to

understand the inclusivity and equity implications of

climate actions planned. The vulnerable groups, such as

women, the elderly, persons with disabilities, children,

low-income communities, and informal communities

(residents and workers) were mapped in the vulnerability

assessment (detailed in Chapter 2.1), and specific

mitigation and adaptation actions have been suggested.

Lastly, the planning process (as described in the

Executive Summary) has been highly consultative, and

integrated feedback from various stakeholders within the

government, civil society groups and citizens.

The MCAP aligns with the goals and targets set at higher

levels of planning and governance to leverage favourable

policy environments, align with funding and financing

mechanisms and ensure coherent reporting mechanisms

across common climate and environment protection

goals. At the national level, India announced new climate

action targets at the COP26 summit (Mitra et al., 2021):

Ensuring Inclusivity and Equity4.2

The MCAP aligns with India’s commitment and the

SDGs at the global level. The six sectoral action plans

align with relevant national programs and policies,

such as the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), the

Swachh Bharat Mission and the Climate Smart Cities,

thus ensuring continuity and coherence across outcome

indicators and targets. This has also led to an alignment

of budget priorities since intended outcomes at the city

level are well aligned.

At the state level, Mumbai was third in a ranking done

under the Majhi Vasundhara Abhiyan (MVA). The

initiative MVA focuses on identifying potential action

points on behalf of the local bodies in the state in order to

improve the environment by improving five elements in

nature, or the panchamahabuta.These five elements are

the Earth, Air, Water, Energy and Enhancement. The goals

and actions of the MCAP are aligned with the principles

and initiatives recommended in MVA to enable Mumbai

to achieve its targets and leverage critical resources and

support from the State Government.

Aligning with Global, National and Sub-national Planning Goals4.3

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENTURBAN GREENING AND BIODIVERSITY

AIR QUALITYURBAN FLOODING AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Decarbonize electricity grid Transition to clean fuels and resource eﬃciency

Promote low carbon buildingsEncourage passive design strategies

Enhance public transport ridershipImprove access to NMT transport and infrastructure

Shift to zero emission freightTransition to zero emission vehicles

Reduce landﬁlled wasteDecentralized waste management

Expedite remediation and scientiﬁc management of landﬁlls

Increase vegetation cover and permeable surfacesReduce urban heat island eﬀect

Promote equitable access to green open spaces Restore and enhance biodiversity

Curb pollution concentration levelsImprove monitoring and availability of information

A Q I

Build ﬂood resilient systems and infrastructure Localize water conservation and eﬃciency

Reduce pollution and restore aquatic ecosystemsProvide safe and aﬀordable drinking water

Chapter 5:Sectoral Plans – Goals, Actions & Implementation Strategies

Sectoral Overview:Major highlights of the sector in Mumbai's context

Ongoing Initiatives:Programs and activities already being undertaken by BMC departments and other relevant sectoral agencies

Sectoral Priority:Overall vision for the sector for Mumbai

Inclusive Benefits:Summary of co-benefits and interventions that improve health, access to services, livelihoods and other equity indicators

Key Gaps:Understanding barriers to implementation with respect to policy, finance, institutional governance, and knowledge

Approach:Theory of change to address sectoral gaps and barriers identified

Sectoral Action Tracks:Measurable goals and targets to define the way ahead for the city in 2030, 2040 and 2050

Track-wise Actions:Priority, medium, long-term actions, implementing stakeholders, potential sources of funding/financing and

monitoring indicators

Figure 30: Chapter flow

Mumbai’s electricity generation mix is currently

dominated by coal, natural gas and fossil fuel

based-thermal power (95%), followed by hydro, wind

and solar power (5%). This makes it highly

carbon-intensive, with electricity generating over 72% of

the total emissions. Four distribution companies supply

electricity to different parts of Mumbai.

BEST, an undertaking of BMC

supplies to the island city area

from Colaba to Sion and Mahim

and accounts for 25% of the total

electricity supply.

Maharashtra State Electricity

Distribution Company Limited

(MSEDCL) supplies to the suburbs

of Mulund and Bhandup and

accounts for 5% of the total

electricity supply.

Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited (AEML)

supplies to suburban Mumbai — from

Bandra to Bhayandar on the western side

and from Sion to Mankhurd on the eastern

side — and accounts for 46% of the total

electricity supply in the city.

Tata Power Company Limited supplies to

the remaining areas, a few industrial units

and the railways and accounts for 24% of

the total electricity supply.

Energy and Buildings5.1

According to a 2017 study, the city has a potential of

generating 1,724 MW of solar energy from the rooftops

of buildings, which could help meet almost half of the

city’s total energy demand. Up to 1,300 MW can be

generated from rooftop solar installation in residential

buildings alone, followed by 223 MW from industrial

buildings and 71 MW from educational buildings.

The areas with the highest potential are Andheri

West (K-West Ward) and Borivali (R-Central Ward)

(Sahoo, 2017).

The dominant source of emissions from buildings in

Mumbai is electricity consumption, generating 77%,

followed by LPG with 10%. Cooking, cooling, and heating

water are the key activities in the buildings sector that

consume the most amount of energy, leaving a large

footprint. Based on the future scenario pathways

analysis, the emissions from residential, commercial

and institutional buildings’ are estimated to increase 3.3

times by 2050 in a BAU scenario. Thus, buildings and

households are important sites for developing city-level

mitigation strategies and the scope for energy efficiency

improvements in the existing buildings is immense.

Energy audit studies have revealed a savings potential to

the extent of 40% (BEE, n.d.). Of the 373 certified green

The Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA)

is the agency that has been designated to coordinate,

regulate and ensure ECBC compliance, promote and

develop energy efficiency in the state and facilitate

RE development.

In Mumbai, the energy decarbonization story is as

much about grid decarbonization and green buildings

regulations and ratings as it is about thermal comfort

and affordable cooling solutions. Mumbai is home to

the world’s largest slums — Mankhurd and Dharavi.

Here, over half of the city’s population lives in informal

settlements made of temporary building materials that

absorb and reflect heat and are uninhabitable on

extremely hot days. These areas are almost 5-6

degrees warmer than residential neighborhoods having

trees and open spaces. Buildings with large glass and

concrete facades, with no trees or adequate setbacks,

reflect excess heat onto streets, producing heat island

effects; certain areas are much warmer than others with

better green cover and lesser reflective surfaces. Poor

choice of building materials increases indoor

temperatures and building energy demand and increases

heat risk on public streets. Figure 31 maps the increase

in land surface temperature over a decade, before and

Figure 31: Land surface temperature increase over 10 years (range from 2005-2010 [top] and 2015-2020

[bottom]) along Andheri-Ghatkopar link road due to heat island effect

IMAGE : Map showing land surface temperatures from March-May 2015 to 2020 Data Source: USGS LSAT 8; Maxar Technologies (Google)

38.83oC

32.65oC

Andheri East

Ville Parle

Chhatrapa� Shivaji Interna�onal Airport

MIDC

Andheri Sta�on

Ghatkopar

Saki Naka LEGEND 29oC-30oC

30oC-31oC

31oC-32oC

32oC-33oC

33oC-34oC

34oC-35oC

35oC-36oC

> 36oC

2015 -2020

IMAGE : Map showing land surface temperatures from March-May 2005 to 2010 Data Source: USGS LSAT 8; Maxar Technologies (Google)

29.27oC

33.64oC

Andheri East

Ville Parle

Chhatrapa� Shivaji Interna�onal Airport

MIDC

Andheri Sta�on

Ghatkopar

Saki Naka LEGEND 29oC-30oC

30oC-31oC

31oC-32oC

32oC-33oC

33oC-34oC

34oC-35oC

35oC-36oC

> 36oC

2005 -2010

Neither have any targets been set for decarbonizing

Mumbai’s grid, nor are there any mandatory polices in

place for achieving energy efficiency in the existing and

new infrastructure. In order to ensure thermal comfort,

there are a few green buildings and passive design

strategies that have been integrated.

No state- or city-level mandate for ECBC compliance

in new buildings

Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), which is set

for commercial buildings, has neither been mandated at

the state level nor at the city level, which weakens the

overall compliance. Similarly, there is no policy mandate

for the implementation of Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018

(ECBC-R) for residential buildings.

Large stock of existing buildings

Being a historical city, Mumbai has a large stock of

existing buildings. However, no retrofitting roadmap

or plan has been developed for these buildings and

infrastructure. Also, neither is it mandatory to conduct

regular energy audits and benchmarking that could be

analysed centrally, nor is it compulsory for businesses

to report year-on-year. While there have been instances

of old buildings collapsing and frequent redevelopment

initiatives, the old and existing building stock is a much

bigger source of emissions than new buildings. There is

also no plan or roadmap for improving energy efficiency

and retrofitting in the slums of Mumbai, which are home

to more than 50% (Liyanga de Silva, 2018) of the city’s

population.

Absence of guidelines and frameworks focusing on climate

resilience and water efficiency

There is an absence of city-level policies or rules that

focus on resource efficiency and climate resilience in

buildings, including water efficiency, designs for reducing

heat stress, water retention and recycling, and flood

management design (in relevant areas). There are no

official guidelines for adopting passive building and

infrastructure design that improve thermal comfort and

address the heat risk for public streets.

This is a challenge especially for low-income and informal

housing as there are no strategies or guidelines in place

to improve thermal comfort in the building typology.

Fossil fuel-dependent grid

Mumbai’s electricity consumption is predominantly

dependent on coal, natural gas and other fossil fuel-

based thermal power. The energy sector falls in the

purview of the state government, leaving BMC with

limited control and authority. Thus, there is no authority

at the city level to monitor and increase the proportion

of renewables in the city’s energy mix. At the COP26

summit in, India committed to achieve new climate action

targets, which includes a target to source 50% of the

energy requirement from renewable sources by 2030

and another to install non-fossil fuel electricity capacity

of 500GW by 2030 (Mitra et al., 2021). At the state

level, Maharashtra has approved the Renewable Energy

Generation Policy 2020, which proposes to deploy

17,385 MW of renewable power in the state by 2025. As

part of this policy, solar projects having a total capacity of

12,930 MW have been proposed, as well as 2,500 MW of

wind power projects, 1,350 MW co-generation, 380 MW

small hydro, 200 MW solid waste-based and 25 MW from

new technology-based renewables (Prasad, 2020).

No dedicated capacity or city-level authority to monitor

the buildings sector

In India, building approvals are usually managed either

by the local authority or the municipal corporation.

However, Mumbai neither has a city-level green

buildings cell nor an energy efficiency cell to improve

ECBC compliance, increase the uptake of green building

certification and monitor the development of buildings in

the city. Also, there is no dedicated capacity within BMC

to focus on energy efficiency activities and strengthen

ECBC compliance. Although MEDA is the state dedicated

agency (SDA) for increasing the uptake of energy-

efficient equipment and improving energy efficiency in

the state, the implementation will have to be undertaken

at the city level.

Information on the impact of poor strategies for

ventilation and thermal comfort in low-income

housing is not readily available with BMC. The lack of

assessments and studies on the socioeconomic and

health impacts of heat, flooding and climate change

across different housing typologies across most urban

centers is a huge gap. Cross-disciplinary information

and involvement of experts from different areas (urban

planners and architects) can help improve the uptake and

understanding of passive design and energy efficiency

strategies in buildings.

Low uptake of distributed renewables and green buildings

Although a city-wide study suggests that Mumbai’s

rooftop potential is 1,700 MW, the uptake of rooftop

solar (RTS) in residential, commercial, and industrial

buildings has been limited due to high capital and

procedural costs and time (Sahoo, 2017). In addition,

although most building certification programs are

highlighted as a hindrance to the uptake of certification

programs in consultations.

Transition to clean fuels, energy efficiency and passive

design measures in low-income and informal housing

Informal households in the city continue to use firewood

and kerosene as cooking fuel and for heating water

and are vulnerable to indoor air pollution. The lack of

monetary resources and the informal nature of housing

pose as huge barriers to improved accessibility to

basic services. With rising temperatures, the demand

for cooling, and thereby electricity, will also rise;

however, people living in low-income housing will

have only limited access to cooling equipment and in

many cases poor access to electricity too. The increase

in indoor temperatures and a lack of space, light and

ventilation make these communities most vulnerable

to vector-borne diseases, causing perpetual

health concerns.

To overcome the barriers in the current energy and buildings landscape of the city, the MCAP has developed a

four-pronged approach:

Approach for Energy & Buildings

Figure 32: Approach to decarbonize Mumbai’s grid and make buildings resilient

Increase % of renewable energy in Mumbai’s energy mix

Switch to clean fuels, and improve energy efficiency in buildings

Integrate passive design strategies to ensure thermal comfort for all

Promote green buildings through certification and ECBC compliance

Sectoral Priority

Decarbonizing Mumbai’s energy grid and building

energy-efficient and climate-resilient infrastructure.

The key priorities are to incorporate 50% renewables

in Mumbai’s electricity generation mix, assess the

potential for rooftop solar on buildings and promote this

technology and encourage 100% energy-efficient street

and public lightings and energy-efficient or low-carbon

technology for utility energy consumption such as WTPs,

STPs etc. Additionally, the city must prioritize the use

of energy-efficient materials for building construction,

a transition to energy-efficient building lightings and

cooling equipment and the use of clean fuel and electric

stove in cooking and promote thermal comfort design and

climate-resilient affordable housing.

The sectoral priority, action tracks and the associated

actions were developed on the basis of the city-level

barrier analysis, ongoing city initiatives, inputs from

external and internal stakeholder consultations and zonal

consultations along with citizens’ inputs received on the

website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the

process are listed in Annexure 3.

Table 8 Ongoing renewable energy and green building initiatives by BMC

Renewable EnergyEnergy EfficiencyGreen Buildings

• 100 MW floating

solar-hydropower hybrid

power project at the Middle

Vaitarna dam in Maharashtra

• Green power tariff of INR 0.66/

kWh over and above the normal

tariff for 100% clean energy

• Solar panels on the rooftop of

the four-storied Engineers’ Hub

building in Worli. (Eeshanpriya,

2019)

• 40% subsidy to residential

consumers, 20% to housing

groups and RWAs for rooftop

solar

• BEST to procure 400 MW of

wind-solar hybrid power from

Solar Energy Corporation of

India (SECI) Limited for 25

years

• State Energy Conservation

Policy 2017 envisioned a

savings of INR 6,000 crore and

1,000 MW of electricity

• Mandate for bulk power users,

such as multiplexes, malls

and commercial buildings, to

undergo energy audits every

two years

• The UJALA scheme to

encourage consumers to

transition to energy-efficient

lighting

• Establishment/strengthening of

Energy Clubs in schools to make

children aware and educate and

involve parents

• Highest numbers of certified

green buildings across the country

– 119 out of 437 in the state of

Maharashtra.

• All certification agencies are

headquartered in Mumbai;

however, the city has struggled

to implement green building

certification in the commercial and

residential subsectors.

• BEE’s voluntary Star Rating

Programme for commercial

buildings is based on the actual

performance of a building in terms

of energy usage in the building over

its area, expressed in kWh/sq. M/

year.

Table 9 Energy & Buildings: Sectoral action tracks

Track 1Increasing the proportion of clean energy in Mumbai’s energy mix

Track 2Switching to clean fuels and ensuring energy and water efficiency in all buildings

Track 3Promoting low-carbon buildings through ECBC compliance and green building certification

Track 4Integrating passive design strategies to make buildings climate-resilient

Track-wise Actions

Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/FinancingIndicators

Sectoral Action Track 1:Increasing the proportion of RE to 50% by 2030 and to 90% by 2050 in Mumbai’s energy mix

Priority Actions

Develop a roadmap for

distributed renewables in the city

by documenting city-level rooftop

solar potential, making the

information on installation and

information regarding savings

accessible to users, incentivizing

RE-based power through open

access and integrating RE

systems within building by-laws

to cover 25% requirement.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Lead:RE Cell, BMC

Supporting:

DISCOMs, Ministry

of Power (MoP),

Maharashtra

Electricity Regulatory

Commission (MERC),

Ministry of New &

Renewable Energy

(MNRE), MEDA,

technology provider

Corporate social

responsibility (CSR),

DISCOM’s budget,

BMC budget, RE

generator’s budget,

technology providers/

entrepreneurs

Output: % of total area of

RTS or RE potential; % share

of the city’s total energy

consumption

Outcome: % of total energy

generated from renewable

sources as a share of city’s

total energy consumption, %

of total population consuming

electricity supported by RE,

emission reduce due to use

of RE

Ensure 100% of electricity used

by BMC and other municipal

agencies is from renewable

sources by 2030, especially by

assessing the potential of land/

roof stock of municipal property.

Timeframe:2021-2022

Lead:RE Cell, BMC

Supporting:

DISCOMs, Planning/

Building Dept of

BMC

CSR, DISCOM’s

budget, BMC budget,

Output:% of total area of RTS

or RE potential implemented

on BMC buildings

Outcome:% of total energy

generated from renewable

sources as a share of the city’s

total energy consumption, %

of total emission reduced due

to use of RE

Table 10 Energy & Buildings: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Sectoral Action Track 1:Increasing the proportion of RE to 50% by 2030 and to 90% by 2050 in Mumbai’s energy mix

Priority Actions

Develop a local energy supply

plan to define the optimal

diversified energy supply

portfolio to achieve 50% RE mix

by 2030. To do so, introduce RE

procurement policy for public

buildings and RE transition

program for alternative options

in informal and low-to-middle

income communities.

Timeframe:2022-2025

Lead:RE Cell, MoP,

MERC

Supporting:

DISCOMs, BMC,

MEDA, energy

expert, technology

providers

MoP, MEDA or MERC

fund, CSR, DISCOM’s

budget, BMC budget,

RE generator’s budge

Output:% of total area of RTS

or RE potential; % of emission

reduction by use of RE

Outcome:% of energy

generated from RE, as a share

of the city’s total energy

consumption, % low-income/

informal population with

electricity generated from RE

Medium- and Long-term Actions

Set up an Energy Cell in BMC to

facilitate city-level RE and EE

implementation, coordinate with

relevant stakeholders, develop

strategies for low-income

groups, ensure that correct

benchmarking data is requested

and analyzed centrally and

businesses report year-on-year.

Timeframe:2030-2045

Lead:RE Cell, BMC

Supporting:

DISCOMs, MEDA,

Planning/Building

Dept of BMC,

technology partner

MoP, MEDA or MERC

fund, CSR, DISCOM’s

budget, BMC budget,

RE generator’s budget

BEE fund, MNRE fund

Output:% of total area of RTS

or RE potential; % of emission

reduction by use of RE

Outcome: Setting up Energy

Cell; % of total emissions

reduces due to use of RE and

EE. % of monthly income

spent on electricity

Collaborate with research

institutions and community

organizations to undertake

research on other alternative

clean sources of energy such as

tidal, green hydrogen and solar-

wind hybrid.

Timeframe: 2030-2045

Output: Research text on

alternative clean sources of

energy

Outcome:% of energy

generated from RE as a share

of the city’s total energy

consumption, level of public

investment in research &

development

Sectoral Action Track 2:Upgrading existing infrastructure and 100% adoption of energy-efficient and water-efficient

equipment and technology in new buildings and switching to clean fuel

Priority Actions

Develop a roadmap for

retrofitting low-income and

informal housing with

energy-efficient equipment

by 2050

Timeframe:2022-2030

Lead:RE/EE Cell,

BMC, MEDA

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Dept of BMC, energy

expert, BEE, MNRE

Technology provider’s

budget, MEDA or

MERC fund, BMC

budget, CSR and

DISCOM’s budget,

Green Building fund

Outcome:% of population

with an electricity

connection, % of monthly

income spent on electricity,

water consumption per

capita/household

Output:% of homes/buildings

retrofitted; % of emission

reduction

Outcome: % of Energy

Efficient equipment in

low income/informal

communities (20% by 2030)

Mandate new buildings to have

SWH through building bylaws,

particularly hotels and hospitals,

with consideration of other

technologies such as commercial

heat pumps.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Introduce energy- and

water-efficient equipment as

a mandate in building bylaws

for existing and new buildings

by 2050. For instance75% of

commercial equipment (by 2030),

80% of commercial cooling, 85%

of residential appliances and 60%

of new water fixtures are to be

low-flow fixtures by 2050.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Make 100% transition to

energy efficient or RE-powered

streetlight and public spaces

by 2024 and all residential and

commercial buildings by 2030

through mandates and incentives.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Lead:RE cell, BMC

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/ Buildings

Dept of BMC, MEDA,

builder associations

MoP, MEDA or MERC

fund, BMC budget,

DISCOMs funds,

Green building fund,

NABARD climate fund

Output:% of all building floor

area complying with

climate-related policies; % of

homes/buildings retrofitted

Outcome:% of street and

public lighting replaced

by energy efficient or

RE-powered, % of monthly

income spent on electricity

Sectoral Action Track 2:Upgrading existing infrastructure and 100% adoption of energy-efficient and water-efficient

equipment and technology in new buildings and switching to clean fuel

Priority Actions

Collaborate with NGOs, CBOs,

local/ward-level agencies to

distribute energy-efficient LEDs

and appliances in low-income and

informal settlements and slums.12

Lead: RE cell, BMC

Supporting CBOs,

NGOs, ward officers,

technology providers

CSR and philanthropic

funding

Output:Quantity of EE

equipment distributed

Outcome:Percentage of

monthly income spent on

energy costs, % of population

having access to a legal

electricity connection

Sensitize citizens about RE and

efficiency through awareness

programs and leverage existing

platforms and windows for

engagement with them.

Timeframe:2022-2025

Lead: EE Cell, BMC,

Builder Assoc.

Supporting:DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Dept of BMC, MEDA

Multilateral finance

opportunity, banking

finance, MNRE funds,

NABARD climate fund;

CSR, MOP, MEDA or

MERC fund

Output:% of population

sensitized through awareness

programs

Outcome:% of buildings

implemented ECBC

codes voluntarily, energy

consumption per capita/

HH, water consumption per

capita/HH

12The energy footprint in informal and low-income housing and slums is generally low. With space and light constraints and uncertain services,

Sectoral Action Track 2:Upgrading existing infrastructure and 100% adoption of energy-efficient and water-efficient

equipment and technology in new buildings and switching to clean fuel

Medium- and Long-term Actions

Transition from LPG, PNG

and other fossil fuels to clean

energy for cooking by changing

mindsets and behaviors through

IEC programs, introducing

efficient cook stoves for poor and

informal settlements, mandating

new apartments with inbuilt

electrified cooktops and making

these available to a variety of

demographics.

Timeframe:2025-2035Lead:EE Cell, BMC,

Builder Assoc.

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology

providers, Planning/

Building Dept of

BMC, MEDA

MoP, MEDA or MERC

fund, CSR, DISCOM’s

Budget, BMC budget,

RE generator’s budget

BEE fund, MNRE fund

Output:% of citizens

purchased electric cooktops;

Outcome:Mortality rate

attributed to indoor air

pollution, energy consumption

per capita/HH

Outcome:% of air quality

improvement in area; % of

buildings transitioned from

fossil fuel to clean energy

Initiate city-wide energy saving

mass awareness campaign and

build a platform to disseminate

information on availability of

energy-efficient materials and

products to engage directly

with consumers and buyers on a

continuous basis.

Timeframe:2025-2035

Collaborate with MEDA and

the private sector to roll out a

program on energy efficiency

services for commercial and

public sectors, including targeted

advice, training, assistance and

subsidized energy audits.

Timeframe:2025-2035

Sectoral Action Track 3:Promoting green buildings through retrofitting in existing buildings and ECBC compliance

and certification in new buildings

Priority Actions

Mandate ECBC compliance and

set up an ECBC/green building

cell for monitoring new building

approvals and overall building

stock growth at city-level and

setting up a task force at ward

level. Categorize building stock

by type, age, number of floors and

size. MEDA can support through

capacity building.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Lead:EE Cell, BMC,

builders associations

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Deptof BMC, MEDA,

Green building

certification Society

Multilateral finance

opportunity, banking

finance, MNRE funds,

NABARD climate fund;

CSR, MoP, MEDA or

MERC fund, public

private partnership

(PPP) mode

Output:Records on database

for equipment transitions; %

of buildings implement ECBC

compliance.

Outcome:% of energy

demand reduced after

implementation of ECBC

codes, % of monthly income

spent on electricity, % of

population in slums and

informal settlements

Develop an action plan for

implementing ECBC-R, which

involves the establishment of

ward-level committees by 2030.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Conduct energy audit as

per ECBC compliance for

all municipal buildings and

infrastructure and retrofit for

energy efficiency and RE by 2030.

Timeframe:2022-2027

Lead:EE Cell, BMC, Energy

Audit experts

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Dept of BMC, MEDA

MoP, MEDA or MERC

fund, CSR, BMC

budget, RE generator’s

budget, BEE fund,

MNRE fund

Output:% of building

retrofit solutions for energy

conservation and efficiency;

Outcome:impact on

government officers’

behavior through various

trainings

Build capacity in all municipal

departments to improve

efficiency and RE in all municipal

infrastructure.

Timeframe:2022-2027

Undertake a demonstrative

low/zero carbon buildings

project (such as a station, an

office or a museum) to set an

example in sustainable building

and infrastructure design and

operation.

Timeframe: 2022-2027

Sectoral Action Track 3:Promoting green buildings through retrofitting in existing buildings and ECBC compliance

and certification in new buildings

Priority Actions

Create a retrofit accelerator

program on the lines of New

York City and London programs

to identify retrofit needs of the

existing buildings and priorities

based on ownership and

management structure.

Timeframe:2022-2026

Lead:EE Cell, BMC,

energy-based IT

experts

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Dept of BMC, MEDA,

town planners/

architects/designers’

associations

MEDA or MERC

fund, CSR, DISCOM’s

budget, BMC budget,

RE generator’s budget

BEE fund, MNRE fund

Output:% of existing

households undergoing

retrofitting of low-carbon

green building measures;

Outcome: % of all building

floor area complying with

climate-related policies;

% of HHs lacking formal land

tenure

% of monthly income spent

on electricity

% of population with access

to electricity

Establish a system to

allow informal housing to

retrospectively gain official

licence/status through the

introduction of simple energy

efficiency measures that bring

them up to code. Benefits to

the homeowners could include

business licences to trade, access

to further subsidies and official

tenure, among others.

Timeframe:2022-2026

Establish a mandate to improve

the envelope technology of

existing buildings to have

advanced wall and roof insulation

and double-glazed low-E

windows to help reduce the

cooling load.

Timeframe:2022-2026

Establish a system to conduct

regular energy performance

benchmarking of buildings by

2025, and mandate a building

energy management system in all

new buildings.

Timeframe:2022-2025

Lead: EE Cell, BMC,

energy-based IT

experts

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Dept of BMC, MEDA,

town planners/

MoP, MEDA or MERC

fund, CSR, DISCOM’s

budget, BMC budget,

BEE fund, MNRE fund

Output:% of building

retrofit solutions for energy

conservation and efficiency;

% of building following the

energy audit benchmark

Outcome:% of energy

demand reduced in

new buildings, energy

consumption per capita

Sectoral Action Track 3:Promoting green buildings through retrofitting in existing buildings and ECBC compliance

and certification in new buildings

Medium- and long-term actions

Adopt circular economy

principles to reduce environment

impact through managing

construction and demolition

(C&D) waste, and recycle a

certain a percentage; design

typologies that use less materials;

achieve a reduction in embodied

emissions through procurement

and regulations to limit

construction within

carbon-optimal range.

Timeframe:2022-2045

Lead:EE Cell, BMC,

builder associations,

SWM

Supporting:

Technology

providers, Planning/

Building Dept of

BMC, MEDA

Multilateral finance

opportunity, banking

finance, MNRE funds,

NABARD climate fund;

CSR, MOP, MEDA or

MERC fund, PPP mode

Output:% of C& D waste

reuse for new building

construction; types of

building stock identified;

Outcome:% of new buildings

following the use of

climate-resilient materials;

% of emission reduction

through building material

Promote voluntary certifications,

such as EDGE Zero Carbon

and Indian Green Business

Council (IGBC)/Net Zero Energy

Buildings (NZEB) standards, that

buildings of certain types can

adopt as a first step.

Timeframe:2025-2045

Lead: EE Cell, BMC,

builder associations

Supporting:

Technology

providers, Planning/

Building Dept of

BMC, MEDA

MoP, MEDA or MERC

fund, CSR, DISCOM’s

budget, BMC budget,

RE generator’s budget

BEE fund, MNRE fund

Output: % of buildings

exceeding minimum

specification/policy

requirements; % of homes/

buildings retrofitted

Outcome: % of improvement

in the energy usage per

person, energy consumption

per capita/HH, % of total

energy coming from RE

sources as a share of

the city’s total energy

consumption, % of population

using electricity generated

from RE, availability of

climate-resilient, low-carbon

affordable housing

Prepare a roadmap/coordinated

program to address how bylaws

can be stepped up to integrate

Zero Carbon Buildings (ZCB) by

2040 for all new buildings. Adopt

EDGE/IGBC standards, starting

with all government-owned

buildings and identify challenges

to amend relevant byelaws.

Timeframe: 2025-2045

Conduct a feasibility study for

Mumbai to set protocols for

calculating the carbon footprint

of select building typologies.

Integrate the provision of electric

charging infrastructure in

building bylaws, and allot unique

IDs-linked building passports.

Sectoral Action Track 4:Integrate passive design strategies to ensure well-being and thermal comfort for all

Priority Actions

Mandate heat-resistant roof and

wall materials in all new building

structures, including in housing

schemes for economically weaker

sections, government offices and

commercial buildings

Timeframe: 2022-2030

Lead: EE Cell,

BMC, builders’

associations, green

building agencies

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Dept of BMC, MEDA

MOP, MEDA or MERC

fund, multilateral/

bilateral finance

opportunity, banking

finance, MNRE funds,

NABARD climate fund,

CSR, PPP mode

Output:Length (km) of

cooling routes established;

Outcome: % of population

cover for cooling district

centre % of population

with electricity; energy

consumption per capita

or HH; % of population

vulnerable to excessive heat

Conduct a comprehensive

socio-economic vulnerability

assessment at the ward level

to understand the needs of the

city’s communities to ensure the

implementation of appropriate

programs in response to

reduction of heat-related risk.

Implement a cooling pilot in

vulnerable areas, including

cooling centres and cool roofs,

and strategic greening in

vulnerable areas.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Ensure stricter implementation of

guidelines on building materials,

built form and density to reduce

heat on streets and public

spaces through the imposition of

penalties.

Timeframe: 2022-2030

Ensure access to energy to build

adaptive capacity, considering

that with increase in heat, more

electricity will be required for

cooling purposes.

Timeframe:2022-2030

Facilitating the adoption of distributed renewable energy through community or cooperative

projects can increase access to clean energy, especially in low-income communities where the

high upfront cost of installation is a huge challenge and physical infrastructure is lacking.

Mainstreaming low-carbon buildings, including retrofitting, and upgrading new building projects

could open up job opportunities for the semi-skilled as well as create green jobs and opportunities

for reskilling or upskilling.

Conducting advocacy and engagement on women’s involvement in renewables can lead to

awareness raising, knowledge sharing and information dissemination among individuals and CSOs.

Monitoring energy usage per person rather than per unit of living area would lead to a fairer

energy performance indicator system. Further, bundling energy efforts with renewable energy

will reduce energy poverty and lower the cost barrier for low-income groups.

Introducing flexibility in building codes with appropriation as per different market segments,

thereby setting up targets to incorporate efficiency measures, would make the process more

affordable for the community as well as increase willingness for the developer to invest in thermal

Sector-specific Inclusivity Benefits

Sectoral Action Track 4:Integrate passive design strategies to ensure well-being and thermal comfort for all

Priority Actions

Prepare a thermal comfort

guidance for different typologies

of buildings in the city in

collaboration with architects,

planners and academia,

particularly for low-income

housing and multi-storey

buildings, and incorporate the

same into the city’s development,

urban design and urban land use

schemes

Timeframe: 2022-2030

Lead:EE Cell, BMC,

builders associations

Supporting:

DISCOMs,

technology providers,

Planning/Building

Dept- of BMC, MEDA

MOP, MEDA or MERC

fund, multilateral/

bilateral finance

opportunity, banking

finance, MNRE funds,

NABARD climate fund,

CSR, PPP mode

Output:% of land use

and building design with

building typology; % of all

new building which are

benchmarking

Outcome: % of all building

floor area complying with

climate-related policies;

availability of

climate-resilient

affordable housing

Develop a climate-resilient

low-income housing project

with mitigation and adaptation

solutions ,such as passive cooling,

rainwater harvesting, and solar

energy, to improve livelihoods

and overall well-being

Timeframe: 2025-2030

Lead:EE Cell, BMC,

MEDA

Supporting:

DISCOMs, energy

policy experts,

technology providers,

BEE, Planning/

Building Dept of

BMC, builders

associations

MOP, MEDA or MERC

fund, multilateral/

bilateral finance

opportunity, banking

finance, MNRE funds,

NABARD climate fund,

CSR, PPP mode

Output: No. of households

(disaggregated by income

levels) undergoing

retrofitting of low-carbon

green building measures; no.

of building codes integrating

benchmarking policy

Outcome: Availability of

affordable housing

Public transport, walking and cycling can be considered

as the triple bottom line of sustainable mobility in cities

(European Environment Agency, 2020). Mumbai’s

extensive public transport system comprises five modes

(Figure 33). Not only is 46% of all trips made on foot,

walking is also the mode for meeting 60% of last-mile

connectivity for public transport trips (BMC, 2016). This

indicates a huge potential to further strengthen active

mobility in the city. The modal split for 2015 was as

follows: taxi 3.56%, autorickshaw 3.13%, two-wheeler

7.99%, car 6.26%, bus 11.83%, suburban rail 20.09%,

light rail 1.13% and non-motorized transport 46%.

Intermediate public transport, such as autorickshaws and

taxis, supplement public transport and provide door-to

-door as well as last-mile connectivity. The city has

around 75,000 commercial cabs, 18,000 black-and-

yellow taxis or kaali-peelis(Sen, 2019) and 2,00,000

autorickshaws (Korde, 2019). However, these are

predominantly fossil fuel-driven. Only around 36 taxis in

the city are electric (Mishra, 2019; Tech2, 2019).

Western Railway operates 72 intercity trainsand the Central Railway operates 152 trains.

7 millionpassengers/day

4,128 buses(2228 CNG,1540 diesel, 190 electric, 170 mini buses) as of 2021, operating

on 507 routes. 5.5 millionpassengers/day.

14 linesof 337kmare planned, with one line currently operational (line 1, from Versova to

Ghatgopar, 11.4km)

Privately operated ferries from Mora in Uran to Elephanta, Mumbai to Alibaug. Manori and

Malad services operated by BEST.

Mono rail started in 2014, consists of 17 stations, with a total length of 19.5km

Sustainable Mobility 5.2

Figure 33: Public transport in Mumbai

Key Gaps in the Transport Sector

The transport sector accounts for 19.4% of the total

emissions generated in the city, amounting to 4.5 million

tonnes CO2e. Road transport contributes 83% of the

emissions in the transport sector, followed by railways

(17%).There is an urgent need to shift towards cleaner

fuels, particularly for the on-road subsector.

Table 11 Approach for sustainable transport

Despite high non-motorized transport usage in the city,

only 22% of Mumbai’s streets are walkable (FJP Bureau,

2019). There is a need to strengthen coordination

between land-use planning and transport infrastructure

planning and prioritize active mobility through inclusive,

climate-resilient, accessible and safe pedestrian

infrastructure. This would reduce transport sector

emissions, shift demand away from fossil fuel-heavy

private vehicles and improve commuter safety, especially

for pedestrians.

Fragmented multimodal and institutional coordination

Mumbai’s public transport modal share declined from

88% to 70% between 2008 and 2015 (Saxena, 2019).

Strategies such as effective multimodal integration

through integrated ticketing, non-motorized transport

(NMT) last-mile infrastructure and passenger

information services can play a major role in increasing

public transport ridership, reliability and commuter

satisfaction. A strategic, integrated approach is required

across modes.

High fossil fuel dependency

The city currently has less than 1% electric vehicles

in its total fleet. Decarbonizing the road transport

subsector would require an urgent shift towards zero

emission fuels as well as improved fuel efficiency.

autorickshaws run on CNG, but they face high re-fuelling

waiting times due to insufficient CNG filling stations in

the city (Ganapatye, 2018).

Congestion and parking demand

Ranked as the second-most congested city in the world,

traffic congestion remains a major contributor to air

pollution, high travel time and fatalities in Mumbai. (The

TomTom Traffic Index 2020). If stringent measures are

not taken, transport is likely to equal industrial PM 2.5

emissions by 2030 (TNN, 2019). Thus, the city should

focus on transport demand management to disincentivize

private transport and shift the demand from low-

occupancy private vehicles to high-occupancy shared

vehicles and from fossil fuel-based vehicles to zero

carbon-based modes.

Limited focus on sustainable freight management

Freight contributes 7% of the total transport emissions

in India but does not fall in the purview of city policies.

There is a need to begin by analyzing the emissions from

Mumbai’s freight sector and develop a strategic policy

approach towards decarbonizing the sector.

Approach for Moving Towards Low-carbon Transport in Mumbai

Based on an assessment of the gaps and barriers in the transport sector, the MCAP has identified a four-pronged

approach with aligned actions for reducing emissions from the transport sector. The approach also includes improved

accessibility of public transport, improved multimodal integration and zero-carbon freight and passenger modes, with a

focus on inclusivity.

CleanManageIntegrateOptimize

Promoting zero emission fuels as well as fuel efficiency improvements

Adopting transport demand management to discourageprivate vehicle usage and shifting towards low-carbon modes

Integrating acrossmultiple transport modes and improved last-mile access

Optimizing the existing transport capacities through intelligent transport systems

Table 12 Ongoing transport initiatives undertaken by BMC

sectoral approach (Table 12). The actions proposed within the CAP will help integrate the climate lens in these initiatives

and further accelerate the efforts.

CleanOptimize

• BEST has plans to ply 340 electric buses in Mumbai by

2022 (Ahmed, 2020), and electrify 100% of fleet by

2028.

• Initiatives have been taken to promote EV transition

in line with the Maharashtra EV policy.

• Mobile application for passenger information on bus arrival and routes with GPS tracking (Tiwari, 2019)

ManageIntegrate

• Expanding metro network (Saxena, 2019).

• 257-km-long exclusive bus lane corridors and 4

intercity bus terminals by 2034.

• Ropeways proposed from Malad to Marve and from

Gorai to Borivali (The TomTom Traffic Index, 2020)

• ROPAX services on four routes and water taxis on 12

routes by December 2021 (Ministry of Ports, Shipping

and Waterways, 2021).

• Parking cell within BMC, 77 locations for pay-and-

park scheme (MPCB, 2019).

• MMRDA is designing and implementing multi modal

integration (MMI) for improved last mile access to

metros (The TomTom Traffic Index, 2020).

• BMC, in collaboration with WRI India, is creating

super footpaths (Joshi, 2019), connecting railway

and metro lines.

• The city is reviving Bellasis Road, with pedestrian-

friendly features (Tak & Hirandas, 2021).

• The CMP1proposes 240 km of cycle tracks by 2024

(LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd, 2016).

Sectoral Priority

Promoting low carbon mobility solutions, with a strong

focus on non-motorized transport infrastructure and zero

emission fuels

The sectoral priority, action tracks and associated

actions were developed on the basis of the city-level

barrier analysis, the ongoing city initiatives, inputs from

external and internal stakeholder consultations and zonal

consultations along with citizens’ inputs received on the

website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the

process are listed in Annexure 3.

Building upon Mumbai’s extensive public transport

network, multimodal integration and equitable access

and affordability for women, children and low income

groups were identified as key priorities. As Mumbai

is highly congested, parking management and safer

intersections need to be prioritized along with inclusive

pedestrian and cycling infrastructure for reduced

congestion, commuter safety and better air quality. With

less than 1% electric vehicles in the mix, incentives and

policies to shift towards 100% zero-emission vehicles by

2050 for passenger and freight modes is a key priority for

reducing GHG emissions as well as improving air quality.

The priority climate action tracks and actions based on

these considerations are presented in Table 13.

Track-wise Actions

Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Indicators2

Sectoral Action Track 1: Shifting demand away from private vehicles and ensuring inclusive public transport access

and multimodal connectivity

Priority Actions

Develop integrated ticketing

and pass options with clear

pricing systems and finance

distribution.

Timeframe:2026

Integrated fare structures

(2040)

Lead:MMRDA

Supporting: BEST,

Western and Central

Railways, Dept of

Transport-Government

of Maharashtra

INR 150 crores

were allocated in

the MMRDA budget

(Chacko, 2018)

(2018-19)

Output:No. of integrated passes,

no. of passes for low income

groups, women and elderly

Outcome:% mode share of

public transport, ridership

(disaggregated by gender, income

level), waiting time, % of monthly

income spent on transport

Develop a comprehensive

open data strategy for real-

time communication of data

(fares, routes, timing, etc.).

Time frame:2026

Lead:BMC-Roads &

Transport, Traffic)

Supporting: MMRDA,

BEST, Railways, MMRC,

Mumbai Maritime

Board, ferry operators

BMC budget, Smart

Cities Mission (Data

on Smart Cities)

Output:Strategy, public data

platform, no. of bus stops with

passenger information systems

Outcome:% mode share of

public transport, ridership

(disaggregated by gender and

income), waiting time, Level of

perceived comfort and quality of

public transport service (safety,

reliability, frequency, crowding,

availability of seats)

Track 1Improving public transport ridership through multimodal integration and demand management

away from private vehicles

Track 2Improving NMT access and infrastructure for a healthier and safer city

Track 3Transitioning towards 100% zero emission vehicles by 2050, with increased access to finance, policy

enablers and incentives

Track 4Transitioning towards zero emission freight through policies, route management and incentives

Table 13 Sustainable Transport: Sectoral action tracks

Table 14 Sustainable Transport: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Sectoral Action Track 1: Shifting demand away from private vehicles and ensuring inclusive public transport access

and multimodal connectivity

Priority Actions

Formulate a parking policy

focusing on off street

parking, technology-driven

parking management, paid

parking, etc. for reduced

congestion and air quality

improvement.

Time frame:2024

Lead:Mumbai Parking

Authority-BMC

Supporting:BEST,

MMRDA, research

organizations, housing

societies

BMC budget

Output:Parking policy, % paid

parking spots,

Outcome:Reduced congestion

(Tomtom index), increase in

average travel speeds, PM10 and

PM2.5 concentrations

Facilitate bus lane markings

and signal prioritization for

smooth bus movement.

Time frame:2026

Lead:MMRDA, BMC

Supporting:BEST,

Maharashtra State

Road Development

Corporation (MSRDC),

Traffic police, Navi

Mumbai Municipal

Transport (NMMT),

Thane Municipal

Transport (TMT),

Kalyan Dombivli

Municipal Transport

(KDMT)

BMC budget

Output:Km of bus markings,

approved framework, % of

buses with ramps, special seats

for women and the elderly and

other special groups, routes

in low income areas, level of

perceived comfort and quality of

public transport service (safety,

reliability, frequency, crowding,

availability of seats) on services

and routes used

Outcome:Reduced fuel

consumption, average travel

speeds (kmph), % of bus mode

share, ridership (disaggregated

by gender and income level)

Develop a sustainable bus

framework across MMRDA,

with mandates for optimizing

capacities, energy efficiency,

commuter comfort and

infrastructure with universal

access.

Timeframe:2026

Offer incentives such as

green credits, tax rebates

to companies to encourage

public transport.

Timeframe:2023

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Private

organizations, MMRDA,

financial institutions

BMC budget

Output:No. of companies with

public transport incentives, %

employees shifting to public

transport

Outcome:% mode share of

public transport, ridership

(disaggregated by gender and

income level)

Establish commuter helpline

to address grievances around

public transport safety,

access, reliability, etc.

Timeframe:2024

Lead:BMC

Supporting:BEST,

MMRDA, Railways

BMC budget

Output:Common helpline desk

Outcome:Increased commuter

safety, % mode share of

public transport, ridership

(disaggregated by gender and

income level)

Sectoral Action Track 1: Shifting demand away from private vehicles and ensuring inclusive public transport access

and multimodal connectivity

Medium- and Long-Term Actions

Develop walking corridors

with climate-resilient

components, based on an

assessment of transit routes.

Time frame:2035

Lead:MMRDA

Supporting:BMC

(Roads & Traffic Dept),

Research

organizations,

BEST, Western and

Central Railways, cab

aggregators, Mumbai

autorickshaw drivers’

union

Tender costs of

around INR 85-90

crores per station

(MMRDA 2020)3

Output:No. of transit stations

with last mile connectivity

within 500m station radius, %

commuters walking/cycling to

and from stations (disaggregated

by gender and income),

Outcome:% mode share of

public transport, job density

around new metro lines, no. of

low income areas within 1km

from transit stations

Plan for last-mile access for

metros (public bike rentals,

cabs and autos near stations,

feeder buses, etc.).

Time frame:2035

Create dedicated bus lanes,

where feasible

Time frame:2040

Lead:MMRDA, BMC

Supporting:BEST,

MSRDC

INR 5,397 crores

allocated between

2016-2034 for

257km of exclusive

bus lanes (BMC,

2016)

Output:Km of exclusive bus

lanes,

Outcome:Average travel speeds

for public transport,% bus mode

Study the areas with high

congestion, and develop

curated pricing mechanisms.

Timeframe:2045

Lead:BMC (Roads &

Traffic)

Supporting:MMRDA,

public transport

operators, resident

welfare associations,

NGOs BMC budget

Output:No. Congestion pricing,

Outcome:TomTom index

ranking, average speed of vehicle,

PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations

Conduct a study on policy

levers to encourage the

practice of owning one

vehicle per household.

Timeframe:2050

Output:No. of vehicles per

household

Outcome:Reduced

congestion, PM10 and PM 2.5

concentrations, no. of road

fatalities

Adopt a science-based

approach to tackle station

crowding.

Timeframe:2050

Lead:MMRDA

Supporting:BMC,

Railways, BEST,

third party research

organizations

Output:Reduced transfer time

at stations, reduced rate of

fatalities

Outcome:Level of commuter

satisfaction, ridership, no. of

fatalities in stations

Sectoral Action Track 2: Retain the mode share of non-motorized trips and improve NMT infrastructure while

ensuring increased pedestrian safety, inclusive access and last mile connectivity

Priority Actions

Conduct an audit of

the existing pedestrian

infrastructure (coverage,

encroachments, lighting, etc.)

Time frame:2023

Lead:MMRDA

Supporting:BMC-

Roads & Traffic Dept,

MSRDC

INR 2 crores

budgeted per

intersection, INR 0.15

crore for installing 1

traffic signal, INR 0.33

crore per km of cycle

track (BMC, 2016)

Output:% of roads with usable,

accessible walkways, % of roads

with street furniture, play areas,

good lighting and ramps

Outcome:NMT mode share, %

of safe intersections, PM2.5 and

PM10 concentrations, reduction

in fatality rates for pedestrians,

km of pedestrian walkways in

low-income areas

Implement pilot

pedestrianization projects

in high footfall areas,such

as Central Kala Ghoda, with

age-friendly, gender-neutral

and universally accessible

components, such as ramps

on curbs, street furniture and

lighting, play areas.

Time frame:2025

Redesign traffic signals

and infrastructure such as

underpasses near tourist

spots.

Timeframe:2030

Fix signs near pedestrian

crossings, and increase signal

timings for pedestrians.

Timeframe:2030

Create a multistakeholder

NMT cell within the

Transport Department.

Timeframe:2024Lead:BMC

Supporting:MMRDA,

MSRDC, NGOs, RTO

AMRUT

Output:Functioning NMT cell,

no. of trainings,

Outcome:Reduced fatalities, %

of roads with NMT infrastructureMandate defensive driving

training for new licenses.

Timeframe:2024

Medium and long term actions

Develop NMT street design

guidelines, a cycle master

plan and an NMT policy for

Mumbai.

Timeframe: 2035

Lead:BMC (NMT cell)

Supporting:MMRDA,

MSRD, MYBYK and

other organizations

AMRUT, BMC budget

Output:Cycle master plan, street

design guidelines and NMT policy

Outcome:Fatality rates for

pedestrians, % of road length

with NMT (in low income and

high income areas), mode share

Sectoral Action Track 3: Transition to zero emission vehicles and vehicles with more efficient engines by 2050

(electrification of all buses by 2027, electrification of all two-wheelers, taxis and autorickshaws by 2050,

electrification of 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050) for reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality

Priority Actions

Offer incentives for BSVI

vehicles, such as road tax and

registration fee reductions

and scrapping.

Time frame:2025Lead:Department

of Transport-Govt of

Maharasthra

Supporting:BMC,

MMRDA, RTOs,

EV manufacturers,

charging infrastructure

companies such as

Magenta Power,

Mumbai autorickshaw

drivers’ union, Mumbai

Parking Authority,

banks

Phase-II of FAME

scheme, Maharashtra

EV Policy 2021, low

interest loans

Output:No. of incentives,

reduction in average TCO for

EVs, EV cell, no. of incentives for

low income drivers

Outcome:Increase in EV vehicle

sales and registrations by vehicle

type for Mumbai, no. of BS VI

vehicles out of total registrations,

PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations

Offer incentives for EVs such

as reduced parking fee and

toll charges, waiver on fitness

certificates and metering for

3-wheelers up until 2028.

Time frame:2025

Make access to finance easier

through strategies such as

better communication of

MUDRA loans.

Timeframe:2025

EV cell

Timeframe:2025

Pilot EV chargers integrated

with urban infrastructure,

such as streetlights.

Timeframe:Pilot: 2026

Scale up based on learnings:

2040

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Magenta

Power, HPCL, MMRDA,

BEST, Mumbai Parking

Authority, OEMs,

energy utilities, private

companies

Average CAPEX

for installing public

charging stations: INR

10-40 lakhs, based

on charging type,

average OPEX- INR

9-10 lakhs (Shah,

2019)

Output:of charging stations

in a 3x3km grid, or per million

population, % street lights with

charging infrastructure

Outcome:No. of EVs registered

Develop common charging

infrastructure standards

across vehicle types and

OEMs.

Timeframe:2026

Common standards

Conduct a study on the

existing battery recycling

infrastructure (formal

and informal), rates and

locations.

Timeframe:2024

Development of battery

recycling guidelines (2030)

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Research

organizations, NGOs

working on waste

management, OEMs

BMC budget

Output:Comprehensive study

Outcome:Reduced EV waste

(kg), no. of low income livelihoods

supported

Sectoral Action Track 3: Transition to zero emission vehicles and vehicles with more efficient engines by 2050

(electrification of all buses by 2027, electrification of all two-wheelers, taxis and autorickshaws by 2050,

electrification of 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050) for reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality

Priority Actions

Implement a pilot on the

conversion of CNG buses to

buses that run on bio-CNG

from mandi waste

Time frame:2025

Lead:BMC (SWM)

Supporting:MPPCB,

BEST, MMRDA, local

mandi vendors, financial

institutions, private

organizations

INR 15 crores capital

cost for 25 TPD

capacity, generating

115 ton per day

biogas, in the case of

Indore (Warsi, 2019),

carbon credits

Output:Kg of waste treated

in the plant, kl of bio-CNG

produced per day, no. of bio-CNG

buses in the city,

Outcome:Reduction in AQI

Promote fuel efficiency

and conduct training on

driving techniques for bus

drivers and workshops on EV

benefits and infrastructure

for households.

Timeframe:2024

Lead:BMC

Supporting:RTOs,

resident welfare

associations, NGOs,

charging companies

such as Magenta Power

BMC budget

Output:No. of trainings

conducted, no. of workshops in

households (disaggregated by

income level) % increase in fuel

savings at post training sessions

Outcome:% of EV-ready parking

lots in residential buildings

Medium and long term Actions

Increase the CNG stations

network in a phased manner,

with the long-term objective

of a shift to EV.

Timeframe:Commencement

(2023), continuation in the

medium term (2030)

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Fuel

companies such as

HPCL, BPCL, IOCL

and Mahanagar Gas,

Mumbai autorickshaw

drivers’ union, financial

institutions

BMC budget, PPP

Output:No. of CNG stations

in the city, waiting time for

refuelling autos

Outcome:PM2.5 and PM10

concentrations

Sectoral Action Track 4: Developing a sustainable freight policy for Mumbai with the aim to electrify 100% of light

duty trucks and 2W freight and 46% of medium and heavy duty trucks by 2050, along with shifting to low-carbon

modes (rail and water)

Priority Actions

Offer incentives for

electric freight (parking

fees reduction, road tax

exemptions, flexible timings),

relaxations in approvals

or rebates for EV-ready

warehouses.

Time frame:2025

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Freight

operators, mandi

vendors, charging

companies such as

Magenta Power,

organizations such

as Bombay Goods

Transport Association

Phase-II of FAME

scheme, Maharashtra

EV Policy 2021

Output:No. of incentives, %

electric 2W, 3W and 4W freight,

no. of warehouses with EV

charging infrastructure

Outcome:PM10 and PM2.5

levels reduced

Pilot the electrification of

SWM management vehicles

or mandi vehicles.

Time frame:2025

Study freight movement and

fuel composition.

Timeframe:2025

Collaborate with ferry

operators, railways,

e-commerce companies

and government agencies

to understand the gaps in

infrastructure, finance and

data gaps for improved

multimodal integration.

Develop incentives for

companies to shift to low

-carbon freight modes.

Timeframe:2025

(continuous process)

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Fleet

operators, Western

and Central Railways,

Mumbai Railway Vikas

Corporation (MRVC),

Traffic Department,

Mumbai Port Trust,

MMB

Railways budget,

MCGM budget,

National Investment

and Infrastructure

Fund (NIIF)

Output:% of freight transported

by waterways or railways for

each fleet operator, modal share

of rail, road and water freight,

common standards

Outcome:Improved PM levels,

reduced GHG emissions from

freightPilot the shift of non-bulk

freight to railways and water.

(There is an ongoing pilot

between Central Railways

and Amazon.)

Timeframe:2026

Develop roadside remote

sensing to identify freight

emission hotspots and

contribute towards GHG

inventory.

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Private

companies for

technology and data

assistance, Traffic

One remote

sensing device

could cost around

INR 2.5 crores,

depending on models

(Roychowdhury,

Output:Emissions inventory for

freight, no. of remote sensors

installed

Outcome:Reduced GHG

emissions from freight, improved

Sectoral Action Track 4: Transition to zero emission vehicles and vehicles with more efficient engines by 2050

(electrification of all buses by 2027, electrification of all two-wheelers, taxis and autorickshaws by 2050,

electrification of 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050) for reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality

Medium and Long Term Actions

Give preference to agencies

with low-carbon fleets when

contracting for municipal

services or mandatorily

include the requirement in

new tenders.

Time frame:Contract

preference and inclusion in

tenders: 2030 onward (or

when current lease expires)

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Private

agencies, freight

operatorsOutput:Increase in low carbon

freight, reduction in number

of HDVs plying within city

boundaries

Outcome:PM2.5 and PM10

concentrationsLimit HDV freight vehicles

based on age/efficiency/size

in terminals outside the city

and allow only EV-powered

LDVs in the city

Timeframe:Start: 2030

Implementation by 2040,

with regular monitoring

Lead:BMC

Supporting:Transport

Dept- Government of

Maharashtra, freight

operators

Sector-specific Inclusivity Considerations

Incorporating age-friendly, disability-friendly and women-friendly policies for public

transport accessibility and non-motorized transport (NMT) planning would enable an

inclusive and equitable mobility approach. This is important since 46% of population

prefers walking, with a large share being women, children and the elderly

Increasing the uptake of public transport through fare integration, improved

infrastructure and feeder services, particularly in low income areas

Providing low-income drivers and small businesses with easy loans to reduce the upfront

costs of EVs

Training women drivers and incorporating components such as panic buttons and women

only compartments, to improve women’s safety

Designing junctions with signal management to ensure safety for commuters, especially

pedestrians and children.

The BMC, on average, manages 5,500 MT of municipal

solid waste per day, excluding approximately 800 TPD

of C&D waste13. The composition is depicted in Figure

34. The waste sector accounts for 8.2% of the total GHG

emissions in the city.

Although waste is responsible for a relatively smaller

proportion of emissions as compared with the stationary

energy and transportation sectors, it is intricately linked

to public health, hygiene and livelihoods of workers

handling waste (BMC, 2021).

Mumbai currently has three waste disposal sites, one

each in Deonar, Mulund and Kanjurmarg, with only the

latter two being operational. A dumpsite at Gorai was

scientifically closed in 2009. In 2020-21, about 85% of

Mumbai’s waste was transported to Kanjurmarg, a

five-year-old disposal site, and treated using the

bioreactor technology and windrow composting, while

the remaining 15% was disposed of by dumping and

levelling at Deonar.

The Deonar site is the oldest dumping ground in the city

and has exhausted its capacity to receive more garbage,

with BMC planning its closure. Meanwhile, the 24-year

-old Mulund dumpsite stopped receiving waste in 2019

and is currently under remediation through biomining

(BMC, 2021). Figure 35 presents a map of the disposal

sites in the city and their current status.

Sustainable Waste Management5.3

Figure 34: Municipal Solid Waste Composition

Food (Organic - Wet)

Sand, Stone & Fine Earth

Paper & Recyclables (including metals)

Wood, Cloth (Organic - dry)

Plastic

73%

17%

3% 3%

Figure 35: Waste disposal sites in Mumbai

No. of SMPAs

L wardR/S wardP/N WardK/W wardM/EP/N

Segregated waste collected (kg/day)

The implementation of the Solid Waste Management

(SWM) Rules 2016 encouraged source-level segregation

and treatment, resulting in a 40% decrease in waste

reported by BMC in the last five years. The use and

manufacturing of plastic carry bags less than 50 microns

in thickness was banned in 2016. Around 325 MT of

plastic waste has been collected since the ban came into

effect, and Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB)

is the monitoring authority for ensuring compliance.

The following are some key gaps and opportunities in

this sector:

Waste minimization and segregation

In Mumbai, ‘segregation at source’ received the lowest

score among the mandatory parameters in the

Garbage-free City Report under Swachh Survekshan

201914. The Environment Status Report 2020-21

for Mumbai city reports that 82% of waste is being

segregated; however, this segregation is not taking place

at source. Mumbai currently does not have a city-level

SWM plan that can enable decentralization at the ward

level. Centralized response strategies often tend to

be resource-heavy and do not lead to reduction and

segregation of waste. With the city’s population and

economy growing, there would be inadequate landfill

space in the coming years. Thus, waste minimization

along with segregation is essential.

Collection and transportation

While the BMC is actively working towards a 100% D2D

collection service, this is a challenge in some areas in the

city, especially in slum settlements. For example, 34% of

the complaints in 2020 were related to garbage collection

and were from predominantly low-income wards, such as

F-North, P-North, P-South, R-North, R-South, M-West,

N, L and S. However, community-based organizations

such as Stree Mukti Sanghatana and initiatives such as

the Swach Mumbai Prabodhan Abhiyan have been able to

close this gap in some areas and achieve zero-waste slum

certification. These learnings can be integrated with the

soon to be launched SWM plan.

Dry waste recovery through recycling and reprocessing

Waste recovery in the city is low despite the presence of

Advanced Local Management Committees, guidelines

for bulk generators and the Swach Mumbai Prabodhan

Abhiyan (SMPA) scheme. According to SWM rules 2016,

at least 80% of the waste generated by local bodies needs

to be recovered. However, Mumbai has only been able

to recover 35%, over the last five years (Praja, 2021).

There is a need for community engagement to promote

recycling and waste recovery and integrate informal

waste pickers with the system. The Praja report also

states that 11 wards are not processing wet waste on-site

and 12 wards (A, B, C, E, F/S, F/N, G/S, H/E, K/E, L, M/W

and T) do not have waste composting units. The wards

with the highest number of SMPAs and highest quantities

of segregated waste are depicted in Figure 36.

Figure 36: Wards with the highest number of SMPAs (left) and highest quantities of segregated waste (right)

10855250

9534600

8323488

Approach: Sustainable Waste Management Hierarchy

To overcome the above barriers in waste management,

the approach for the waste sector is modelled along the

sustainable waste management hierarchy, which places

an emphasis on reducing, reusing and recycling as the key

to sustainable materials management.

Most Preferred

Least Preferred

Although 73% of the city’s waste is biodegradable, the

city has not been able to successfully recover it through

composting. On-site wet waste processing was given the

lowest score of 25 in the Swachh Survekshan survey.

Restore: Remediation of dumpsites

Severe environmental and social hazards that are

affecting the quality of marine life and surrounding

properties in the area has also reduced, leading to lower

property taxes. Fishermen’s incomes and livelihoods have

been negatively impacted as leachate flowing into the

waterbodies leads to water pollution and loss of marine

life, biodiversity and livelihood. There are additional

problems of foul odour, fires, health hazards and breeding

of flies and rodents around dumping and landfill sites

(BMC, 2010). Hence, serious efforts are needed to

remediate dumpsites and reduce landfilled waste.

Figure 37: Approach for the waste sector

Reduce: Segregation at Source & Reuse

Repair & Recycle

Composting (Recover)

Waste to Energy (Recover)

Landfill

Mumbai is currently implementing certain initiatives in

this sector, which can be broadly categorized using the

sectoral approach, as presented in Table 15. The actions

proposed in the MCAP will help integrate the climate lens

within these initiatives and enhance the city’s efforts in

sustainable waste management.

Table 15 Ongoing initiatives in the waste sector

ReduceRestore

• The BMC is currently developing a city-level SWM

plan and has launched an online citizen survey under

its Vision 2030 initiative.

• Property tax relief of 5-10% is provided to residential

societies that segregate and compost waste.

• A total of 19 organic waste convertors has been

proposed for vegetable and fruit markets.

• In 2018, BMC issued an order, mandating bulk

waste generators to set up biodegradable waste

composting units. A total of 3,367 additional bulk

waste generators have been notified, and 50% of

the bulk generators identified by BMC are currently

composting waste at source.

• Dumpsite reclamation is taking place at Mulund, with

3,35,150 MT of legacy waste having been disposed

till 2021.

• Waste-to-energy projects having a total capacity of

600 TPD and 4MW energy generation have been

proposed for Deonar. A total of 1,200 TPD of W2E

projects are in the pipeline.

• A total of INR 5,600 per unit per month has been

allocated for waste management in slums under

SMPA. An eligible organization is awarded an area

between 5 and 18 units. The contract for this work is

renewed annually.

RecoverRecycle

• A total of 85 hectares of land has been allotted for

scientific waste.

• The BMC has tied up with recyclers, and a rebate of

up to 10% on property tax is being offered to housing

societies that segregate waste.

• Decentralized community-level composting and

biomethanation is being promoted.

• M/s. Godrej Industries has begun 10 TPD green

waste processing pelletisation in Ghatkopar (N ward)

through its CSR division and processes 3-4 MT of

green waste per day.

• A total of 32 parks in the city have compost pits

across all wards; In the last quarter of 2017, 3,285 kg

of compost was generated here.

• Currently, the city has 46 dry waste segregation

centers handled by waste and ragpickers

associations. In 2019, 188.5 TPD of dry waste was

managed. Plastic shredding machines are installed at

a few of these centers.

• BMC is planning to undertake collection,

transportation, processing and disposal of 1,200 TPD

of C&D waste (BMC, 2021).

• Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR),

companies such as Bisleri and Coca Cola are setting

up plastic processing units in the city.

• BMC has proposed that MPCB be appointed the

authorized e-waste recycling agency to set up

e-waste collection centers in wards.

Adopting an inclusive and zero landfill waste

management strategy

The sectoral priority, action tracks and associated

actions were developed on the basis of the city-level

barrier analysis, ongoing city initiatives, inputs from

external and internal stakeholder consultations and zonal

consultations along with citizens’ inputs received on the

website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the

process are listed in Annexure 3.

The city must work towards improving efficiency for

recycling and recovery. Actions in the SWM sector

include initiating extensive awareness and infrastructure

and capacity building to ensure waste processing at

the local/unit-level, discouraging waste-to-energy as a

long-term solution and expediting the remediation of the

Deonar dumpsite. Since over 70% of the city’s waste is

organic, the goal to increase segregation and treatment

of organic waste and reduce its disposal to landfills is

key to achieving all three waste-relevant climate targets

for the city. Additionally, the climate goals and action

tracks for Mumbai for the period 2020-2050 are aligned

with Majhi Vasundhara Abhiyan’s (MVA) action groups,

enhancement of Akash (environmental awareness),

Dharti (the Earth) and Vayu (clean air), as well as the

SDGs. With the aim to move towards zero landfill waste

by 2050, the sectoral action tracks promote waste

minimization, decentralized waste management for

enhanced segregation and recycling as well as

dumpsite remediation.

Track 1Reduce waste disposed to landfill sites by 40% by 2030

Track 2Decentralized waste management for recovery and recycle

Track 3Scientific dumpsite remediation for healthier ecosystems and communities

Sectoral Action Tracks

Aerial shot of Parel | By Hardik Joshi

Table 16 Sustainable Waste Management: Sectoral action tracks

Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/FinancingMonitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 1:Reduce waste disposed to landfills by 40% by 2030

Priority Actions

Develop litter-free/single use

plastic-free zones/campuses

in the city, thereby creating

demonstrative examples in the

city and increasing awareness

among citizens.

Timeframe:2024

Lead:SWM Dept,

BMC

Supporting:

MPCB, ward-level

authorities, CSOs/

NGOs

Swachh Bharat Mission

- Urban

City-level SWM plan

CSR

MVA

Green bonds

Output: No. of litter-free

zones

Outcome:Volume of waste

collected from littering, % of

waste recycled, single-use

waste generation per capita

(kg/person/year)

Conduct an analysis of the

barriers in the compliance of

single-use plastic ban.

Timeframe:2023

Organize mass door-to-door

awareness campaigns for

segregation and phasing out

of single-use waste, thereby

reducing plastic pollution in the

city.

Timeframe:2024/2025

Conduct an assessment of waste

characteristics and consumption

patterns across different income

groups and public utilities to

create strategies for formal

and informal housing and

establishments.

Timeframe: 2023/2024

Lead:SWM Dept

Supporting: CSOs/

NGOs, research/

academic institutions

Swachh Bharat Mission

- Urban

City-level SWM plan

Output: Assessment study

Outcome: % of city solid

waste regularly collected

with adequate final discharge

Table 17: Sustainable Waste Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Sectoral Action Track 1:Reduce waste disposed to landfills by 40% by 2030

Priority Actions

Establish designated ward-level

waste management units/cells to

strengthen coordination between

Advanced Locality Management

(ALM) groups, SMPA, bulk waste

generators, etc. and different city

departments (market, gardens,

etc.) and create mechanisms to

manage waste at the household

level.

Timeframe: 2023

Lead:Ward-level

authorities

Supporting:SWM

Dept, SMPAs

Swachh Bharat Mission

- Urban

BMC Budget – SWM

Dept

Output: Guidelines

and approval for waste

management cells, % of wards

with cells, no. of functional

cells

Outcome:% of monthly

income spent on solid waste

collection/processing, % of

population with regular solid

waste collection at home,

waste generated per capita

(kg/person/year), % of waste

recycled ward-wise, revenue

recovered from recyclables

(INR/year)

Route the rationalization and

collection system optimization

to reduce fuel consumption for

waste collection.

Timeframe:2024/2025Lead: SWM Dept of

BMC

Supporting: IT Dept

of BMC, waste CSOs/

NGOs

Output: Fuel consumption to

operate the collection fleet,

coverage of HHs (tons)

Outcome:Reduced fuel

use from waste sector, % of

population with regular solid

waste collection at home

Develop waste management

guidelines for public and religious

functions to improve hygiene,

reduce littering and influence

behaviors.

Timeframe:2025

Output: Guidelines at the city

level

Outcome: Waste generated

per capita (kg/person/year)

Discourage the dependence on

landfills and waste-to

-energy plants by setting up new

centralized waste processing

units (in Taloja and Mulund

East) to reduce water and soil

pollution.

Timeframe:2030/2032

Lead: SWM Dept,

BMC

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

MVA

Output:% of waste diverted

from landfills

Outcome:Mortality rate and

livelihoods lost due to air,

water and soil pollution and

contamination

Sectoral Action Track 1:Reduce waste disposed to landfills by 40% by 2030

Priority Actions

Develop a waste dashboard on

consolidated ward-level data

(daily generation, segregation,

waste recycled, % of segregation,

location of community collection/

recycling centers/vendors),

thereby making information

publicly available and increasing

accountability.

Timeframe:2024

Lead: Ward-level

authority, SWM Dept

of BMC

Supporting: SMPAs,

ALMs, waste startups

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Swachh Bharat Mission

- Urban

MVA

Output: Public dashboard

Outcome:Ward-level waste

generation per capita (kg/

person/year), % of solid waste

that is recycled ward-wise,

revenue recovered from

recyclables (INR/year), % of

population with regular solid

waste collection at home,

number of green enterprises/

jobs created

Establish a central control and

command center for Integrated

Solid Waste Management

(ISWM) monitoring, GPS tracking

of vehicles, geotagging of bins,

geo location of waste collection

points, digital storage, Cloud

linking of data and automation of

transfer stations to ensure waste

collection services for all.

Timeframe:2024

Lead:SWM Dept of

BMC

Supporting:IT Dept

of BMC, Contractor

Output:Integrated command

and control center

Outcome:% of solid waste

that is recycled ward-wise, ,

% of city solid waste regularly

collected with adequate final

discharge, % of population

with regular solid waste

collection at home

Implement a pilot program on

zero waste wards.

Timeframe:2025/2027

Lead: SWM Dept of

BMC

Supporting: Ward

authorities, research

institutes, NGOs

Output: No. of wards

Outcome:Ward-level waste

generation per capita (kg/

person/year), % of solid waste

that is recycled ward-wise,

jobs created for informal

workers, % of monthly

income spent on solid waste

collection

Develop a strategy, rules and

framework to strengthen

implementation and reporting of

extended producer responsibility

(EPR).

Timeframe:2025

Lead: MPCB

Supporting: Private

companies, SWM

dept, BMC

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Swachh Bharat Mission

– Urban

Output: City-level mandate/

strategy

Outcome:% of e-waste

or plastic waste recycled,

number of green enterprises/

jobs created

Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling

and composting by 2050

Priority Actions

Initial perception survey and

subsequently decentralizing

Mumbai’s SWM plan with ward

-level strategies for residential,

commercial and public sectors

Timeframe:2023

Lead:SWM Dept of

BMC

Supporting:CSOs/

NGOs, Consultant

agency

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Swachh Bharat Mission

– Urban

MVA

CSR

Output:Perception survey,

% of wards covered in survey,

no. of ward-level waste

management recycling/

composting units

Outcome:Waste generated

per capita (kg/person/year),

% of population with regular

solid waste collection at

home

Levy on non-compliance of waste

segregation at households

Timeframe:2023

Lead:Ward-level

authorities

Supporting: SWM

Dept, Contractor

- agency

Output:Levy by waste type

(INR/kg), revenue collected

annually

Outcome:% of monthly

income spent on solid waste

collection, % of segregation

ward wise

Household infrastructure,

training for workers and

retrofitting collection vehicles for

waste segregation

Timeframe:2025

Lead:SWM Dept of

BMC

Supporting: Contractor, MPCB,

NGOs.

Output:No. of trainings

conducted, % of vehicles

retrofitted, no. of households

with waste segregation

infrastructure

Outcome:% of population

with regular solid waste

collection at home or

in-situ waste management

infrastructure

Promote decentralized

composting through citizen

participation, biogas plants

in mandis and hotels, and

compositing in all parks and

gardens

Timeframe:2024

Lead:SWM Dept

of BMC, ward-level

authorities

Supporting:Market

Dept of BMC,

Gardens Dept of

BMC

Output:No. of biogas/

composting units set up, % of

wards with biogas plants

Outcome:% of monthly

income spent on waste

collection, % of wet waste

composted,

Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling

and composting by 2050

Priority Actions

Strengthened enforcement

of C&D rules 2016 through

amendment of building byelaws

to include rules on segregated

collection systems, disposal sites,

tipping fees, use of waste in roads

and landfilling, etc.

Timeframe: 2024

Lead: SWM Dept

of BMC, Urban

Development Dept

GoM

Supporting:Buildings

Dept of BMC

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Swachh Bharat Mission

– Urban

MVA

CSR

Output: Approved building

bylaws, % of C&D waste

segregated and recycled,

revenue recovered from C&D

waste

Outcome: Reduced emissions

and pollution due to C&D

waste, % of income spent

on C&D waste collection/

processing

Analysis of current and projected

C&D waste in the city and

feasibility of using recycled

aggregates in construction/roads

Timeframe: 2024

Lead:SWM Dept

Supporting:Technical/academic

institution, Buildings

Dept

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Swachh Bharat Mission

-urban

MVA

Output: Waste from

construction sites (kg), % of

C&D waste segregated and

recycled

Outcome:Reduced emissions

and pollution due to C&D

waste, % of population with

on-call C&D waste collection

at home

Quantification of waste

generation in construction sites

and mandating reuse

Timeframe:2024

Lead: MMRDA,

Buildings Dept BMC

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Monthly e-waste collection

drives

Timeframe:2024

Lead:MPCB, SWM

Dept

Supporting: Zone/ward-level

authorities

BMC budget – SWM

DeptOutput:% of e-waste

recycled

Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling

and composting by 2050

Medium- and Long-term Actions

100% source segregation and

collection in slums (waste

exchange for services like bus

ticket, books, etc.)

Timeframe:2027

Lead: SMPA, SWM

Dept

Supporting: BMC

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Swachh Bharat Mission

-urban

MVA

CSR

Output: Segregation rate in

slums

Outcome: % of waste

recycled ward-wise, % of

monthly income spent on

waste collection

Promote self-help groups to

manufacture cloth bags, leaf

plates, etc. through market

creation and finance.

Timeframe: 2027Lead: SWM Dept,

BMC

Supporting: CSO/

NGOs, SMPA

Output: No. of groups

supported, no. of incentives

provided (e.g., loans)

Outcome:% of waste

recycled, no. of new green

jobs created and individuals

participated in green skills

training

Robust recycling across 16-

24 categories through market

creation and infrastructure

Timeframe: 2028

Output: % of city’s solid

waste that is segregated into

X number of categories

Outcome: Emissions from

waste, no. of green jobs

created and new green

startups

Biodegradable waste processing

units in each ward based on land

and resource availability with

market creation and subsidies for

compost (e.g.: coupons, manure,

subsidies for home compost kits,

etc.)

Timeframe:2027

Lead: SWM Dept,

Marketing

Dept – BMC

Supporting:MPCB

Output:No. of ward-level

waste management units for

recycling, composting etc.

Outcome:% of city’s organic

wet waste that is composted/

recovered, % of income

spent on waste processing,

% of population with waste

processing units accessible

within 500m of home

Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling

and composting by 2050

Medium- and Long-term Actions

Setting up MRF units and waste

collection centers in each ward

along with local network of

buyers for glass, paper, etc.

Financial support for waste

sector enterprises can be

provided.

Timeframe:2027

Lead: SWM Dept

Supporting:Ward-level

authorities, Buildings

Dept, Development

Planning (DP) Dept,

start-ups

CSR

BMC Budget

MVA

Output: No. of Material

Recovery Facilities (MRF)

units/collection centers

ward wise, no. of enterprises

supported

Outcome: % of waste

recycled

Waste pickers program with

existing ragpickers associations

Timeframe:2024/2025

Lead:BMC, SWM

Dept

Supporting:NGOs

CSR, philanthropic

funding, BMC budgetOutcome:No. of jobs created

for informal workers

Sectoral Action Track 3:Remediation of all existing dumpsites and 100% scientific disposal of waste by 2030

Priority Actions

Divert daily waste dumped at

the Deonar dumpsite to the

Kanjurmarg site and mandate

remediation at Deonar after

scoping study including NCV,

emissions and environmental

impacts

Timeframe: Scoping study

(2023), implementation (2025)

Lead:SWM Dept,

BMC

Supporting: MPCB,

contractor, academic/

technical institution

Green bonds – IFC

investment

SBM – Urban

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Output:% of waste that is

diverted away from landfills,

area of waste disposal site

recovered/reclaimed (m2)

Outcome:Surface of urban

land that is contaminated

Discourage waste to energy due

to the high investment require for

W2E infrastructure and the NCV

potential (high organic waste

content) of MSW in the Indian

context

Timeframe: 2024

Lead: SWM Dept

Supporting:Technical

institution/experts,

Energy Dept, MEDA

City-level SWM plan

– BMC budget

Output: Study conducted

Outcome: Volume of waste

generated per person/HH, %

of HH waste that is recycled,

% of waste being managed at

central processing sites

Medium- and Long-term Actions

Monitoring of remediation and

converting the landfill into a

green space/park

Timeframe: 2030-2035

Lead:SWM Dept

Supporting: Gardens

Dept, Development

Planning (DP) DeptGreen bonds – IFC

investment

SBM – Urban

BMC budget – SWM

Dept

Output: Progress reports, no.

of saplings planted, survival

rate, green cover or park area

(m2)

Outcome:, % of landfill area

converted to green space

Capture landfill gas and collect

leachate at existing and new

waste disposal sites and convert

to electricity/piped gas

Timeframe: 2027

Lead:SWM Dept

Supporting:Technical

expertise, MEDA,

Energy Dept

Output:Volume of gas

captured, capture rate,

amount of gas generated

Outcome: GHG emissions

from waste, incidence of

diseases, injuries and sickness

due to pollution caused by

landfills

Sector-specific inclusive benefits

Introducing legality and licensing mechanism for ragpickers and waste workers would

facilitate the transition of informal labor to a formalized and secure system, thereby

ensuring equity in the job market within the waste sector. This would also improve wages

and ensure stability for workers, a majority of whom belong to vulnerable low-income

backgrounds or are migrants.

Decentralized waste management would create accountability within the community to

reduce waste at source and create opportunities for new green businesses.

Although Mumbai is rich in ecological assets (refer to

Chapter 2 of this plan), a mere 3.7% is accessible open

space for the citizens. Mumbai is the least green metro

(Devulapalli & Padmanabhan, 2019), with the lowest per

capita green cover of 1.8 square meters (Jha, 2021), as

compared with 10-12 square meters prescribed in the

Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and

Implementation (URDPFI) guidelines.

The vegetation cover has reduced, from 46.42% in

1988 to 26.67% in 2018, mostly in the low-income

areas. During the same period, the area having a mean

land surface temperature (LST) of around 30.5°C has

increased, from 5232 ha in 1988 to 14,339 ha in 2018

(Rahaman et al., 2021). The shrinking green cover, the

increasing concretization of the urban landscape in the

form of buildings and infrastructure, the expansion of

high-density informal settlements having no trees and

the excessive use of temporary metal roofs have resulted

in urban heat islands with temperatures up to 5 to 6

degrees higher than in well-shaded and green residential

areas of the neighborhood. Mumbai is experiencing a

warming trend, with increasing frequency of heatwaves.

According to an IPCC report, the city is expected to

experience high mean temperatures of up to 35°C for

almost 117 days in a year by the end of the century, an

increase in total rainfall by almost 32% by 2060 (Basu,

2021) and sea level rise with increasing frequencies of

cyclones (refer to Chapter 3.1 of this plan).

Urban Greening and Biodiversity5.4

Key Gaps

The landscape of the city would be a major factor in addressing the increasing heat- and flood-related risks.

Gap in demand and availability of green public spaces

A spatial survey by P.K. Das & Associates (2011)

highlighted that of 2152 open spaces in city, 600 were

encroached upon and the remaining were unaccounted

for. In order to safeguard and conserve open spaces, it

is necessary to create an inventory. Moreover, there are

areas, such as Mankhurd, that have a higher vegetation

cover; however, most of these are inaccessible as these

are mangroves and wetlands. Meanwhile, Bandra has a

relatively low vegetation cover, but its per capita green

public spaces is high.

Lack of holistic landscape framework

The green and blue natural ecosystems in Mumbai are

in the jurisdiction of BMC, MMRDA and Government

of Maharashtra. This calls for coordination between

different authorities to develop policies for maintenance,

ecological zone identification, conservation and

safeguarding of these natural ecosystems.

Poor enforcement of regulations for protection and

conservation of ecological assets

Mangroves act as a natural coastal flood protection

system. However, there have been around 350 cases

of destruction since 2013. There is a need for a strong

enforcement mechanism to protect mangroves from

the hazards of rising sea levels and increasing storm

surges. Despite CRZ regulations, there is uncontrolled

construction, garbage dumping and sewage disposal,

leading to pollution and the shrinking of beaches. The

development plan lacks a clear demarcation of hills and

forests, thus failing to protect these from illegal quarrying

and deforestation.

Lack of data-driven and scientific methods

BMC intends to increase the green cover of the city by

planting and introducing dense groves of trees through

the urban thickets program. However, a scientific

approach and data-driven method is necessary to

ensure the selection of native species with high carbon

sequestration potential, an equitable distribution as per

demand-supply gaps and the integration of nature-based

solutions against any biodiversity loss. Moreover, there

is a need for capacity building on scientific methods of

tree planting, pruning and maintenance. This applies to

mangroves and wetlands as well.

for open space maintenance, and reduce it to 0.7% in

the 2020-21 budget. In order to improve the urban

green cover and biodiversity, the percent share must be

increased. Mainstreaming climate actions would require

a sufficient allocation of funding and would need to be

accounted for in every term budget of the city. Moreover,

space is a huge challenge in Mumbai. Mechanisms to

encourage the private sector and citizen participation in

policies and strategies for urban greening in private plots

will help address this and accelerate action.

Integrated approach

There is a lack of infrastructure related to water provision

and sanitation, especially in the low-income areas, which

leads to increased vulnerabilities during climate-induced

gray infrastructure to address heat and flood resilience as

well as water security for vulnerable communities.

Data, Information and Communication

There is a need to develop a Biodiversity Index and a

Biodiversity Register at ward level, thereby making it

accessible to citizens and to get them to be involved in

and informed about the city’s flora and fauna. Moreover,

the city census data indicates that the population

accessible to cell phones, radio/transistors and the

Internet is 60%, 36% and 20%, respectively. This calls

for innovative methods of communicating important

information to a larger population, which would induce

better adaptive capacity and reduce shocks and stress

(Refer Chapter 3.1 of this report).

Approach for Urban Greening and Biodiversity

Based on the vulnerability assessment, the MCAP emphasizes the need to increase the green cover and biodiversity in

the city in a planned and inclusive manner. When integrated with urban development, it offers several co-benefits.

Increasing the vegetation cover in the city in a planned

and scientific manner not only reduces urban heat islands

but also creates carbon sinks. Such enhanced greening

also improves the liveability and biodiversity of the city

as well as health of the city dwellers. The matrix in of

Table 18 presents the co-benefits of the green spaces in

the city with respect to accessibility, ownership, and the

co-benefits it offers.

Heat and FloodCarbon SequestrationOpen space Accessibility Biodiversity

Increasing the vegetation cover and permeability of the city in a planned manner to tackle heat and flood risks

Scientific method for species selection, planting, pruning and maintenance, thereby increasing the city’s carbon sinks

Managing the demand and availability gap of green open spaces through a data-driven and inclusive approach.

Documenting, conserving and enhancing city biodiversity in an inclusive way

Table 18 Approach for urban greening and biodiversity

Parks Gardens

Tree lined avenues

Mangroves

Wetlands

Beach

Promenade

Mudflats

Saltpans

Residential township parks

grounds, Golf course

Stadium

creeks

Tanks, ponds and lakes

Public green accessiblePublic green inaccessiblePublic brown accessible

Public brown inaccessible

Public green inaccessiblePublic brown inaccessiblePublic blue accessible

Biodiversity

Flood mitigation

Carbon sequestration

Heat resilience

Daily urban recreation space

Table 19 Ongoing greening initiatives undertaken by BMC

Ongoing initiatives in city

Mumbai city is currently taking up certain initiatives within this sector, which can be broadly categorized as

presented in Table 19.

Urban Greening and Open Spaces Coastal ResilienceBiodiversity Management

• Signatory to C40 Cities Urban

Nature Declaration (C40Cities,

2021)

• Developing a new gardens policy,

with the aim to convert 1,068

plots into gardens/playgrounds

through multi-stakeholder

engagement (Mumbai Mirror,

2019)

• Amendment to the Maharashtra

(Urban Areas) Tree Protection

and Conservation Act, 1975, for

protecting heritage trees (Singh,

2021)

• Planting 3,77,416 trees at a cost

of INR 35 crores across 100

locations (Deshpande, 2019)

• Waterbody inventory with

external consultant (Terracon,

2020)

• Construction of 10 feet of walls

for mangrove and wetland

protection (Chatterjee, 2018)15

• Beach nourishment project

being implemented in Dadar-

Chowpatty (Mumbai Waterfronts

Centre & P.K.Das & Associates,

2012)

• Chimbai village waterfront

project

• Mithi river restoration

(Maharashtra Pollution Control

Board, 2019) with the aim of

100% sewage collection and

treatment and 100% MSW

collection by 2023.

• Established a biodiversity

committee as per directives

of State Government under

the chairmanship of Joint

Municipal Commissioner

(Disaster Management) /

Deputy Municipal Commissioner

(Garden).

• Developing parks near

biodiversity hotspots and

reclaiming un-used quarry

sites and landfills into urban

green areas, such as Parsik

Hill, Ambernath and Kalyan

(MMRDA, 2016)

Increasing the urban green cover to reduce heat risk and

increase the city’s resilience to flood events

The priority action tracks were developed on the basis of

the gaps and barriers observed in the landscape analysis,

the ongoing city initiatives, inputs from external and

internal stakeholder consultations, zonal consultations

as well as citizens’ inputs received on the MCAP website

[Refer to Annexure 3]

The gap in demand and availability of green public spaces,

the poor enforcement of protection and conservation of

ecology, the lack of a scientific and data-driven approach

and financial and spatial constraints are factors that need

to be considered in formulating actions and setting goals.

Mumbai city has partnered in the Cities4Forest initiative

and has signed the Call to Action for Forest and Climate

and the C40 cities Urban Nature Declaration to protect,

conserve and manage its natural ecosystems. Sector

specific goals and actions have been developed on the

basis of the baseline assessment, SDGs and the principles

of MVA.

Track 1Increase the vegetation cover and permeable surface of the city to tackle heat and flood risks

Track 2Ensure equitable access to green open spaces for higher per capita green cover

Track 3Restore and enhance the biodiversity of the city

Sectoral Action Tracks

Table 20 Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Sectoral action tracks

Shot in Dadar | By Aaran Patel

Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030

to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk

Priority Actions

Undertake scientific

identification of land

parcels and brownfields,

especially in areas

exposed to high heat, for

increasing vegetation

cover.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Development Plan

(DP) Department, Garden

Department, Estate

Dept of BMC Assistant

Commissioners

Support – Storm Water

Drains (SWD)- BMC, Mumbai

Sewage Disposal Project

(MSDP)-BMC, Advance

Locality Management

(ALMs), co-operative housing

societies, developers, private

sector, field experts, BEST,

MbPT, MMRDA, Western

Railways

Based on Garden

Department’s

estimate of urban

forests of INR 20

million per hectare;

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, CSR funds,

green bonds scheme,

AMRUT

Output:Area of canopy cover

created (m2), area of (shaded)

cover created (m2),

volume of water retention

capacity created(m3), area of

permeable surfaces (m2)

Outcome:difference in

temperatures in shaded and

non-shaded areas,

% of heavy rainfall leading

to flooding, difference in

temperatures in permeable

and non-permeable areas (in

°C or °F)

Prepare a heat action plan

for the city, with a strong

focus on precautionary

measures, early warning

systems and urban

greening measures,

to maintain ambient

temperatures.

Time frame:2022-2023

Lead:Disaster Management

Cell, Health Department

Support – Garden

Department, public and

private hospitals

Part of BMC budget

Output:% city covered under

the plan, number of early

warning systems in place for

each hazard

Outcome:% emergency

situations where emergency

services responded safely

and on time, % of population

reached through early warning

systems for each hazard

Organize capacity

building of health workers

in identifying and treating

heat-related illness.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Public Health

Department

Support – Disaster

Management Cell

Annually between

INR 0.5 and 1 million

as part of BMC

budget

Output:Number of workshops

conducted

Outcome:% population

trained to respond to the

hazard risk

Table 21 Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030

to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk

Priority Actions

Establish cooling centres

and health care provisions

within heat stressed

areas of the city with high

vulnerable population.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Disaster Management

Cell

Support – Public Health

Department, Garden

Department

Part of BMC budget

Output:Number of cooling

centres/shelters created

per capita within

vulnerable and low-income

neighbourhoods,

distance of cooling routes

established from these

neighbourhoods (km)

Outcome:% of population

residing at a distance of

15 minutes from a

Cooling centre (disaggregated

by income and vulnerability)

% of population using

cooling centres (disaggregated

by income and vulnerability)

Develop low-cost nature-

based solutions to reduce

heat stress in low-income

neighbourhoods

Time frame:2022

Lead:BMC

Support - MMRDA, TISSPart of BMC budget

Output:% of areas under

Nature Based Solutions (NBS)

Outcome:% of vulnerable

area covered by NBS,

temperature difference (in °C

or °F)

Increase budget

allocation for urban

green development and

maintenance to tackle

heat and flood risks.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department

Support – Disaster

Management Cell, SWD,

MSDP

Additional sources

through MVA, CSR

funds, green bonds,

AMRUT

Output:Finance committed

Outcome:% target achieved

for urban greening sector

Offer incentives in the

form of property tax

rebates and fast-track

procedures for individuals

and housing corporations

showing initiative in urban

greening.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Assessment and

Collection Department,

Garden Department

Support – Building proposals

dept, DP Department

N/A

Output:Area of canopy cover

created (m2), area of shaded

cover created (m2),

Volume of water retention

capacity created (m3), area of

permeable surfaces (m2)

Outcome:Difference in

temperatures in shaded and

non-shaded areas (in °C or °F),

% of heavy rainfall leading

to flooding, difference in

temperatures in permeable

and non-permeable areas (in

Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030

to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk

Priority Actions

Ensure strict enforcement

of reservations, especially

for hills and forests,

to protect these from

illegal quarrying and

deforestation.

Timeframe:2022

Lead:DP department

Support – Forest

Department-State govt,

Planning Department

(MMRDA)

N/A

Output:Area demarcation in

development for forest and

hill, area of slopes stabilized

(m2 / km2)

Outcome:% change from the

demarcated area for forest

and hills, % of heavy rainfall

leading to landslides/erosion

Undertake capacity

building on applying

scientific approach

towards tree species

selection, planting,

maintenance and pruning

with respect to time

of year, method and

sensitivity to social and

ecological aspects.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department

Support – Training and

research institute, technical

consultants

Annually between

INR 0.5 and 1 million

as part of BMC

budget

Output:Number of workshops

conducted

Outcome:% population

trained to respond to the

hazard risk

Establish Tree Helpline to

file grievances and illegal

activities.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department

Support – IT Department

Between INR 0.5 and

1 million as part of

BMC budget based on

previous budgets

Output:No. of grievances filed

Outcome:% of grievances

addressed, % reduction in

grievances

Develop a city dashboard

to access information

regarding urban greening

and heat island to monitor

at city and ward levels.

Time frame:2023

Lead:Garden and IT

Departments, Disaster

Management Cell

Support – Public Health

Department

Around INR 1.5

million as part of BMC

budget, based on

previous budgets

Output:City-level dashboard

Outcome:% target achieved

for green cover, % reduction

in heat prone areas, difference

in temperatures in shaded and

non-shaded areas

Promote CSR funding

or public private

partnerships for initiatives

towards increasing

vegetation cover and

permeable surface.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department,

Assessment and Collection

Department

Support – Accounts, Auditors

Dept

N/AOutput:Finance committed

Outcome:% target achieved

for urban greening sector

Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030

to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk

Priority Actions

Introduce green bonds

for financing municipal

greening initiatives.

Timeframe:2023

Lead:Garden Department,

Assessment and Collection

Department

Support – Accounts, Auditors

Dept

N/A

Output:Number of jobs

created and number of bonds

issued

Outcome:% target achieved

for urban greening sector

Integrate public open

spaces with storm water

drainage to create

retention areas as part of

nature-based solutions.

Time frame:2023

Lead:Garden and SWD

Departments

Support – DP Department,

Road and Traffic Department,

MSDP

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, CSR funds,

green bonds scheme,

AMRUT

Output:Volume of water

retention capacity created

(m3), Volume of increased

storage capacity (m3) / flow

capacity

Outcome:% of heavy rainfall

leading to flooding

Integrate green

roofs, green walls and

community gardens with

the Development Control

Regulations (DCRs) and

incentivize these.

Time frame:2023

Lead:Garden Department,

building proposal Dept,

DP Department, building

maintenance dept

Support – SWD, MSDP, Estate

and Land Management,

Assessment and Collection

Department

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, CSR funds,

green bonds scheme,

AMRUT

Output:Area of vegetated

area created (m2)

Outcome:% of heavy rainfall

leading to flooding, difference

in temperatures in vegetated

and non-vegetated areas (°C

or °F)

Action descriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 2: Reduce heating effect and increase permeable surface to 100% by 2050 along the city

streetscape

Priority Actions

Establish guidelines for

street-side landscape

to tackle heat and flood

risks.

Timeframe:2022

Lead:Garden Department

Support – SWD, Road &

Traffic Department, MSDP

Part of BMC budget

Output:City-level guidelines

Outcome:%Reduced

vulnerability to heat and

floods, % of heavy rainfall

leading to flooding

Sectoral Action Track 2: Reduce heating effect and increase permeable surface to 100% by 2050 along the city

streetscape

Priority Actions

Lead:Garden Department

Support – SWD, Road &

Traffic Department, License

Dept, Legal Dept

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, CSR funds,

green bonds scheme,

AMRUT

Output:Area of vegetated

area created (m2), area of

canopy cover created (m2),

area of shaded cover created

(m2)

Outcome:% of heavy rainfall

leading to flooding, difference

in temperatures in vegetated

and non-vegetated areas

(°C or °F), difference in

temperatures in shaded and

non-shaded areas (°C or °F)

Lead:AMC, Garden

Department

Support – All departments

with infrastructure related

projects

Should be part of the

project budget

Output:Vegetated area in

the city (m2), increase in tree

count

Outcome:% target achieved

for urban greening sector

Medium- and Long-term Actions

Introduce tree banking

systems to encourage

citizens to adopt a tree

and receive financial aid in

return.

Time frame:2030

Lead:Garden Department

Support – Assessment and

Collection Department, legal

dept, auditors dept, Road &

Traffic Department

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, CSR funds,

green bonds scheme,

AMRUT

Output:% of trees adopted

Outcome:Difference in

temperatures in shaded and

non-shaded areas (°C or °F),

% of heavy rainfall leading to

flooding, % of healthy trees

Undertake 100%

conversion of footpaths

and on-street parking

to permeable surface

material.

Time frame:2030

Lead:Garden Department,

Roads & Traffic Department,

SWD Department

Support – MnE, MSDP

Based on previous

BMC budget INR 200

crore

Output:Volume of water

retention capacity created

(m3), area of permeable

surfaces (m2)

Outcome:% of heavy rainfall

leading to flooding, °C °F

Difference in temperatures in

permeable and non-permeable

areas (°C or °F)

Undertake the

standardization of asphalt

and concrete color to

cool/light gray to reduce

land surface temperature.

Time frame:2023

Lead:Road & Traffic

Department Part of BMC budget

Output:Area of cool/white

surfaces (m2)

Outcome:Difference in

temperatures in cool/ white

spaces and non-cool/ white

spaces (°C or °F)

Sectoral Action Track 2: Reduce heating effect and increase permeable surface to 100% by 2050 along the city

streetscape

Medium- and Long-Term Actions

Integrate street-side

landscape with storm

water drainage network

as a nature-based

solution.

Time frame:2023

Lead:Garden Department,

Sewage Operations Dept,

Road & Traffic Department

Support – MSDP, Mechanical

and Electrical

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, CSR funds,

green bonds scheme,

AMRUT

Output:Vegetated area

created (m2), Volume of water

retention capacity created

(m3), Volume of increased

storage capacity (m3)/ flow

capacity

Outcome:% of heavy rainfall

leading to flooding

Integrate street-side

landscape with storm

water drainage network

as a nature-based

solution.

Time frame:2022

N/A

Action Description

Sectoral Action Track 3: Equitable distribution of open spaces and increase per capita open space to 6 square meters

by 2040

Priority Actions

Integrate street-side

landscape with storm

water drainage network

as a nature-based

solution.

Time frame:2023

Lead:Garden DepartmentPart of BMC budget

Output:Guidelines for

inclusive open space design

and ecosystem services

Outcome:% increase per

capita green open space in low

income areas, % of population

residing at a distance of 15

minutes from open spaces

(disaggregated by income

level)

Part of BMC budget

Output:Number of workshop

sessions conducted

Outcome:% increase in per

capita green open space in low

income areas, % of population

residing at a distance of 15

minutes from open spaces

(disaggregated by income

level)

Sectoral Action Track 3: Equitable distribution of open spaces and increase per capita open space to 6 square meters

by 2040

Medium- and Long-term Actions

Plan and provide new

open spaces based on the

demand and availability

gap analysis for equitable

distribution of open

spaces.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department

Support – DP Department,

SWD, MSDP, Road & Traffic

Department, Estate and

Land Management, Disaster

Management Cell, citizen

groups, Planning Department

(MMRDA), field expertst

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, CSR funds,

green bonds scheme,

AMRUT

Output:Number of new open

spaces developed as per

guidelines

Outcome:% increase in per

capita green open space in low

income areas, % of population

residing at a distance of 15

minutes from open spaces

(disaggregated by income

level)

Action Description

Sectoral Action Track 4: Restore, maintain and enhance city biodiversity and eco-system

Priority Actions

Mandate the use of native

plant species as per BMC

guidelines.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden DepartmentN/A

Output:% of new plantation

as per the native species,

captured through tree census

Outcome:% increase in

biodiversity and conservation,

% reduction in non-native

species

Update tree census

parameters to capture

carbon sequestration and

biodiversity aspect.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden DepartmentPart of BMC budget

Output:Number of

parameters increased in tree

census data collection

Outcome:% change in carbon

sink and native species

Prepare a biodiversity

index and place it in the

public domain.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department,

Biodiversity Committee

Part of BMC budget,

generally, between

INR 15 and 25 lakh

Output:Documentation and

data collection for biodiversity

Outcome:Active involvement

of citizens

Coordinate a

participatory biodiversity

ward level.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department,

Biodiversity Committee Part of BMC budget

Output:Documentation and

data collection for biodiversity

Outcome:Active involvement

of citizens

Sectoral Action Track 4: Restore, maintain and enhance city biodiversity and eco-system

Priority Actions

Develop a local

biodiversity strategy and

action plan (LBSAP)

Time frame:2024

Lead:Biodiversity

Committee, Garden

Department

Support – Forest

Department-State govt,

Mangrove Cell-State govt,

Planning Department

(MMRDA)

Part of Environment

and Climate Change

Department of

State Government

of Maharashtra and

BMC

Output:Policy document/

framework for biodiversity

conservation

Outcome:Biodiversity index

Conduct GIS mapping

of habitat degradation

and demarcation of

biodiversity hotspots.

Develop a mobile

application and QR

code-based toolkit for

interactive biodiversity

conservation and

management.

Time frame:2022

Lead:Garden Department,

Biodiversity Committee

Support – IT Department

Part of BMC budget

Generally, around INR

25 lakh

Output:Documentation and

data collection for biodiversity

Outcome:Active involvement

of citizens

Lead:DP Department,

Garden Department

Support – SWD, MSDP, Road

& Traffic Department, Public

Health Department, Planning

Department (MMRDA),

Mangrove Cell-State govt,

Forest Department-State

N/A

Output:% of areas under NBS

Outcome:A% floods that

lead to river bank collapse/

erosion, % of heavy rainfall

leading to flooding, % of heavy

rainfall leading to landslides/

erosion, Volume of collected

rainwater available (m3), % of

vulnerable area covered by

NBS, temperature difference

(°C or °F)

Sectoral Action Track 4: Restore, maintain and enhance city biodiversity and eco-system

Priority Actions

Lead:Municipal

Commissioner, Additional

Municipal Commissioner

(all five)

Support – Garden

Department, Environment

Department, Public health

Department, SWD, MSDP, DP

Department, Road & Traffic

Department, Department

of Environment and Climate

Change-State govt, Forest

Department-State govt,

Mangrove Cell-State govt),

Planning Department

(MMRDA)

Part of BMC budget,

around INR 1 crore

Output:Comprehensive

landscape management and

development

Outcome:% change in

area under natural open

spaces, number of types of

natural assets conserved and

restored, % change in public

green spaces, city biodiversity

index

Medium- and Long-term Actions

Develop Landscape

Framework to demarcate

and conserve biodiversity

hotspot areas and

corridors.

Time frame:2024

Lead:Garden department,

Environment department,

Landscape cell, Biodiversity

committee

Support – Planning

(MMRDA), Forest (state),

Mangrove cell (state)

Part of BMC budget

Output:Comprehensive

landscape framework

Outcome:City biodiversity

index

Integrate recreation

networks, such as

hiking trails and NMT

connections, using the

landscape framework.

Time frame:2025

Lead:BMC

Support - MMRDA,

Department of Environment

and Climate Change-State

govt

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, green bonds

scheme, AMRUT

Output:Km of trails,

vegetated area in the city, area

of canopy cover created (m2),

area of shaded cover created

(m2)

Outcome:% of population

residing at a distance of 15

minutes from green cover

(disaggregated)

Integrate nature-based

solutions with disaster

risk management and

prevention protocol.

Time frame:2025

Lead:BMC

Support - Disaster

Management department,

MMRDA, Department of

Environment and Climate

Change

Part of BMC budget,

MVA, green bonds

scheme, AMRUT

Outcome:Reduced frequency

of flooding, % of rainfall

leading to floods, reduced heat

vulnerability and heatwaves

Increasing green cover in areas exposed to high heat would decrease the sensitivity

especially amongst the vulnerable population within low-income areas with poor

ventilation, dense housing and compromised access to affordable cooling options.

Programs such as urban or rooftop farming can create employment opportunities as well.

Developing low-cost affordable greening or nature-based solutions would reduce

vulnerability amongst the low-income population living in flood or landslide prone areas.

Increasing per capita green cover would increase accessibility to open spaces, especially

for women, children and the elderly, thereby improving health and liveability.

Shot in Aarey Colony | By Aaran Patel

The air pollution in Mumbai has worsened over the years,

taking a toll on the health of the citizens due to prolonged

exposure to vehicular and industrial emissions, burning

of landfill waste and indoor air pollution from burning of

firewood. The city was ranked the fourth-most polluted

megacity in the world for the year 2016 by the global air

pollution database of World Health Organization (WHO),

which was published in 2018 (Chatterjee, 2018). In 2018,

Greenpeace India too ranked Mumbai as the 37th

most polluted city in India in a report called

Airpocalypse-IV. However, in recent times the

concentration of the pollutants has mildly stabilized due

to the COVID-19 related lockdown and curbs and some

stringent control measures.

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Concentration of Air Pollutants

The vulnerability assessment (Refer Chapter 2)

undertaken as part of the MCAP identifies particulate

matter (PM) PM2.5 and PM10 and nitrogen dioxide

(NO2) as the critical pollutants in the city, which were

generated primarily from vehicular emissions, dust from

construction sites, industrial units and power plants1.

Have shown There has been a very nominal decrease in

the trend of concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 during

the period 2015-2021, though these are much higher

than the CPCB permissible limit of 40 μg/m3 (for PM 2.5)

and 60 μg/m3 (for PM10). On the other hand, NO2has

shown a steady upward trend during the period 2010-

2018, much higher than the CPCB permissible limit of 40

μg/m3, with a steep decline in 2019 and 2020, possibly

owing to the COVID-19 lockdown.

Pollution concentration also varies in different months

of the year and time of the day, with winter months (late

November to February) and morning and evening peak

hours of the days having the maximum concentration

of the pollutants. (Refer Annex A 3.1) A recent study by

SAFAR under Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology,

Pune, has revealed the share of PM2.5 emissions from

vehicles was 30.5% in 2019-20 as compared with 16% in

2016-17 (Tembhekar, 2021).

Spatially also, (during the pre-pandemic year of 2019)

the critical pollutants NO2, PM2.5, CO and SO2are

concentrated predominantly in the central and south

-eastern parts of the city, which are devoid of the

influence of sea breeze and corresponding dispersion of

pollutants. A ward-wise analysis characterizes wards M/E

(Deonar, Govandi, Mankhurd, Trombay) M/W (Mahul,

Chembur) F/N (Antop Hill, Sion) and N (Ghatkopar,

Vikhroli) as very critical. Amongst these, M/E ward

consistently records the highest level of pollution in the

city. The other hotspots include the airport area, Andheri,

Kurla, and traces in South Mumbai in Worli and Colaba.

(Refer Annex A 3.2) Similarly areas such as Mahul,

Ambapada and Chembur have been identified as “gas

chambers”, owing to the petroleum industries, through

emissions from logistic services, gas and chemical

items and volatile organic compounds (Saigal, 2020)2.

Accordingly, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

(MPCB) was directed to prepare a comprehensive action

plan to control air pollution. (Refer Chapter 2)

Indoor Air Pollution

Indoor air pollution is a significant threat for low income

settlements, resulting in high PM2.5 concentration.

Based on a WRI analysis conducted as part of the MCAP

study, 2% of the households that use firewood as cooking

fuel are exposed to maximum indoor concentration of

PM2.5 from kitchen areas, which is almost two times

higher than the households exposed to indoor PM2.5

concentration from kitchen areas due to the usage of

kerosene and LPG. (Refer Chapter 2)

Sources of Pollutants

Studies on source apportionment (MPCB, 2010;

MPCB, 2020) reveal that paved and unpaved road dust,

construction activities, heavy duty diesel vehicles and

open and landfill burning are the primary sources of PM.

NO2is emitted most by large-scale industries, heavy duty

diesel vehicles, domestic sectors, railway locomotives and

TATA Thermal Power Plant Ltd.

Air Quality 5.5

are due to large-scale landfill burning from the Deonar

dumping ground and indiscriminate burning of waste at

isolated places. The presence of the airport and

corresponding traffic movement and prevalence of

small- and medium-scale industries, service centres and

commercial activities have resulted in a high

concentration of SO2in M/E ward and Bandra and

Bandra Kurla Complex in H/E and H/W wards.

Bakeries are also a significant source of pollutants in the

city. As per estimates, in 2018, over 2,800 bakeries were

operational, of which only 400 were registered while the

remaining functioned without licenses and mainly used

wood for cooking (MPCB, 2010). Bakeries contribute

varied types of pollutants, such as 6.7% of PM 2.5,

0.089% of SOx, 0.58% of NOx, 44.05% of hydrocarbon

of CO, 43.71% of HC, 6.59% of PM, 0.99% of NOx and

0.17% of SOx.

Exposure and Sensitivity of People

Socio-economic conditions, such as housing condition,

poor ventilation and usage of non-LPG cooking fuel,

aggravates the risks and vulnerability to air pollution.

Usually, people living in low-income informal settlements

are more vulnerable to indoor air pollution caused by

high concentration of PM. In addition, those working

in close proximity to pollution sources and exposed to

emissions through occupational risks, such as traffic

operators, traffic police and construction workers, are

more vulnerable to air pollution-related health hazards.

Congestion and large-scale fuel emission

In 2020, Mumbai was ranked the second-most congested

city in the world by The TomTom Index, with a high

congestion level of 53% mainly owing to large-scale

on-street parking and construction activities creating

roadblocks. The total number of motor vehicles on the

roads has increased 2.47 times, from 2001 to 2015, with

private vehicles increasing 2.89 times (BMC, 2016).

This has resulted in a high annual concentration of PM

and NOX.

Increased Suspension Dust

Construction activities in Mumbai contribute 8% to the

total PM emitted. The Mumbai Metro project alone is

responsible for 3.2% of the suspension dust in the city.

There is also a lack of enforcement and regulation in the

implementation of C&D Rules, 2016.

Waste Management

Frequent fires at landfill sites and indiscriminate burning

of waste in isolated places causes the emission of PM,

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and traces

of CO, thereby adding to air pollution. The extensive

burning of firewood in low-income settlements also

aggravates PM2.5 concentration and indoor air pollution.

Data inventorization

There is a lack of data granularity as well as publicly

available published data on monitoring stations. The lack

of detailed data on personal exposure levels from indoor

air pollution and occupational hazards exacerbates the

risk. There is also a lack of robust database management

system for systematic data dissemination. The air

pollution emission inventory that was last published in

2010 is yet to be revised and updated.

Monitoring, Institutional Co-ordination and Capacity

Building

An insufficient number of air pollution monitoring

stations in the city is a hindrance in capturing variations

in the air pollutant concentration at the local level.

An inefficient co-ordination mechanism amongst

the institutions involved in data monitoring and data

dissemination along with a lack of awareness and absence

of capacity building programs for improving the health

resilience of communities worsens the situation.

Key Gaps

The current air quality landscape of the city highlights several multi-pronged sectoral challenges related to data

monitoring, inventorization, collection and archiving, institutional co-ordination, awareness and capacity building,

congestion and large-scale fuel emissions, increased suspension dust and waste management.

Ongoing Initiatives in the City

The assessment of the air quality landscape, including

the barriers and sectoral gaps, has helped develop a

two-stage approach for moving towards low-emission,

cleaner air for Mumbai. The key components of this

approach are a robust monitoring, forecasting and

information dissemination system, decentralized

planning for improved health resilience at the

grassroots and defined targets for the reduction of air

pollutant concentration in alignment with national and

state goals. Sector-specific strategies and Ward Action

Plans, which lower the emissions of air pollutants

and address health issues, would in turn reduce the

exposure of the vulnerable population and improve

their resilience.

In order to improve air quality and reduce the threat

from air pollution, a few initiatives are being undertaken.

These are related to data monitoring, policy and program

formulation and development of projects for waste

management and reduction of emission from transport

and industrial sectors.

Asses

Forecasting

Reduce Personal Exposure

Ward level Plans

STAGE 2

STAGE 1Sector Specific Actions

Implement Policies and Plans

Table 22 Air Quality: Ongoing initiatives by BMC

Data MonitoringPolicy and Programs

• 11 MPCB CAAQMS and 9 SAFAR CAAQMS

stations have been installed, and 5 SAFAR CAAQMS

stations have been proposed. In addition, 1 MPCB

Manual station and 4 BMC Manual stations have

been installed.

• Wind Augmentation and Purifying Units (WAPU)

has been installed at five traffic junctions in Mumbai

to purify the ambient air quality.

• Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollutionin

Mumbai was prepared in September 2019 by MPCB

under the NCAP program.

• The Draft Interim Report on Air Quality and Emission

Source Apportionment Studies for Mumbai City was

prepared in January 2020 by MPCB and would be

finalized soon.

Projects Related to other Sectors (Transport, Waste and Energy

• BEST is checking and installing PUC for buses every six months.

• Transition to BS VI fuel standard is underway from April 2020.

• Entry of heavy vehicles into the city during peak hours is banned.

• As per the policy of BEST Undertaking, buses attaining 15 years are scrapped.

• A total of 70 traffic signal junctions are in the process of being converted into Fully Adaptive Traffic Control

System under Synchronize Traffic Movement, which would reduce congestion.

• Enforcement Marshals have been appointed in several wards to control widespread open burning of waste.

• Dumpsite reclamation at the Mulund dumping ground is being conducted to process and dispose legacy waste.

• BMC is implementing C&D (M&H) Rules, 2016 in the city.

• LPG access is being increased amongst the low-income groups through Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.

• Sulphur content in fuel is being

reduced in M/S. TATA Power Ltd. through the flue-gas desulphurization technique.

• MPCB has directed the industries in the Mahul area to provide continuous VOC monitoring stations and advance

Table 23 Air Quality: Sectoral action tracks

Reducing air pollution by improved monitoring, effective

regulations and a shift to cleaner technologies

The sectoral priority, action tracks and associated actions

were developed on the basis of the city-level barrier

analysis, ongoing city initiatives, inputs from external

and internal stakeholder consultations, and zonal

consultations along with citizen inputs received on the

website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the

process are listed in Annexure 3.

As the key sectoral priority for the next 10-20 years for

efficient air quality management in Mumbai, emphasis

has been placed on shifting to cleaner fuels, fuel

efficiency and adoption of electric vehicles to reduce

vehicular and industrial emissions, indoor air pollution

and emissions from bakeries and crematoria. Strict

regulation and an appropriate enforcement mechanism

of policies and rules have also been prioritized, to

minimize the indiscriminate burning of waste, burning

at landfill sites and release of suspension dust due to

construction and demolition activities. There is also an

emphasis on and prioritization of increased availability of

data and information by strengthening and decentralizing

the pollution monitoring and forecasting mechanism

and enhancing the health resilience of the vulnerable

communities. This sectoral priority is based on the SDGs

and the corresponding thematic action tracks of the

MVA, Government of Maharashtra.

Track 1Improving air quality by curbing the pollution concentration level by 20%-30% by 2030

Track 2Increasing information availability through improved monitoring and forecasting and awareness

programs

Track 3Ensuring community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness programs

Sectoral Action Tracks

By Adam Cohn

Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/FinancingMonitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the

base year

Priority Actions

Increase citywide network

of PUC centers for efficient

monitoring of emissions through

vehicles and monitor the

functioning of PUC centers.

Time Frame:a) 2022-2027; b)

Continuous activity from 2022

Lead:Regional

Transport Office

(RTO), Traffic Police

Aligned with NCAP

activities, Municipal

Budget

Output: No. of PUC centres

established and fully

operational in the city

Outcome:% change in the

pollutants’ concentration

from vehicular emission

Reduce congestion and traffic

emissions by (a) management

and planning, particularly at

junctions through Intelligent

Traffic Management system and

(b) banning the entry of heavy

vehicles into the city during peak

hours.

Time Frame:a) 2023-2029; b)

Continuous activity starting from

2022

Lead:Road & Traffic

Department, RTO,

MMRDA, MSRDC,

Traffic Police

NCAP Budget and

Maharashtra State

Transport Department

Output: Number/ volume of

heavy commercial vehicles

plying in the roads during

peak working hours

Outcome:% change in the

pollutants’ concentration

from vehicular emission from

heavy commercial vehicles.

average exposure of people

to pollutants from traffic

emission

Retrofit particulate filters in

diesel vehicles, and transition 30-

40% vehicles to cleaner fuels and

EV-powered by RE and provide

allied infrastructure.

Time Frame:2022-2030

RTO, vehicle

manufacturing

industries, BEST,

MMRDA, State

Transport Ministry,

RTO, OLA, Uber,

Mumbai Bus Malak,

Sanghatana, Cityflo

Vehicle manufacturing

companies, MVA,

Phase-II of FAME, 15th

Finance Commission,

green bonds

Output: No. of diesel vehicles

installing particulate filters

annually, no. of electric

municipal vehicles and

vehicles using cleaner fuels,

no. of passenger capacity

procured per year and

cumulative

Outcome:% change in the

pollutants’ concentration

from vehicular emission,

routes (bus/ other) operated

by zero emission transport

(km), average exposure of

people to pollutants from

traffic emission

Table 24 Air Quality: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the

base year

Priority Actions

Build awareness of and

strengthen enforcement of the

policy on scrapping of older

vehicles.

Time Frame:2022-2026

RTO, State Transport

Ministry, civil society

organization

MVA

Output: No. of vehicles

scrapped

Outcome:% reduction in

number of old vehicles

Ensure stringent regulation and

enforcement of Greater Mumbai

Cleanliness & Sanitation Byelaws,

2006, that ban open burning

BMC (SWM Dept,

Ward Assistant

Commissioners)

Swachh Bharat

Mission, BMC Budget,

MVA

Output:% reduction in

open burning, Outcome:

Emissions (CO, NO2, PM2.5)

in key areas of the city (near

hospitals, schools, care

homes, low

-income neighborhoods),

average exposure of people

to pollutants from waste

burning

Create an online grievance

redressal portal for citizens to log

complaints.

Time Frame: 2022-2023

BMC (IT Dept)NCAP budget

Output: No. of daily online

complaints lodged against

MSW burning

Outcome:% reduction in

burning of waste

Install Material Recovery Facility

(MRF) at ward level for efficient

waste recovery and circularity in

waste management.

Time Frame:2023-2030

SWM, Ward

Assistant

Commissioners

Swachh Bharat

Mission, BMC

Budget, 15thFinance

Commission

Output: No. of wards which

have installed MRF,

no. of MRF installed in each

ward

Outcome:% of waste

recycled

Ensure in-situ management of

waste, where every housing

society has a waste composting

and management facility.

Time Frame: 2022-2030

SWM, Ward

Assistant

Commissioners,

Resident Welfare

Associations (RWAs),

civil society

Swachh Bharat

Mission, BMC Budget

Output: No. of housing

societies having composting

facilities.

Outcome:% of domestic

hazardous waste collected

and disposed daily

Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the

base year

PriorityActions

(a) Develop ward-level action

plans for preventing and reducing

open waste burning along and (b)

organize awareness drives and

campaigns against indiscriminate

burning of garbage, biomass, crop

residues, etc.

Time Frame: a) 2022-2024; b)

Continuous activity starting from

2022

Ward Assistant

Commissioners,

NGOs and SHGs

working on solid

waste management,

rag pickers’

association, SWM

Department, RWAs,

slum dwellers’

association,

private corporates,

performance artistes

BMC Budget, Swachh

Bharat Abhiyan, 15th

Finance Commission,

CSR, MVA

Output: No. of Ward Action

Plans prepared to reduce

open waste burning, no. of

site- or city level awareness

drives/ campaign undertaken

per year

Outcome: % waste collected

and disposed, emissions

in key areas of the city

(near hospitals, schools,

care homes, low-income

settlements), % reduction

in cases of open burning of

waste, average exposure

and incidence of airborne

diseases, injuries and sickness

due to burning of waste

Ensure stringent enforcement

of the implementation of

C&D Rules, 2016, for efficient

undertaking of duties by waste

generators, service providers and

the local authority.

Time Frame:2022- 2025

SWM DepartmentNCAP, Swachh Bharat

Mission

Output: % area affected by

the suspension of dust from

C&D

Outcome:Emissions (CO,

SO2, PM2.5, NO2) in key

areas of the city (near

hospitals, schools, care homes,

low-income neighborhoods).

average exposure and

incidence of airborne diseases

and sickness from suspension

of dusts

Prepare site-specific air quality

data repository for disseminating

information on poor air quality

and corresponding occupational

health hazards at the site.

Time Frame: Continuous

site-specific activity, starting

from 2022

Lead: Construction

companies

Supporting: MPCB

Construction

companies

Output: No. of construction

sites in each ward preparing

Air Quality Data Repository

annually

Outcome: Construction

workers taking precautionary

measures due to poor air

quality, average exposure

and incidence of airborne

diseases, sickness and

injuries amongst construction

Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the

base year

Priority Actions

Ensure 40% transition in the

short term and 100% in the long

term to LPG and PNG as cooking

fuel through Pradhan Mantri

Ujjwala Yojana.

Time Frame:40% transition- by

Year 2025; 100% transition- by

Year 2030

Maharashtra Energy

Development

Agency (MEDA),

Maharashtra Natural

Gas Limited (MNGL),

Mahanagar Gas

Limited (MGL)

MVA

Output: % of HH transitioned

towards LPG and PNG as

cooking fuel by the end of

2030

Outcome: Litres per

household kerosene fuel

consumption per annum,

% change in indoor PM2.5

concentration, no. of cases of

airborne diseases and injuries

from indoor air pollution

Conduct awareness programs to

encourage people for complete

transition towards cleaner

cooking fuel to reduce indoor air

pollution exposure

Time Frame:2022-2030

MEDA, Ward

Assistant

Commissioners,

NGOs, RWAs,

slum dwellers’

associations, medical

practitioners

MVA, CSR

Output: No. of awareness

programs undertaken

towards transition to cleaner

cooking fuel

Outcome: % HH monthly

net income spent on energy,

% change in indoor PM2.5

concentration, average

exposure and incidence

of airborne diseases from

indoor air pollution

Offer monetary incentives to

opt for cleaner cooking fuel and

restrict the burning of wood.

Time Frame: 2022-2030

MEDAMVA

Output:% users using clean

fuels for cooking & heating

Outcome:% change in

indoor PM2.5 concentration,

average exposure and

incidence of airborne

diseases from indoor air

pollution

Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the

base year

Priority Actions

Ensure 30-40% transition of all

industrial units and power plants

within city limits to the usage of

natural gas renewable energy and

low-sulphur fuel

Time Frame: 2022-2030

MPCB, State

Industries

Department, owners

of industrial units

NCAP, loans from

Small Industries

Development Bank of

India (SIDBI), Industrial

Development Bank of

India (IDBI), Industrial

Investment Bank

of India and State

Financial Corporations

Output: % of industrial units

within city transitioned

towards natural gas,

renewable energy and low

-sulphur fuels

Outcome:% change

measured in pollutant

concentration, emission

in key areas of the city

(hospitals, schools, low

-income neighborhoods),

average exposure and

incidence of airborne

diseases and injuries due to

industrial emissions

Develop an action plan and

mitigation strategies for the

existing industrial units within

the city periphery for reducing

industrial pollution.

Time Frame:2022-2026

State Industries

Department, owners

of industrial units/

clusters, MPCB

NCAP, loans from

Small Industries

Development Bank of

India (SIDBI), Industrial

Development Bank of

India (IDBI), Industrial

Investment Bank

of India and State

Financial Corporations,

Output:No. of industrial

units having developed

Action Plan/ Mitigation

strategies for reducing

industrial pollution

Outcome:% change

measured in pollutant

concentration, emission

in key areas of the city

(hospitals, schools, low

-income neighborhoods)

Ensure stringent enforcement of

SO2/ NOX/ PM2.5 standards in

fuel usage.

Time Frame: 2022-2030

MPCBNCAP

Outcome: % reduction

in industrial emissions

containing SO2/NOX/PM2.5;

% reduction in the incidence

of airborne diseases and

injuries

100% reduction in the operation

of Diesel Generators sets through

uninterrupted power supply

Time Frame: 2025

Power generation

and supply

companies, BEST

NCAP

Output:% of reduction in the

operation of DG sets

Outcome:% change in the

concentration of pollutants

from DG sets

Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the

base year

Priority Actions

Ensure 100% conversion of all

crematoria to electric or PNG,

with the installation of chimneys

with filters and

25-30% conversion of all bakeries

to PNG or RE with the installation

of scrubbers in exhaust systems,

mechanized ovens and electric

furnaces.

Time Frame:2030

MEDA, BMC

Mechanical and

Electrical & Executive

Health Officer, BMC,

MPCB, BEST, owners

of bakeries

NCAP, 15thFinance

Commission, loans

from SIDBI, State

Financial Corporations

Output: % of bakeries

transitioned towards PNG

and RE, no. of bakeries

using mechanized ovens

and electric furnaces, no. of

crematoria having installed

chimneys with filters,

no./ % of crematoria

converted to electricity

Outcome:% change in the

emission/ concentration of

pollutants from bakeries and

crematoria, emission in key

areas of the city (hospitals,

schools, low-income

neighborhoods)

Mandate all bakeries to obtain

licenses to move to cleaner fuels

Time Frame:2022-2027

Food Safety and

Standards Authority

of India (FSSAI), BMC

License Dept., BMC,

Bakers’ Association

Bakery owners

Output: No. of new bakeries

being issued licenses

Outcome:Increased usage of

clean fuels by the bakeries

Increase the vegetation cover in

the city through tree plantations

along streetscapes, urban

forestry initiatives and rooftop

farming.

Timeframe:2022

BMC (Development

Planning Dept-BMC,

Garden Dept-BMC,

MMRDA, Mithi

River Development

Authority, Assistant

Commissioner-

Removal of

Encroachments

MVA, BMC Budget,

AMRUT

Output:Areas of green

corridors developed

Outcome:% change

measured in pollutant

concentration, emission

in key areas of the city

(hospitals, schools, low

-income neighborhoods)

Sectoral Action Track 2:Ensure increased information and data availability through improved monitoring and

forecasting and awareness programs

Priority Actions

Increase the number of the

monitoring stations, such as

CAAQMS, equipped with low

-cost indigenous sensors and

real-time monitoring technology,

based on CPCB criterion for site

location.

Time Frame: 2022- 2027

MPCB

Aligned with NCAP,

Majhi Vasundhara

program

Output:No. of monitoring

stations installed per year,

updated annual emissions

inventory % area/population

covered by monitoring

Outcome:Emissions (CO2,

PM2.5, NO2) in key areas

of the city, Funds allocated

for air quality monitoring

stations

Develop a robust data survey

mechanism to address the issue

of varied types of personal

exposure to different air pollution

risks.

Time Frame:3-6 months in 2022

Ward Assistant

Commissioners, BMC

Executive Health

Officer-BMC

BMC Budget

Organize awareness and

outreach programs at ward and

city levels in collaboration with

BMC and the media, for better

dissemination of information

regarding health advisories,

preventive measures and

forecasting.

Time Frame: Continuous activity

starting from 2022

Ward Assistant

Commissioners,

women, children

and the elderly from

slums and low-

income settlements,

NGOs, students,

individual sectoral

experts, SHGs,

performing artists,

representatives

from media

houses, research

organizations,

universities and

schools

CSR, aligned with

Majhi Vasundhara,

BMC Budget

Output: Total no. of outreach

plans developed after 1 year,

no. of ward/ community

-specific awareness programs

undertaken per year,

no. of D2D campaigns

organized per year in each

ward

Outcome:% of area/

population covered by

awareness and outreach

programs

Sectoral Action Track 2:Ensure increased information and data availability through improved monitoring and

forecasting and awareness programs

Priority Actions

Facilitate knowledge exchange

on prevention, control and

abatement of air pollution

through “exposure visits” by

officials of BMC and other state

government departments

Time Frame: 2023, 2025 & 2028

BMC, MPCB,

State Environment

Department,

universities (national

& international),

research

organizations

Aligned with

NCAP, 15thFinance

Commission, Majhi

Vasundhara ,BMC

Budget,

Output:No. of exposure visits

conducted in 2023, 2025 and

2028

Outcomes: New techniques/

innovations being adopted

by BMC towards prevention,

control and abatement of air

pollution

Undertake air pollution hot

spot-based forecasting system,

preferably at the ward/ zonal

level.

Time Frame:Continuous and

regular activity, starting from

2022

MPCB, Ward

Assistant

Commissioners

Aligned with NCAP,

MPCB Budget

Output:Updated annual

emissions inventory,

publicly available air quality

data, no. of air quality

sampling points (as compared

with the recommended

minimum no.) % area/

population covered by

monitoring and modelling

systems

Outcome: Emissions (CO2,

PM2.5, NO²) in key areas of

the city (e.g., near hospitals,

schools, care homes or low

-income neighborhoods)

Strengthen and ensuring timely

air quality data monitoring and

dissemination of information

aligned with NCAP; improved

co-ordination amongst the

relevant departments within

BMC for data dissemination and

proper operation, maintenance

and functioning of the Air Quality

Monitoring Stations

Time Frame:Continuous and

regular activity, starting from

2022

a) BMC Environment

Department and

other relevant

departments-BMC

b) MPCB

a) BMC Budget

b) Aligned with Majhi

Vasundhara, MPCB

Budget

Output:Updated annual

emissions inventory,

publicly available air quality

data, no. of air quality

sampling points (as compared

with the recommended

minimum no.) % area/

population covered by

monitoring and modelling

systems

Outcome:Emissions (CO2,

PM2.5, NO2) in key areas of

the city (e.g., near hospitals,

schools, care homes or low

-income neighborhoods)

Sectoral Action Track 2:Ensure increased information and data availability through improved monitoring and

forecasting and awareness programs

Priority Actions

Undertake source apportionment

studies at a frequent interval of

3-5 years, and update the existing

emission inventory at a resolution

higher than 1kmx1km.

Time Frame:Continuous and

regular activity, starting from

2025 (every five years)

MPCB, SAFAR-

Mumbai, BMC

Environment Dept-

BMC

NCAPNA

Conduct stringent monitoring of

the progress of infrastructural

projects and ensure timely

completion to avoid congestion

on roads.

Time Frame: Continuous and

regular activity, starting from

2022.

BMCBMC Budget

Output:Completion of

infrastructural projects in

prefixed time

Outcome: Congestion on

road due to construction

activities

Medium- and Long-Term Actions

Scale up the ward/ community

-level awareness generation

program for the prevention of

adverse effects of air pollution.

Time Frame:2031- 2040

BMC Environment

Dept-BMC, women,

children and the

elderly from slums

and low-income

settlements, NGOs,

students, individual

sectoral experts,

SHGs, performing

artists, research

organizations,

universities and

schools

CSR, BMC Budget,

MVA

Output:Types and number

of city-level awareness

programs on prevention

of adverse effects of air

pollution

Outcome:People taking

health precautionary

measures when exposed to

air polluting activities

Sectoral Action Track 3:Ensure community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness program

Priority Actions

Identify the local causes of

air pollution and their spatial

concentration within a ward.

Time Frame:Continuous activity

for a period of 6 months, starting

from 2022, to be conducted

annually

Ward Assistant

Commissioners,

research

organizations,

universities,

community

organizations such

as RWAs and slum

dwellers’ association,

local builders, MPCB

MPCB, BMC Budget

Output:Areas identified

within the wards as air

pollution hotspots and

possible causes

Conduct a health risk assessment

through an extensive survey

to identify the community

exposed to air pollution-related

activities and vulnerable to the

corresponding health issues.

Time Frame:Continuous activity

for a period of 6 months, starting

from 2022, to be conducted

annually

Ward Assistant

Commissioners,

research

organizations,

universities,

community

organizations such as

RWAs, slum dwellers

association and rag

pickers association,

local builders,

medical practitioners

from hospitals and

public health centers

BMC, CSR

Output: People identified as

vulnerable to air pollution

risk in each ward,

types of health issues arising

from air pollution in each

ward

Outcome:Frequent health

-related interventions being

undertaken at the ward level

for targeted groups

Organize regular free health

camps among the low-income

group to measure their level of

exposure to air pollution.

Time Frame:Regular activity to

be conducted every 6 months,

starting from 2022; would begin

after the identification of the

vulnerable population

Ward Assistant

Commissioner,

medical practitioners

from public health

centers, government

and private hospitals,

Executive Health

Officer from Public

Health Dept-BMC

CSR , NGOs, SHGs

and RWAs, BMC

Budget, 15th Finance

Commission

Output: No. of free health

camps organized in each ward

in a year

Outcome: Improved health

monitoring and diagnosis

of vulnerable communities,

incidence of airborne

diseases, injuries and sickness

due to indoor and outdoor air

pollution.

Sectoral Action Track 3:Ensure community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness program

Priority Actions

Establish an online grievance

redressal mechanism to lodge

complaints against poor air

quality.

Time Frame:2022 -2023

BMCIT Dept-BMCBMC Budget

Output:No. of daily online

complaints lodged and

attended against bad air

quality

Outcome:Improved

monitoring of bad air quality

Set up “community kitchens

(Kundu, 2020)” in low-

income informal settlements

and slum areas, using LPG

cylinders provided by the local

government16.

Time Frame:2022-2025

(includes a period of 1 month for

setting up each kitchen)

Ward Assistant

Commissioners, BMC

CSR, Central and State

Food Ministries, BMC

Budget

Output:No. of slums/ low

-income informal settlement/

population covered under the

community kitchen program

per year

Outcome:Improved facility

of diet and nutrition amongst

low-income people

Sector-specific Inclusive Benefits

Decreasing air pollution would reduce health exposure to pollutants amongst vulnerable

population, such as low-income groups, construction workers and the traffic police.

Strengthening information, database and the monitoring and forecasting system would

improve information dissemination regarding advisory measures to reduce exposure and

consequent health hazard, especially amongst vulnerable communities, such as low

-income groups and migrants.

Facilitating improved health resilience at the community level through awareness

and training programs and investments as part of decentralized planning for air

pollution reduction.

Mumbai city is an estuary connecting the mainland

with the Arabian Sea (Refer Chapter 1). The city has

urbanized over the years and undergone reclamation

and concretization of its natural terrain, altering

several associated ecosystems. The city, which receives

an annual precipitation of around 2,000 mm, battles

routine flooding and waterlogging during the monsoon

season (IMD, 2020). Decadal rainfall data from BMC’s

Automated Weather Stations (AWS) reiterates the

increasing frequency of very heavy and extremely heavy

rainfall events in the city.

Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management5.6

Figure 38: Frequency of heavy rainfall events in Mumbai during 2011-2020

As described in the climate risks assessment, (Refer

Chapter 2.1), the recent IPCC AR6 report (2021) points

out that the precipitation is expected to increase and

become more extreme. The city’s storm water drainage

network consists of a dense network in the island city

and sparsely spread in the suburbs. Considering this, the

city is cautioned by the future possibilities of routine

inundation or partial submergence if actions towards

increasing the city’s flood resilience are not taken up.

Several habitations within the city are either just above

mean sea level or located on hill slopes. This makes these

habitations most vulnerable to the compounded impacts

of waterlogging, flooding and landslides resulting from

the simultaneous occurrence of extreme climatic events.

Fishing communities and other informal settlements

along the coasts are at the risk of inundation and

storm events. However, this is not the only risk these

communities face. Accessing water and sanitation

services is a routine struggle, which is exacerbated during

extreme climate events. Figure 38 presents a snapshot of

the water-related infrastructure and service systems in

the city.

2011 0

Age-old system with 64% of total length as roadside open drains

6 pumping stations with network capacity of 25mm/ hour at low tide

High surface run-off due to low percolation space and encroachment on natural ecosystems

Open drains susceptible to clogging and contamination

Water SupplyHeavy reliance on surface catchments located around 163 km away with 38% non-revenue

water (DP 2034)

Ban on groundwater use for domestic & drinking purposes

3850 MLD water supply with an average per capita supply higher national standards but

inadequate connections in informal settlements

Sanitation7 sewage zones with STP treatment capacity equal to generation

22% increase in sewage generated over the last decade of which around 63% is collected

and of that 87% is treated

High organic content found in wastewater near coastal outfalls

58.3% households have toilet amenities within their premises

Figure 39: Water infrastructure and service systems in Mumbai

Thus, it is evident that the city needs to integrate nature-based watershed approach while ensuring water and sanitation

access to vulnerable populations.

There are inconsistencies in water resource management

and service systems at various levels in the city, revealing

inconsistencies at various levels, as described below.

These inconsistencies make the city vulnerable to

increased climatic risk in future.

Data and information systems

Robust data and information systems are needed to

ensure the availability of water and sanitation services

for all through real-time monitoring of supply and

distribution network and the quality of groundwater

sources and by preparing an inventory of sanitation

data and services. This data can help design appropriate

byelaws to ensure that citizens, especially informal

habitants, are not denied their basic rights of water and

sanitation on account of their housing status. Similarly,

to understand the future climate risk and projections

more thoroughly, meteorological data such as rainfall,

temperature and humidity needs to be recorded

consistently.

Policy and planning mechanisms

The city primarily lacks urban planning, which has

resulted in high built-up coverage and inappropriate

land-use, leading to high surface run-off. The weak

enforcement of land-use policies has increased the risk

of flooding, loss of biodiversity, reduction in carbon-

sinks and sequestration capacity of natural ecosystems.

To address these flooding and surface run-off issues,

the city needs to adopt a watershed approach, focusing

on specific aspects such as rainwater harvesting and

decentralized treatment of wastewater.

Key Gaps and Challenges in Managing Water Resources and Urban Flooding

informal settlements, have long been struggling for

access to water connections and sanitation facilities.

Although the city receives abundant water, a lack of

connections is forcing the low-income communities to

resort to informal water supply mechanisms, impacting

their livelihoods. At several locations, the sewage

system and storm water drainage network are age-

old, making them susceptible to leakages, clogging and

contamination. Strong monitoring mechanisms need to

be integrated in the systems to plug these gaps. Besides,

the capacities and technologies used in wastewater

treatment are inadequate, thus polluting the coastal

waters and biodiversity.

Although several policies, guidelines and standards

are in place to ensure compliance with the existing

environmental norms, the lack of regulation and

enforcement is a key gap, resulting in inequities in service

provision, loss of permeable surfaces and biodiversity

and disasters caused by extreme climate events. Robust

regulatory mechanisms with clear monitoring systems

will reduce inequities, while safeguarding the natural

resources of the city.

A vulnerability assessment presented in chapter 2,

identifies current and future risks that the existing

systems, both infrastructural and institutional, are unable

to address. The gaps outlined in this sub-section add to

the challenges. To deal with these challenges, BMC will

need to adopt the approach presented in the subsequent

sub-sections.

Approach for a Water Resilient Mumbai City

The existing systems and infrastructure arrangements

are inadequate in achieving the adaptation goals set for

the city, with respect to stormwater drainage, water

supply and sanitation and sewage management. This

action plan proposes a holistic water resilience approach

to better manage water as a resource to reduce flood

risk, adopt water conservation approaches and address

vulnerability through water and sanitation equity. The

barriers identified in the previous sub-section informs

this approach and defines the action tracks for the sector.

Figure 40: Water resilient approach for Mumbai

Reduce flood risk

Conserve rainwater &

natural systems

Provide WASH equityIntegrate climate

science & ICT in disaster

preparedness

Water resilience

approach

Sectoral Priority

Increasing resilience by reducing water-sanitation

inequity and adopting nature-based solutions for water

conservation and flood risk management

Against the backdrop of the barriers and initiatives taken,

different stakeholders were consulted to validate the on-

ground realities, understand the requirements, and frame

the action tracks for the sector. These engagements

underpinned these action tracks and helped in

prioritizing them based on the sectoral approach. While

some sectoral experts highlighted the socio-economic

and inequities implications from the lack of service

provision in water supply and sanitation, officials of BMC

and other agencies explained the necessity to arrest run-

off at midstream of catchment areas. Submissions from

the MCAP website emphasized on the need to integrate

recyclable materials into land surface for increased

permeability. Similarly, zonal representatives identified

the micro-level risks, hazards due to the changing

climate. Future climate risk projections for Mumbai

city point towards urgent action on flood resilience,

improved management of water resources and inclusive

WASH provision. In addition, meeting critical policy and

regulatory gaps and intelligent disaster preparedness

through smart data and information management

systems. The urban flooding and water resource

management action plan recommends six goals for

the city.

Table 25 Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Ongoing initiatives of BMC

in Table 25.

Flood Risk ManagementWASH Equity

• Underground holding tanks constructed for

storing storm water, especially during high tide /

water logging incidents near Hindmata junction in

September 2021

• Mithi River Clean-up Project commissioned in

August 2021

• Extension of sanitation network in slum areas, based

on the latest discharge standards recommended by

National Green Tribunal

• Desalination projects proposed to recycle saline

water, provide water, reduce burden on freshwater

requirement and prevent deforestation in the

catchment areas of the proposed dams

Water Treatment & ConservationData & Information

• Issuance of occupation certificate after compliance

of rainwater harvesting schemes in new property

development with plot area more than 500 sq.

meters.

• Eco-housing program (BMC, n.d.), which encourages

environmentally sensitive residential development in

the city

• Designing of rainwater harvesting schemes free of

cost and other related initiatives by RWH and Water

Conservation Cell of BMC

• Water treatment plants at Bhandup and Panjarapur

capacity, respectively

• Digitization of open and bore wells, with sub-soil

details

• Impact analysis of groundwater extraction in M/E

and P/S wards

• Mapping of sewage network based on Geographic

Information System (GIS) and sewerage assets

based on Global Positioning System (GPS), available

through the Web application of BMC

• Real-time and online monitoring of treated sewage

discharge flow

• Online monitoring of pumping stations and their

functioning parameters

Track 1Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure to minimize the risk of flooding and associated

impacts

Track 2Ensure that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation and

efficient use initiatives by 2030

Track 3Reducing pollution to conserve and restore aquatic & marine ecosystems and associated

biodiversity

Track 4Access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030

Track 5Provide clean, safe and accessible toilets to all by 2030

Track 6Ensure disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data monitoring

and integration, community engagement

Table 26 Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Sectoral action tracks

By Santosh Verma

Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 1: Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure to minimize the risk of flooding and

associated impacts

Priority Actions

Restore natural

drainage of the city

by rehabilitating

encroachment, clean-up

of waste disposed and

conserving the existing

open, green and blue

spaces.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Housing

Department-BMC, Solid

Waste Management

Department-BMC

Supporting:Garden &

Trees Garden and Tree

Authority-BMC, Mithi

River Development and

Planning Authority,

Environment Department-

BMC,

Disaster Management

Department-BMC,

Storm Water Drainage

Department-BMC,

Sewage Operation

Department-BMC ,

Mumbai Sewage Disposal

Project-BMC

Cost of Mithi River

Clean-up Project is

around INR 50 million

(MS, 2021), BMC’s

Departmental budgets

for Housing, Garden

& Trees, other funds

such Swachh Bharat

Mission, CSR funds of

private companies for

conservation of green

and open spaces

Output:1. Area of riverbanks

stabilized (m2/ km2)

2. Number of assets relocated

Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to

erosion

2. % of assets protected

from floods

3. Percentage of urban area

that is greenspace

Reduce the surface

run-off coefficient and

increase the permeable

surface by conserving the

existing green and blue

spaces, retrofitting land

surfaces with recycled

material and introducing

hybrid (gray and green)

and / or nature-based

solutions, especially at

mid-stream to avoid

surface run-off into low-

lying areas.

Time frame:2022 -2030

Lead:Garden & Trees

Department-BMC

Supporting:Roads

Department-BMC,

Environment Department-

BMC,

Disaster Management

Department-BMC

Output:1. Area of vegetated area

created (m2)

2. Area of riverbanks

stabilized (m2/ km2)

3. Area of slopes stabilized (m2

/ km2)

4. Volume of water retention

capacity created (m3)

Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to

flooding

2. % of heavy rainfall leading to

erosion

3. Percentage of urban area

that is green space

Table 27 Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation

Sectoral Action Track 1: Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure to minimize the risk of flooding and

associated impacts

Medium and Long-term Actions

Upscale innovative

solutions to monitor

flood levels in all rivers,

tributaries and estuaries

of the city.

Timeframe:2031

onwards

Lead:Disaster

Management Department-

BMC

Supporting:Storm Water

Drainage Department-

BMC

Cost of flood mitigation

measures of Mumbai

using Japanese

technology is INR 5

million (Note: Based

on the figure quoted

in BMC Budget

document Mumbai,

Budget Estimate Fund

Code 11, 2021-2022),

funds from State

Disaster Management

Programmes

Output:1. Number / frequency of early

warnings of flood incidents

shared with the citizens

2. Area (m3) along rivers or

in coastal areas saved of

inundation/ flooding

Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to

flooding

2. Percentage of population

vulnerable to natural hazards

(e.g., flooding, landslides,

cyclones)

Make the installation

of Rooftop Rainwater

Harvesting (RWH)

mandatory in the existing

and new government and

private buildings.

Time frame:2031 -2040

Lead:Rainwater

Harvesting and Water

Conservation Cell-BMC

Supporting:Water Supply

Department-BMC

Cost of RWH system

- INR 2,000-30,000,

for an existing building

of about 300 sq.

meter (Rainwater

Harvesting Systems for

Existing Properties-

Challenges & Cost-

Effectiveness, 2018),

BMC’s departmental

budget for water

supply and rainwater

harvesting, funds for

specific projects from

bilateral, multilateral

organizations, civil

society and non-profit

organizations for

carrying out specific

projects or activities,

Jal Shakti Abhiyan of

National Water Mission

Output:1. Volume of water retention

capacity created (m3)

2. Number of assets

retrofitted

Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to

flooding

2. % of heavy rainfall leading

to erosion

3. % of assets protected from

floods

4. Percentage of monthly

income spent on water

5. Percentage of the city

population with safely

managed drinking water

services

6. Percentage of the city

population with safely

managed drinking water

services

Sectoral Action Track 2: Ensure that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation

and efficient use initiatives by 2030

Priority Actions

Organize large-scale

implementation of

Rainwater Harvesting

(RWH) systems

by developing a

comprehensive policy for

all typologies of buildings

based on a detailed water

audit report. Conduct

monitoring, particularly

in slum areas, to ensure

long-term utility and

sustainability of these

systems.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Hydraulic Engineer

(HE) Department-BMC

Supporting:Water Supply

Department-BMC,

Rainwater Harvesting

and Water Conservation

Cell-BMC

Cost of RWH system -

INR.2,000-30,000, for an

existing building of about

300 sq. meter (Rainwater

Harvesting Systems for

Existing Properties-

Challenges & Cost-

Effectiveness, 2018),

BMC’s departmental

budget for water

supply and rainwater

harvesting, funds for

specific projects from

bilateral, multilateral

organizations, civil

society and non-profit

organizations for

carrying out specific

projects or activities,

Jal Shakti Abhiyan of

National Water Mission

Output:1. Volume of water saved

through conservation

practices, especially in the high

2. Volume of water retention

capacity created (m3)

Outcome:1. Reduction in total water

demand of the city (m3)

2. Reduced surface-off in the

city

3. % of heavy rainfall leading to

flooding

4. Percentage of monthly

income spent on water

5.Percentage of the city

population with safely

managed drinking water

services

Decentralize the

treatment and reuse

of wastewater by

introducing byelaws,

incentives and nature-

based solutions and

integrating solar energy in

treatment processes.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:H Sewage Projects

Supporting:Sewage

Operations Department-

BMC,

Mumbai Sewage Disposal

Project-BMC

Installation of

a decentralized

wastewater treatment

plant of 8-10 KLD

capacity would cost

around INR 2.5-3

lakhs, average cost of

construction annually is

INR 10 million annually

(Cost estimation for

planning and designing

of decentralised

wastewater treatment

system), AMRUT

Output:1. Number of assets

retrofitted

2. Volume of wastewater

reused

Outcome:1. % of wastewater released

into the sea

2. Level of dissolved oxygen

(DO), phosphorous, nitrates,

nitrites, faecal matter; level of

sedimentation in freshwater

and marine water bodies

3. Percentage of households

connected to sewage system

4. Percentage of monthly

income spent on water

5. Number of water supply

interruptions per household

per day/week/month/year

Sectoral Action Track 2: Ensure that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation

and efficient use initiatives by 2030

Priority Actions

Increase outreach

through aggressive

campaigning of RWH

schemes, organizing

sensitization programs

for informal communities,

stationing a nodal officer

at ward level for RWH

and introducing water

conservation initiatives.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Rainwater

Harvesting and Water

Conservation Cell-BMC,

Sewage Operations

Department / Mumbai

Sewage Disposal Project-

BMC

Supporting:Ward-level

officers, civil society

organizations, community

representatives, elected

representatives

INR 4,50,000

(Note: Calculated based

on workshop expenses

and remuneration to

training faculty of HE

Department from BMC

Budget 2020-21), MVA

Output:1. % of population aware of

campaign

2. Number of workshops

conducted

3. List of nodal officers

Outcome:4. % population trained

5. % population implementing

response actions

6. Number of people

implementing response

actions

7. Number of residents

participating in public

planning processes and public

awareness events

8. Number and type of NGOs

involved in city issues

Action descriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 3: Reduce pollution to conserve and restore aquatic and marine ecosystems and the

associated biodiversity

Priority Actions

Introduce nature-based

sewage treatment

solutions at outfalls of

selected sewage zones to

treat 25% of the sewage

generated.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Sewage Operations

Department-BMC

Supporting:Sewage

Projects Department-

BMC,

Mumbai Sewage Disposal

Project -BMC

Access funds under

National Adaptation

Fund for Climate Change,

international banks

including World Bank,

Asian Development Bank.

Output:1. Water quality standards of

the marine outfalls samples.

Outcome:1. Increased marine

biodiversity along the coast

2. Level of DO, phosphorous,

nitrates, nitrites, faecal

matter; level of sedimentation

in freshwater and marine

water bodies

Sectoral Action Track 3: Reduce pollution to conserve and restore aquatic and marine ecosystems and the

associated biodiversity

Priority Actions

Ensure strict regulation

and enforcement of no-

development zones and

buffer zones along rivers.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:1. Development Plan

Department-BMC,

Supporting:Building

Proposal,

Storm Water Drainage

Department-BMC,

Disaster Management

Department-BMC

BMC’s budget under

Development Plan

Output:1. Area of riverbanks and

slopes stabilized (m2/ km2)

2. Area of vegetated area

created (m2)

3. Volume of water retention

capacity created (m3)

Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to

landslides/ erosion/ flooding

2. Percentage of urban area

that is greenspace

3. Level of DO, phosphorous,

nitrates, nitrites, faecal

matter; level of sedimentation

in freshwater and marine

water bodies

Ensure restoration of

riparian zone of rivers

and other water bodies to

reduce pollution.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:1. Garden & Trees

Department-BMC

Supporting:Mithi River

Development and

Planning Authority,

Disaster Management

Department-BMC,

Storm Water Drainage

Department-BMC

BMC’s budget of Garden

& Trees Department,

MVA

Output:1. Area of riverbanks

stabilized (m2 / km2)

Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to

erosion

2. % of heavy rainfall leading to

flooding

3. Level of DO, phosphorous,

nitrates, nitrites, faecal

matter; level of sedimentation

in freshwater and marine

water bodies

4. Percentage of urban area

that is greenspace

Sectoral Action Track 3: Reduce pollution to conserve and restore aquatic and marine ecosystems and the

associated biodiversity

Medium and Long-term Actions

Implement nature-

based sewage treatment

solutions phase-wise at

outfalls of sewage zones

to include 100% of the

sewage generated.

Timeframe:2031 -2040

Lead:1. Sewage

Operations Department-

BMC

Supporting: Sewage

Projects Department-

BMC,

Mumbai Sewage Disposal

Project Department-BMC

Access funds under

National Adaptation

Fund for Climate Change,

international banks

including World Bank,

Asian Development Bank

Output:1. Water quality standards of

the marine outfalls samples

Outcome:1. Increased marine

biodiversity along the coast

2. Level of DO, phosphorous,

nitrates, nitrites, faecal

matter; level of sedimentation

in freshwater and marine

water bodies

Action descriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 4: Ensure access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030

Priority Actions

As per the national

standards, ensure per

capita water supply of

150 lpcd to 100 % of the

population in the city,

irrespective of their legal,

residential status.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:1. Sewage

Water Supply Project

Department-BMC,

HE Department-BMC

Supporting: Ward-level

officers, community

representatives,

elected representatives

INR 3,173 million

(Note: this is an

estimation for 9 years

based on the revenue

budget estimates

of Water Supply

Project Department,

international banks

including World Bank,

Asian Development Bank,

AMRUT

Output:1. % of population having

access to safe drinking water

within or close to premises

Outcome:1. Improved health, well-being

and livelihood

2.Percentage of the city

population with safely

managed drinking water

services

3. Percentage of monthly

income spent on water

4. Percentage of monthly

income spent on water

5. Number of water supply

interruptions per household

per day/week/month/year

Sectoral Action Track 4: Ensure access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030

Priority Actions

Regulate or introduce

caps on pricing for

non-piped water in the

wards that are heavily

dependent on water

tankers for drinking and

domestic use.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:1. HE Department-

BMC, Public Health

Department-BMC

Supporting: Ward-level

officers, community

representatives,

MPCB

Output:1. Water charges / taxes

incurred from water tankers

Outcome:1. Reduced expenses for

procuring water from tankers

2.Percentage of monthly

income spent on water

3. Percentage of the city

population with safely

managed drinking water

services

4. Mortality rate attributed to

unsafe water

Formalize groundwater

connections for

monitoring water quality

for distribution in low-

income settlements at

monthly intervals.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Water Supply

Project Department-BMC

Supporting: HE

Department-BMC,

MSPCB,

Public Health

Department-BMC

BMC’s budget under

Water Supply and Public

Health Departments

Output:1. Inventory of groundwater

sources with digital maps,

wherever feasible

2. Water quality standards

from monitoring stations of

BMC and other agencies

Outcome:1. Reduced cases of water

contamination

2. Improved health and

well-being of impacted

communities

3. Percentage of the city

population with safely

managed drinking water

services

4. Mortality rate attributed to

unsafe water

Sectoral Action Track 4: Ensure access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030

Priority Actions

Climate-proof water

supply systems to avoid

outages during disasters

by undertaking energy

audit at annual intervals

to shift to renewable

sources.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Water Supply

Department-BMC,

HE Department-BMC

INR 1,00,000 for

undertaking energy

audit17(Mumbai,

Budget Estimate Fund

code 40, 2021-2022).

BMC’s budget under

Water Supply and HE

Departments, funds

from international banks

including World Bank,

Asian Development Bank

Output:1. Energy savings of the water

supply systems

Outcome:1. Reduced expenses on

energy supply to the water

supply systems

2. Number of water supply

interruptions per household

per day/week/month/year

Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators

Sectoral Action Track 5: Provide clean, safe and accessible toilets to all by 2030

Priority Actions

Expand and monitor

toilet facilities phase-

wise to serve 100% of

the population through

suitable toilet models

based on a city-wide

sanitation data inventory.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Sewage Projects

Department-BMC,

Sewage Operations

Department -BMC

Supporting: Mumbai

Sewage Disposal Project-

BMC, Slum Sanitation

Programme,

organizations such as

MHADA or private

companies under CSR

Cost for 1 community

toilet built under Slum

Sanitation Programme

is around INR 2,50,000

(UNICEF, 2020),

average annual budget

of Sewerage Operations

Department is INR

1,065 billion (Mumbai,

Budget Estimate Fund

code 40, 2021-2022),

CSR funds of private

companies, funds for

specific projects from

bilateral, multilateral

organizations, civil

society and non-profit

organizations, Swachh

Bharat Mission

Output:1. Census service provision

parameters

2. Reporting in annual ESR

3. Online dashboard reflecting

the numbers, maps to display

the spatial distribution of

services, location, type,

implementing organization,

finance related details and

status of toilet blocks installed

Outcome:1. Improved sanitation

services in the city

2. Percentage of population

with access to sanitation

services

3. Percentage of households

connected to sewage system

Sectoral Action Track 5: Provide clean, safe and accessible toilets to all by 2030

Priority Actions

Connect slum sewage

to the main network for

eliminating leakages and

manual scavenging .

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Sewage Projects

Department-BMC

Supporting: Mumbai

Sewage Disposal Project-

BMC, Sewage Operations

Department-BMC

INR 9,773 million (Note:

Based on estimated

expenditure figures for

sewerage operations

department of BMC’s

Budget 2020-21) MVA,

Swachh Bharat Mission,

AMRUT

Output:1. Volume of sewage

flow monitored through

SCADA system of Sewage

Department.

2. Water quality of sources

located close to the leak points

Outcome:1. % of sewage flow from the

main network

2. Percentage of households

connected to sewage system

3. Level of DO, phosphorous,

nitrates, nitrites, faecal

matter; level of sedimentation

in freshwater and marine

water bodies

Generate awareness,

especially among

underserved

communities, about all

aspects of sanitation.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Sewage Operations

Department-BMC

Supporting: Mumbai

Sewage Disposal Project-

BMC

INR 8,00,000 annually18

(Mumbai, Budget

Estimate Fund code

40, 2021-2022),

CSR funds of private

companies, funds for

specific projects from

bilateral, multilateral

organizations, civil

society and non-profit

organizations

Output:1. % of population aware of

campaign

2. Number of workshops

conducted

Outcome:1. % population trained

2. % population implementing

response actions

3. Number of people

implementing response

actions

4. Percentage of households

connected to sewage system

5. Level of DO, phosphorous,

nitrates, nitrites, faecal

matter; level of sedimentation

in freshwater and marine

water bodies

6. Number of residents

participating in public

planning processes and public

awareness events

7. Number and type of NGOs

involved in city issues

Sectoral Action Track 6: Ensure disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data

monitoring and integration and community engagement

Priority Actions

Strengthen data monitoring and ensure consistency to minimize the gaps in local weather forecasting and tidal changes for sea-level rise, while collaborating with private and non-governmental organizations.

Time Frame:2022 -2030

Lead:Disaster Management Department-BMC Supporting:India Meteorological Department,private meteorological organizations such as Skymet, ward-level officers

Part of Disaster Management Department budget (Mumbai, Budget Estimate Fund Code 11, 2021-2022), funds from regional organizations for setting up tidal gauge, State and National Disaster Management Programmes

Output: 1. Number of early warnings at city and ward levels for each hazard2. Meteorological monthly data at ward level for3. Tidal data (e.g., western coast) to monitor sea-level rise

Outcome: 1. % of population reached through early warning systems for each hazard2. % of heavy rainfall leading to landslides/ erosion/ flooding3. Number of deaths from natural disasters per 100,000 population4. Percentage of population vulnerable to natural hazards (e.g., excessive heat, droughts, flooding, landslides, earthquakes, cyclones)

Integrate past and future climate risks, trends and

projections in planning for and implementing climate-proofing infrastructure - public and private, (e.g., SWD outfalls, residential / housing projects)

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Disaster Management

Department-BMC, Environment Department- BMC

Supporting: All infrastructure, housing, project development relevant departments,authorities constituted for special projects

Output:1. Climate criteria as part of EIA & internal approval process2. Dedicated data, norms and guidelines included in the feasibility, DPR, implementation plans

Outcome:1. Reduced losses (physical, financial and human) to infrastructure2.% of assets protected in storm surge flooding3. % of heavy rainfall leading to landslides/ erosion/ flooding4. Number of deaths from natural disasters per 100,000 population5. Percentage of population vulnerable to natural hazards (e.g., excessive heat, droughts, flooding, landslides,

Sectoral Action Track 6: Ensure disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data

monitoring and integration and community engagement

Priority Actions

Empower vulnerable

communities to better

understand and integrate

early warnings by

ensuring diversity of

language and technology

in early warning systems.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Disaster

Management

Department-BMC

Supporting: Environment

Department-BMC

Output:1. % of population aware

2. Number of workshops

conducted

Outcome:1. % population trained

2.% population implementing

response actions

3. Number of people

implementing response

actions

4. Number of deaths from

natural disasters per 100,000

population

5. Percentage of population

vulnerable to natural

hazards (e.g., excessive heat,

droughts, flooding, landslides,

earthquakes, cyclones)

6. Number of residents

participating in public

planning processes and public

awareness events

7. Number and type of NGOs

involved in city issues

Medium and Long-term Actions

Integrate a nature-,

ecosystem- and

community-based

approach in the overall

disaster risk management

of the city.

Timeframe:2022 -2030

Lead:Disaster

Management

Department-BMC

Supporting: Environment

Department-BMC

Output:1. Reduced disasters and

communities affected

2. Percentage of population

vulnerable to natural

hazards (e.g., excessive heat,

droughts, flooding, landslides,

earthquakes, cyclones)

Outcome:1. Reduced losses (physical,

financial and human) to

infrastructure

2. Number of deaths from

natural disasters per 100,000

population

Easy access to safe and affordable drinking water will help reduce the time spent on

and the burden of procuring water, especially for the women and children in informal

and low-income communities. This would also result in improved well-being and

increased job opportunities.

Improved access to toilet and sanitation facilities would result in an improved living

environment and provide health benefits, especially to the women, young girls and

children in informal, migrant and low-income communities.

Low-cost nature-based solutions to address flood and landslide risks would reduce

the vulnerability, particularly of the low-income areas, improve livelihood and create

green job opportunities.

Improved forecasting and emergency response mechanisms will help low-income

communities and migrant and temporary workers living in informal communities and

areas that are risk-prone to flood and landslides in early evacuation to temporary

flood shelters. The focus needs to be on a gradual in-situ rehabilitation of these

communities to safer locations.

Shot at Mahim Bandra Railway Track | By Pani Haq Samiti

Chapter 6:Governance and Institutional Structures

This chapter provides an overview of the existing governance structure of the city corporation and describes the

organizational structure of the proposed Climate Action Cell with a dedicated climate budget, which will aim for

the timely implementation of the MCAP.

The organizational structure of the BMC consists of a Deliberative wing comprising the elected representatives

of the city and an Administrative wing that represents the bureaucratic profile of the government (see Figure 41).

The two wings together are responsible for the overall administration of the city.

The Existing Organizational Structure of BMC6.1

Deliberative wing

A total of 227 councillors are elected from each

ward who form the Deliberative wing of BMC. These

councillors elect, from amongst themselves, the mayor

(called the first citizen of Mumbai) and the deputy

mayor. The period of the Corporation is five years from

the date of its first meeting, and the term of office

of the councillors is co-terminus with the duration

of the Corporation. There are six committees in the

Deliberative wing. These committees perform the

function of presenting proposals on behalf of their

respective departments. The Standing Committee is

the most important committee. It has a statutory role

and consists of 36 members. It is entrusted with the

responsibility of approving major projects and works

costing more than INR 5 million.

Administrative wing

The Administrative wing headed by the Municipal

Commissioner (MC) is responsible for developing

and maintaining the civic infrastructure of the city,

including water supply, roads, storm water drainage

and the efficient delivery of various services to

the citizens of Mumbai. There are four Additional

Municipal Commissioners (AMC) – City, Eastern

Suburbs, Western Suburbs and Projects. The AMCs

are deputed in various departments. The projects or

works with a budget range of INR 2.5-5 million require

the administrative approval of the MC. The Deputy

Municipal Commissioners (DMC) or Joint Municipal

Commissioners (JMC) are appointed to assist the MC

administer the zones that consist of specific wards

(zonal DMC) and manage the departments deputed

through MC or AMCs. They are also responsible for

approving the projects that have budgets up to INR

2.5 million.

The 24 wards within BMC are administered by

Assistant Commissioners (AC) who report to the

respective zonal DMCs. For executing any project or

activity, the MC leads the coordination with external

agencies, such as the MMRDA, MPCB, Western

Railway, and the State Government, and is supported

by the AMCs, JMCs and DMCs and other counterparts.

At the ward level, for improved governance, BMC

has developed the “advanced locality management”

(ALM), which is a voluntary group constituted by a

group of residents and commercial establishments

for undertaking specific civic initiatives, such as

waste segregation, processing and minimization,

maintenance of green and open spaces and rainwater

harvesting. It is similar to resident welfare associations

formed in other cities across the country. The activities

that are a part of ALMs are carried out in conjunction

with BMC officials, including ACs, DMCs and AMCs.

Powers and capacities: The BMC works on

implementation, maintenance, policy formulation and

finance related to city provisions, such as water supply,

sanitation, storm water drainage, sewerage, solid

waste, roads, open spaces and public health. However,

in the sectors of energy, regional transport, air quality

and forest and mangrove conservation and restoration,

Reporting to DMC Environment and AMC City

BMC’s institutional and governance structure is

designed to carry out its functions related to key

infrastructure, services and maintenance needs of the

city. The central agency and ward level administration

are focused on ensuring the timely implementation of

sectoral and local administrative requirements of the

city. However, to meet the complex and

inter-connected challenges of climate change, strong

inter-departmental coordination is required to

achieve appropriate and desirable outputs.

BMC is in charge of ensuring infrastructure

implementation and service delivery across sectors

such as water supply, sanitation, storm water

drainage, sewerage, solid waste, roads, open spaces

and public health. The effective implementation of

MCAP will require the mainstreaming of climate

actions in the existing priorities of the departments,

project plans and future proposals.

Several sectoral priorities, such as decarbonizing

of the energy grid, large-scale forest and mangrove

restoration, and a move to low carbon and accessible

transport, fall in the jurisdiction of Central and State

agencies, limiting the scope of BMC in influencing

planning, decision-making and monitoring. For

example, energy is supplied in the city by the State

Energy Department, with several sub-entities

entrusted with generation, transmission, distribution

and tariff regulation. If the city plans to expand

its renewable energy supply, it will need to work

in conjunction with the State government as

well as various sub-entities. Similarly, for making

travel seamless while moving towards low-carbon

transport, BMC will need to work with multiple

external agencies responsible for different mediums

and aspects of transport.

Table 28: Existing list of line departments and other agencies as per priority action areas

(A) The function of energy generation and distribution lies with DISCOMS. There are four public and private

DISCOMS operational in Mumbai.

(B) The Building Approvals Department enforces building byelaws that determine light-ventilation standards,

building materials, open space requirements and offset norms in all buildings across land use.

Energy & Buildings

The Goals and Actions Proposed in the MCAP Fall in the Purview of Different Departments, as Listed in Table 28 Below:

(A) Public transport in Mumbai is operated by various agencies. BEST operates buses, MMRDA operates the metro

and mono rails. Western Railway and Central Railway manages the respective Suburban Railway lines.

(B) RTO is under the Transport Ministry that is headed by the Transport Commissioner. The RTO is the regulatory

authority for vehicle licenses, taxi and autorickshaw licenses and vehicle regulations, scrapping of old vehicles

among other responsibilities.

Sustainable Mobility

(I) BMC’s SWM Department provides a daily door-to-door garbage collection service across Mumbai.

(J) This Department manages the garbage dump yards in the city, sets segregation, recovery and recycling policies,

and enforces segregation norms in private buildings and commercial development.

(A) BMC’s Garden’s Department develops and maintains public spaces and is responsible for tree planting on

avenues and in urban forests.

(B) There is a biodiversity committee set up to protect and conserve Mumbai’s flora and fauna.

(E) Traffic police regulates traffic flow, road safety and on-street parking

(F) BMC’s Road & Traffic Department builds and maintains roads, plans and enforces traffic management

regulations, and undertakes O&M and revenue collection from off-street public parking lots.

(G) Off-street parking norms are set by the DP Department as part of the Development Control Regulations (DCRs).

(H) Mumbai Parking Authority is being formed to oversee all parking norms, enforcement and revenue collection.

Sustainable Waste Management

Urban Greening & Biodiversity

Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management

(A) BMC’s Hydrology Department is responsible for water supply, water conservation and rainwater harvesting

measures at the building level.

(B) DP Department sets building byelaws for rainwater harvesting and other water conservation and percolation

systems to manage flood water on private plots.

and ensures flood risk mitigation.

(D) Mumbai Sewage Disposal Project (MSDP) builds, operates and maintains sewage treatment plants and ensures

wastewater treatment.

(A) Air pollution is monitored by MPCB, SAFAR and BMC stations.

(B) Air quality measures are planned by BMC’s Environment Department under the NCAP and enforced by MPCB.

Garden (increasing greening), State Transport (improved traffic management) and SWM (C&D waste and other solid

waste).

Given the institutional set-up of the city and its

limitations, there is a need for a dedicated department

within BMC that would be responsible for the

implementation of MCAP, timely updates to the

inventory, assessments and revision of the CAP. In this

context, BMC has decided to expand the Environment

Department to the Department of Environment and

Climate Change. This department will be responsible

for ensuring science-based planning and decision-making,

encouraging innovation and tracking progress of key

targets and outcomes of the MCAP.

Stakeholder Consultations for MCAP at BMC | By Prutha Vaze

The Department of Environment is the nodal

coordinating agency for the MCAP, alongside other

related projects and initiatives such as MVA, Women

for Climate, Cities4Forests, NCAP and sustainable

development projects under the 15th Finance

Commission fund. It is, therefore, important to create a

climate action cell within the Environment Department.

However, the Environment Department is currently

not empowered to mediate/ coordinate across other

departments, advise on key amendments to statutory

regulations and liaise with parastatal agencies as per the

city’s needs. The existing department is an environment

protection and enforcement body to control pollution,

rather than a planning department to implement

the MCAP.

The Department of Environment will be expanded

and strengthened and renamed as the Department of

Environment and Climate Change following official

protocol. It will continue to report to AMC City,

designated as the Nodal Officer for MCAP and be headed

by the DMC, Environment & Climate Change. This

department will be supported by the State Government

of Maharashtra, and the Maharashtra Council for Climate

Change. Additionally, a group of honorary advisors (which

can be expanded as the plan progresses) will support the

Department of Environment and Climate Change for the

effective implementation of the MCAP. This department

is created with five objectives:

Considering the nature of work carried out in the city, the

existing institutional arrangement of the corporation is

based on addressing engineering and technical aspects.

Given the context of climate uncertainties and an

evolving environment of risks and challenges in the city,

it is prudent to introduce more planners, social scientists

and data analysts to meet these challenges. Officials

with diverse qualifications can introduce

holistic solutions that integrate traditional service

sectors to meet the objectives of the Climate Action Cell

(CAC). Figure 42 illustrates the proposed institutional

structure of the CAC.

To introduce new technical capacities within the corporation that is currently staffed with professionals who are

trained to execute engineered projects;

To introduce innovation – use of SMART technologies, locally-led solutions, artificial intelligence and machine

learning (AI/ML)-based service delivery and urban management – in meeting climate targets;

To coordinate across departments within the corporation and mainstream climate resilience in existing and

proposed projects;

To develop stringent guidelines for new infrastructure or building projects that align with climate goals and

encourage line departments to use these for project approval and to ensure regulatory enforcement;

To monitor MCAP progress, close data gaps, evaluate outcomes and report on targets at city and local levels

& Climate Change6.2

Figure 42: Proposed climate action cell

Climate Change (MCCC)

Chief ScientistClimate Change

Deputy Chief ScientistENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Senior Environmental Scientist

Air Quality Expert

Senior Conservationist

Environmental Engineer, Soil & Water

Environmental Law & Policy Expert

Environmental Engineer, SWM

Deputy Chief Scientist, KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATIONS

Deputy Chief Planner,LANDSCAPES & VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES

Deputy Chief Planner,BUILDINGS AND MOBILITY

Senior Climate Scientist (MER)

Senior Development Social Scientist

Senior Landscape Planner

Environmental Communications Fellow

MER Cell: Including 24 ward climate officers and 11 climate officers for DMCs

Biodiversity Committee can be housed here

Energy

Cell: DISCOMs, MEDA, SRA, MMRDA, MERC, Buildings

EV Cell:DISCOMs, MSEDCL, MSRTC, Transport Department, Roads & Traffic

Equity & Inclusion Fellow

Energy Efficiency & Buildings Fellow

Civil Engineer: Fellow

Road Safety & Street Design Fellow

Urban Water Resilience Fellow GIS FellowData Analyst Fellow

Climate Finance Fellow

Sustainable Innovations and Finance Expert

Senior Architect, Green Buildings

Senior Transportation Planner

Chief Planner Climate Change

Additional Municipal Commissioner: City

CLIMATE RESILIENT BUILDINGS

VULNERABLE COMMUNITIESKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND POLLUTION CONTROLINTEGRATED MOBILITY

SUSTAINABLE URBAN LANDSCAPES

INNOVATIONS & GREEN FINANCE

Every 2 years:Prepare GHG

Inventory and CCRA

Every 5 Years: Update Mumbai

Climate Action Plan (MCAP)

Regularly:Tracking progress at

Ward and Zonal Levels

Co-ordination with State Action

Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC)

Every 6 months the Mumbai Climate Action Cell reports to MCCC

In addition to the existing function of environment

protection and pollution control, the CAC will have

six Chief and Deputy Chief positions and six senior

professional positions leading other functions.The

Cell will be headed by a Chief Scientist and a Chief

Planner. Two Deputy Chief Scientists who will report to

the Chief Scientist will be responsible for environment

protection and pollution control, knowledge management

and innovations and green finance. Two Deputy

Chief Planners reporting to the Chief Planner will be

responsible for sustainable urban landscapes, vulnerable

mobility. They will be supported by six experienced

professionals – Senior Climate Scientist, Sustainable

Innovations & Finance Expert, Senior Landscape

Planner, Senior Development Scientist, Senior Architect

and Senior Transportation Planner. These senior

professionals will be supported by junior professionals

having expertise in urban water resilience, GIS, civil

engineering, climate finance, data analysis, equity &

inclusion, energy efficiency & green buildings, road safety

& street design and environmental communications.

Table 29 presents a summary of the functions of the

Deputy Municipal Commissioner Environment & Climate Change

Integrated Mobility

• The Department will address the mobility needs of city residents and workers with an integrated approach, ensuring land use and DCR recommendations wherever appropriate.

• The Department will identify priority “issues” or goals/targets laid out in MCAP and coordinate across all parastatal agencies to ensure a human-centred approach to mobility planning in the city.

• The Department will adopt AI/ML technologies to increase efficiency, increase access and equity in underserved neighbourhoods, and influence travel behavior.

• The Department will introduce finance tools to ease the transition to EV or clean fuel technologies by ensuring easy low-interest loans, etc. to assist IPT operators and freight to transition to low-carbon vehicles.

Environment Protection and Pollution Control

• The Department will work towards improving information on air pollutionthrough robust consistent monitoring.

• The Department will monitor and reduce water pollution and work towards restoring aquatic ecosystems (with MSDP).

• The Department will monitor and work towards preventing soil and groundwater pollution by reducing landfilled waste and remediation and scientific management of existing landfills (with SWM Dept).

• The Department will work towards synergizing the MCAP with other initiatives such as MVA and NCAP.

• The Department will be responsible for conducting environment impact assessments and coordinating with MPCB.

Sustainable Urban Landscapes

• The Department will address heat and flood risk mitigation through NBS and other hybrid infrastructure, design and planned landscape projects.

• The Department will address water and soil pollution and environmental degradation through NBS.

• The Department will recommend changes in existing pollution control norms and better solid waste management, sewage operations and disposal.

• The Department will coordinate with other departments of BMC – Storm Water Drainage, Hydraulic Engineering, Gardens Cell, Solid Waste Management, Sewage Operations and Sewage Disposal.

Climate Resilient Buildings

• The Department will address demand-side solutions for energy conservation by meeting Mumbai’s energy efficiency goals for all buildings by 2030.

• The Department will introduce DCR amendments, enforce green building norms for new buildings, and introduce guidelines and trainings to ensure passive architecture and passive cooling is integrated and enforced as part of building approvals.

• The Department will coordinate with Development Planning and Building Approvals within BMC and DISCOMS and other stakeholders.

Staffing Plan: Roles and Responsibilities

Innovations & Green Finance

• The Department will maintain a repository of solutions, technologies and tools to integrate the right solutions with the right projects or plans within the cell (similar to the GoI’s AGNI mission that brings local solutions to meet local needs).

• The Department will work with other departments within the CAC and across BMC to identify needs and challenges and connect the right solutions.

• The Department will work towards leveraging green finance to increase the overall finance pool, attract cutting-edge innovations and help channelize CSR/philanthropic funding and public private partnerships.

• The Department will also host a sustainability tech-fest to promote solutions and technologies to meet Mumbai’s climate and equity goals.

• The Department will commission community resilience assessments in vulnerable areas to understand the needs of residents.

• The Department will work closely with ACs and ward-level climate action officers to develop community resilience action plans at the local area level, address infrastructure and service delivery gaps and downscale DRR protocol to best fit community needs.

• The Department will work closely with SRA, MHADA and other planning agencies influencing housing design and allocation to ensure resilient infrastructure is built.

• The Department will work closely with the informal or formal labor groups employed in high-risk or vulnerable workforces (such as auto/taxi drivers exposed to heat risk and construction labor) and unhoused populations to address their adaptation needs.

Knowledge Management

• The Department will be responsible for the creation of the MER Cell, which will monitor the progress of MCAP implementation to meet targets, evaluate outcomes and report on KPIs.

• The Department will have 24 climate action officers (one for each ward) and 11 climate action officers (one for each DMC office) to track progress and report this in the central Monitoring Information System.

• This division will work closely with the DMC-Environment, AMC-City, and MC office to prepare a budget plan for each financial year, based on intended targets and progress made.

• The MER Department will lead the biennial GHG inventory and climate risk assessment update (next scheduled for 2023), and prepare an MCAP progress report every five years.

Aligning the MCAP with the State Action Plan on Climate

Change is critical to overcome the institutional barriers

in the implementation process. It is also essential for

the Department of Environment & Climate Change to

report to the Maharashtra Council for Climate Change

once a year to track the progress and request support

for further implementation, especially in sectors such

as transport and energy. Further, depending on the

requirement, either AMC City or DMC Environment

along with either Chief Officer Environment & CC and/

or respective vertical head can report to the Maharashtra

State Steering Committee for Climate Change.

The MCCC is chaired by the Chief Minister of the State,

co-chaired by the Deputy Chief Minister, and consists of

ministers from the Government of Maharashtra Cabinet.

It is meant to further climate change adaptation in the

state, and can support BMC in meeting the vision/goals

of the MCAP. At the state-level, the MCAP will also

inform the revision of the SAPCC and be a lighthouse for

other cities in the state that are part of the Race to Zero

campaign. The State Steering Committee on Climate

Change is responsible for supporting the implementation

and periodic evaluation of the State Action Plan and

the Climate Change Innovation Program initiated by

Government of India. It will provide timely guidance and

review on Climate Change related work in the state, and

help secure funding and green finance for climate change

related issues/initiatives at the national and international

level. This Committee is chaired by the Chief Secretary

to the Government of Maharashtra, and comprises of

Principal Secretaries from different departments. It will

also support BMC in furthering the vision of the MCAP.

Shot at Marine Drive | By Satyajeet Mazumdar

Currently the procedures for formulating the Municipal

Budget in BMC are initiated within respective Municipal

Departments, headed by the DMCs in the Administrative

Wing. Budget amounts of INR 2.5 million and less is

approved by DMCs, budget amounts of INR 2.5-5 million

are approved by AMCs and budget amounts more than

INR 5 million require an approval from the Standing

Committee of the Deliberative Wing of BMC.

Figure 43 shows budget estimates by department and

type of projects, based on the 2020-21 BMC budget

plan. (Only those departments/projects have been

extracted here that align with potential climate action

projects). Identifying the existing governance structure

and budgetary allocations by departments will help align

climate actions with specific departments for the CAC

to coordinate.

Creating a Climate Budget for Mumbai6.3

DepartmentBudget Allocated (in Thousands INR)

Roads & Traffic19 million

Garden & Recreation3.8 million

Development Plan7.9 million

Mechanical & Electrical1.2 million

Storm Water Drains11.6 million

Transport3.8 million

Solid Waste Management26.1 million

Disaster Management Cell0.5 million

% of Capital Expenditure% of Revenue Expenditure

64.24

45.07

92.56

35.76

54.93

7.44

Roads & Traffic

Garden & Recreation

Development Plan

Mechanical & Electrical

Storm Water Drains

Transport

Solid Waste Management

Disaster Management Cell

63.19

26.42

6.58

12.40

56.94

87.60

43.06

93.42

36.81

73.58

Mumbai is one of the 11 cities participating in the

climate budget pilot program of C40, which is being led

by the City of Oslo. Indicative financial resources have

been identified in the plan, and a proposed budget of

INR 10 million has been set aside to create the CAC

and identify projects for implementation over the next

financial year. This includes BMC’s budget; funds under

Majhi Vasundhara, other state and centrally sponsored

schemes and programs such as Swachh Bharat Mission

– Urban, AMRUT, FAME II and NCAP; sector-specific

agency budgets such as MEDA, which is the state

designated agency (SDA) to improve RE, EE and ECBC

in Maharashtra; green bonds; funds from 15th Finance

Commission; international developmental funds such as

GCF; CSR funds; and multilateral finance. The climate

budget will build on the technical analysis that was

undertaken while developing the GHG inventory, future

emission scenarios and strategies suggested in the plan.

A climate budget is essential for Mumbai to ensure that

dedicated financial resources are available to implement

MCAP and to leverage this as a governance tool to

overcome institutional barriers identified in the city’s

existing governance structure. Although the budget

will be anchored within BMC and prioritize activities

that are directly under BMC’s control, the CAC and the

climate budget will ensure parastatal agencies assume

responsibilities to implement climate actions that lie

within their control, to ensure better coordinated

outcomes. Through this engagement, the city will prepare

a climate budget for FY 2022-23 with sector-specific

emission ceilings, in alignment with the plan. The status

of climate efforts and achievements will be tracked

quarterly and reported annually. As part of the budget

process, climate measures will be proposed, implemented,

monitored and reported regularly as per the Monitoring,

Evaluation and Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting and

Learning (MERL) process laid out in Chapter 7.

Oslo is leading C40 Cities’ Climate Budget Pilot

Since September 2021, C40 has been supporting and connecting a group of cities interested in

investigating, developing, implementing and improving the use of a climate budget to tackle GHG

emissions. Led by the city of Oslo, the pilot includes Barcelona, Berlin, Los Angeles, Milan, Montreal,

Mumbai, Stockholm, Paris, Rio de Janeiro and Tshwane. These cities will explore different approaches to

climate budgeting in their unique contexts.

Chapter 7:Tracking Progress

The implementation of a climate action plan should

be followed by continuous Monitoring, Evaluation,

Reporting and Learning (MERL) of its progress.

MERL allows for actions to be tracked, evaluated

and reported in an organized manner to promote

accountability in implementation and make

improvements based on the learnings. Monitoring is

essential for tracking the progress of actions through

continuous, systematic data collection, evaluation is

important for assessing the impact of actions, while

reporting and learning enable transparency and data-

driven accountability amongst various stakeholders.

There are seven verticals in the Department of

Environment & Climate Change in BMC. One of these

is Knowledge Management which will house the

MERL cell, with a team of 24 climate officers (each

representing the 24 administrative wards) and 11

departmental MER analysts, each linked with one

DMC office within BMC. The MERL cell will be led

by the Chief Scientist who will report to the DMC-

Environment and the AMC-City. The MERL cell will

conduct a biennial update of the GHG inventory and

the climate risk assessment. Once in five years, it will

monitor the progress of MCAP against the targets

set in the plan, report on a list of key performance

indicators and communicate progress against

indicators and develop a system to reflect learnings

against the key objectives and principles of the MCAP.

BMC will create the MERL cell in the current year,

i.e., 2022 and set up a committee to update the GHG

inventory in 2023.

To track progress, key performance indicators (KPIs)

have been identified, which relate to the outcome

indicators for each of the six priority action areas.

Monitoring7.1

Table 30: Key Performance Indicators for priority actions

Action AreaKey Performance Indicators

Increasing renewable energy in the grid

No. of MW renewable energy capacity installed within city boundaries, percentage of renewable energy in the grid mix

Percentage of low-income population with electrical service supported by renewable energy

Energy-efficient

infrastructure

Energy savings in buildings per year (MWh per annum)

Percentage of monthly income spent on energy costs

Green buildingsNo. of ECBC-compliant buildings

Passive design and thermal Amount of MWh energy demand for cooling in buildings (in low- and high-income areas)

Energy and Buildings

Action AreaKey Performance indicators

Public transport

Annual no. of public transport trips per capita (disaggregated by gender and income level), percentage of mode share

Percentage of population within 500m walk of public transportation option (e.g., bus, metro, light rail)

Non-motorized transportNo. of km of walking and cycling infrastructure, % of mode share

Cleaner fuels% of CNG or electric vehicles in the city, decreasing total annual fuel consumption from transport

Sustainable freight % of low-carbon road freight Percentage of monthly income spent on transportation/delivery costs

Action AreaKey Performance indicators

Waste minimization and reduced disposal Waste generated per capita (kg/person/year) % of waste diverted away from landfills

Decentralized waste management % of solid waste that is recycled, ward-level segregation rate (%), no. of green jobs created, percentage of population with regular solid waste collection at home

Dumpsite remediation and scientific disposal Area of waste disposal site recovered/reclaimed (m2), surface of urban land that is contaminated

Sustainable Waste Management

Action AreaKey Performance indicators

Increasing green cover and permeable surfaces

Per capita green space (in high- and low-income areas), annual tree census, per capita open space (in low- and high-income areas), volume of water retention capacity created (m3), percentage of residents within a 5-minute walk to a park

Heat resilienceMean land surface temperature (across wards with different income levels), no. of heat prone wards (disaggregated by income level), percentage of urban area that is asphalt or building

Urban planning, green cover and biodiversity

Action AreaKey Performance indicators

Improved air quality Annual average for daily PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3(ozone) concentration in μg/m3, emissions (CO2, PM2.5, NO2) in key areas of the city (e.g., near hospitals, schools, care homes or low-income neighborhoods)

Data and monitoringNo. of monitoring stations installed per year, % of area/population covered by monitoring and modelling systems, no. of days above WHO pollutants recommendations

Health managementMortality and morbidity rates due to air pollution (disaggregated by gender and income level)

Action AreaKey Performance indicators

Flood and disaster resilience

% of population trained to respond to the hazard risk, no. of flood risk zones, % of heavy rainfall leading to floods

Percentage of population with access to early warning systems

Water conservation and access % of water recycled, % of households with piped connection, % of households receiving treated water, non-revenue water loss

Urban flooding and water resources management

During the process of developing MCAP, various data

gaps came to light, which challenged the extent of

correctness and representation of several recent sectoral

challenges. Socio-economic data and demographic

differences at ward level were extracted from Census of

India 2011, knowing that conditions would have changed

over the past decade. Information on the impact of

climate change on jobs, livelihoods and housing security

were referenced from reports and articles in the media

due to lack of government data. Sector-specific data was

accessed from government reports. For example, travel

behavior and modal splits data was referenced from the

Comprehensive Mobility Plan prepared in 2016, and,

therefore, modal splits for the base year 2019 onwards

were not available.

Monitored data used for the risk assessment – for air

pollution, coastal risks and weather data – was irregular

or available intermittently for some stations, restricting

the projected risks that can influence accurate climate-

resilient infrastructure projects. The MCAP process also

revealed that Mumbai’s planning authorities – BMC,

MMRDA, SRA, MHADA and Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT)

– do not integrate climate risks and weather-related

information in their planning processes. As a coastal city,

Mumbai must include coastal risk analysis in planning

decisions; however, the Indian National Centre for

Oceans Information Services (INCOIS) tide gauge data is

not used by any department or agency. Instead, Mumbai

Maritime Board’s (MMB) modelled tide height data is

used to predict high-tide timings and issue storm surge

warnings during extreme weather events. Modelled data

has limited accuracy in predicting future risk projections.

It is, therefore, recommended that BMC integrate

monitored data into planning and decision-making. The

C40 cities climate data management framework (C40

Knowledge Hub, 2021) can be a starting point to

evaluate the data maturity of the city and effectively

Data Management

A comprehensive evaluation of the status of current

actions within the CAP will be conducted once in

five years. A proposed evaluation and reporting

template is provided in Table 31. The evaluation

process will involve all relevant BMC departments

and administrative officers – BMC’s CAC-MER Cell

and Heads of Departments, City Engineers, and

Assistant Commissioners – to evaluate the success

of on-ground implementation activities. The process

will be participatory, involving external stakeholders

and impacted communities, such as community-based

organizations (CBOs), NGOs, and research agencies,

to improve MCAP’s impact on improving the lives of

vulnerable communities and ensuring inclusivity.

This process will help the city assess the inclusivity

of actions and the equitable distribution of impacts.

The results of the evaluation process will be published

and reported to various stakeholders for enhanced

transparency and participatory review. This, along

with the updated climate risk assessment and GHG

inventory, can be used to revise the baselines, targets

and trajectories in MCAP to accelerate action.

Evaluation7.2

Table 31: Sample reporting template for energy sector actions

Goal 1: Increasing the Proportion of Renewable Energy to 50% by 2030 and 100% by 2050 in Mumbai’s Energy Mix

Amending building byelaws to promote integration of RE systems, such as mandatory solar water heater and rooftop solar for all building typologies, and defining thresholds in a way that buildings meet more than 25% of their energy needs from RE systems

Output IndicatorTarget (date)Current progress (date)Source

% of energy in buildings met through RE 25% (2030)15 % (2025)Energy audit of municipal buildings (provide document)

Develop a GIS-based Mumbai solar map and framework, which can allow users to plan a PV installation on their roof and gather information regarding possible costs and potential savings

Output IndicatorTarget (date)Current progress (date)Source

Development of mapDevelop a GIS-based solar map and framework (2025)

In draft stage, available in the public domain for feedback (2025) Draft report (source)

Develop a strategic renewable energy roadmap for Mumbai on how to achieve 100% RE target by 2050

Output IndicatorTarget (date)Current progress (date)Source

% of RE in the grid25% (2025)15% (2025)MEDA annual statistics 2025 (link)

The climate cell, responsible for monitoring MCAP,

will also ensure that the GHG inventory as well as the

climate risk assessment is updated every two years, to

understand the city- and sector-wide impacts of CAP

implementation. These inventories will also monitor

and report on residual emissions in meeting the 2050

net zero target. Every three years, the MER Cell (part

of the Department of Environment & Climate Change)

will prepare an MCAP progress report, evaluating

three levels of indicators – 1) at an aggregate city

level, as per table 30; 2) as per KPIs (from Table 31);

and 3) as per outcome indicators listed across every

action in the sectoral action plans (Refer Chapter

5). Table 32 presents a list of indicators proposed

for aggregate city-level progress assessment; these

can be revised and updated as per the department’s

decisions. Additionally, the MER cell will also prepare

an updated MCAP every five years to keep the city

focused on its intended net zero target for 2050.

* This is an indicative list to help the department in drafting a detailed MER framework that builds on the outcome indicators and KPIs

and helps communicate climate action impacts to a wide range of city stakeholders (who are not technically qualified.

Reporting7.3

Department

1.Total GHG emissions reduced – aggregate reduction across all actions in MCAP, which would result in emission

reduction

2. Total green jobs created – aggregated green jobs created across all actions in MCAP

3. Total lives saved in vulnerable communities – estimated lives saved in risk-prone areas where adaptation actions

are implemented

4. Overall community health improved – qualitative assessment of improved health in vulnerable/exposed

communities

5. Total biodiversity gained – aggregate species increased (returned) or protected in the local areas of the city by

implementing MCAP actions

Table 32: Proposed indicators for aggregate city-level progress assessment

In the face of rising global temperatures and more

frequent extreme weather events over recent

decades, BMC has intensified its focus on combatting

climate change and increasing the climate resilience of

Mumbai. To this end, MCAP serves as a roadmap that

outlines the city’s strategies and actions to tackle this

pressing global and local crisis.

MCAP builds on policies and plans developed at

city, regional, state and national scales and aligns

with the goals at global (SDGs) and regional (MVA)

levels. The Development Plan 2034 was an integral

planning document that provided the basis for MCAP

analysis and future planning recommendations. The

Department of Environment & Climate Change will

continue to work with the DP Department towards

policy reforms and regulatory amendments to

mainstream climate actions within BMC’s planning

ethos. Other key policies and plans reviewed as part of

the gaps assessment are presented in Annexure 2.

The MCAP process adopted a consultative and

collaborative approach built on the contributions

of several experts, CBOs, research institutions

and private consultants. The process involved

participation within BMC’s departments and

administrative wings at the zonal level, and in the

future, will include suggestions and feedback from

local political leaders to downscale climate actions

to the local level. Annexure 3 includes a list of

CBOs, NGOs, think tanks, consultants and research

institutes that are invested and working in Mumbai

and who can be engaged and consulted during the

progress reporting and learning process of MCAP.

Finally, the success of MCAP is also dependent on

the residents of Mumbai and their willingness to

adopt sustainable choices in their daily lives to help

achieve several MCAP targets. RWAs, ALMs, civil

society groups and private investors are encouraged

to participate, deliberate and catalyse the success of

Mumbai’s first ever climate action plan.

Conclusion7.4

ANNEXURE 1

Annex 1.1: Figure 44 Map representing access to recreational open spaces

within 1km walking distance

Navi Mumbai

Thane

Arabian Sea

mass transit stations within 1km walking distance

052.5Kms

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Population not having access

Population having access

Population per Ha

Hospitals

Worli

Kanjurmarg

Navi Mumbai

Thane

Arabian Sea

Thane Creek

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

N H 4 8

NH16 0

NH48

ACCESS TO HOSPITALS

Mahim Bay

Back Bay

CSMIA

Dadar

Borivali

Mulund

Mankhurd

CSMT

Andheri

Ghatkopar

distance of educational institutions

Worli

Kanjurmarg

Navi Mumbai

Thane

Arabian Sea

Thane Creek

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

NH48

NH16 0

NH48

Mahim Bay

Back Bay

CSMIA

Dadar

Borivali

Mulund

Mankhurd

CSMT

Andheri

Ghatkopar

052.5Kms

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Population not having access

Population having access

Population per Ha

SchoolsACCESS TO SCHOOLS

5-minute response time across Mumbai

052.5Kms

Worli

Kanjurmarg

Navi Mumbai

Thane

Arabian Sea

Thane Creek

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

N H 4 8

NH160

NH48

Mahim Bay

Back Bay

CSMIA

Dadar

Borivali

Mulund

Mankhurd

CSMT

Andheri

Ghatkopar

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Population not having access

Population having access

Population per Ha

Fire StationsACCESS TO FIRE STATIONS

population density within 1km walking distance

052.5Kms

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport

500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791

Population not having access

Population having access

Population per Ha

Flood SheltersACCESS TO FLOOD SHELTERS

Worli

Kanjurmarg

Navi Mumbai

Thane

Arabian Sea

Thane Creek

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

NH48

NH16 0

NH48

Mahim Bay

Back Bay

CSMIA

Dadar

Borivali

Mulund

Mankhurd

CSMT

Andheri

Ghatkopar

052.5Kms

Railway Line Major Roads MCGM Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport

Flood SheltersACCESS TO FLOOD SHELTERS

Worli

Kanjurmarg

Navi Mumbai

Thane

Arabian Sea

Thane Creek

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

NH 48

N H16 0

NH48

Mahim Bay

Back Bay

CSMIA

Dadar

Borivali

Mulund

Mankhurd

CSMT

Andheri

Ghatkopar

City-level Policies and Plans Reviewed During Gap Assessment

ANNEXURE 2

Energy and Buildings

Energy Department, Government of Maharashtra

A.Net Metering Policy, 2015

B.Energy Conservation Policy, 2017

C.Renewable Energy Generation Policy, 2020

D.Green Tariff Policy, 2021

Greater Mumbai Draft Development Plan (2014-2034)

Development Control Regulations for Mumbai Metropolitan Region (2016-2036)

Environmental Status Report of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (annually)

Cross-sectoral

Sustainable Mobility

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

A.Pedestrian first footpath guidelines, 2014

B.Comprehensive Mobility Plan, 2016

Transport Department, Government of Maharashtra, State Urban Transport Policy, 2017

Environment and Climate Change Department, Government of Maharashtra, Electric Vehicle Policy, 2021

Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity

Urban Flooding and Water Resources Management

Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of Maharashtra

A.Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

B.Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2018

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

A.Swachh Mumbai Prabodhan Abhiyan, 2013

B.Mumbai Solid Waste Management Plan (under development)

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

A.Biodiversity Committee, 2020

B.Garden Policy (under development)

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

A.Water Charges Rules and Sewerage & Waste Removal Rules, 2015

B.Mumbai City & Suburban Disaster Management Plan

C.Eco-housing program

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India

A.Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016

B.E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016

C.Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement), 2016

D.Bio-Medical Waste Management (Second Amendment) Rules, 2019

E.Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021

Swachh Bharat Mission, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India (2014 onwards)

Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra, Maharashtra Tree Protection and Conservation Act, 1975 – amendment in 2021 to include trees older than 50 years as heritage trees

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for guidelines of water quality and common effluent treatment plants standards

Urban Development Department, Rainwater Harvesting norms under the Maharashtra Regional and Town

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India

A.National Clean Air Programme, 2019

B.Bharat Stage Emission Standards, 2000 onwards

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Environment and Climate Change, Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities of Maharashtra - Mumbai, 2019

Stakeholder Consultations Conducted in the Process of Developing MCAP

ANNEXURE 3

Stakeholder Organizations Represented

• Jyoti Mhapsekar, Stree Mukti Sanghatana

• Monisha Narke, R U R Greenlife

• Kedar Sohoni, Founder, Green Communities Foundation

• Pramod Dabrase, Director, Centre for Sustainable Environment and Development Initiatives

Waste

Stakeholder Organizations Represented

• Ashok Datar, Chairman, Mumbai Environmental Social Network

• Zohra Mutabanna, Senior Urban Planner - Associate, IBI Group

• Sonal Shah, Founder, The Urban Catalysts

• Antony Samy, Co-Convenor, Aamchi Mumbai Aamchi BEST

• Shashank Rao, Leader, Autorickshaw Union

• Prachi Merchant, Senior Urban Planner, Tata Institute of Social Sciences

• Maxson Lewis, Managing Director, Magenta - ChargeGrid

Sustainable Mobility

Stakeholder Organizations Represented

• Stalin D., Director, Vanashakti

• Sucharita Roy, Head - Planning & Building, Aga Khan Agency for Habitat, India

• Dr. Shubhalaxmi V., Founder & CEO, Ladybird Environmental Consulting LLP

• Samarth Das, Architect & Urban Designer, P.K. Das & Associates

• Pankaj Joshi, Trustee, Urban Centre Trust

• Pradeep Tripathi, Founder & Executive Director, Green Yatra

Urban Greening and Biodiversity

External consultations

In these consultations, representatives from various research organizations, NGOs, community organizations and the

private sector participated. The names of the participants are listed below:

Stakeholder Organizations Represented

• Ashish Fernandes, CEO & Lead Analyst, Climate Risk Horizons

• Sunil Dahiya, Analyst, Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air

• Dr. Sunita Purushottam, Mahindra

• Nilesh Kane, Tata Power

Energy and Buildings

Stakeholder Organizations Represented

• Gufran Beig, Former Chief Scientist, IITM Pune SAFAR Project

• Ronak Sutaria, Founder, Respirer Sciences Pvt Ltd

• Anumita Roy Chowdhury, Research and Advocacy and head of the air pollution and clean transportation programme, campaigns for clean air and public health, Centre for Science and Environment

• Vijay Anadkat, Fellow, WRI India

• Bhagwan Keshbhat, Founder, Waatavaran Foundation

• Nitai Mehta, Founder, Praja Foundation

Stakeholder Organizations Represented

• Professor Kapil Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

• Rhea Shah, Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture and Environmental Studies

• Subhajit Mukherjee, Mission Green Mumbai

• Sitaram Shelar, Pani Haq Samiti

• Amita Bhide, TISS

• Roshni Nuggehalli, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA)

• Nikhil Anand, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania

Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management

Zonal Consultations

in these consultations to streamline and finalize the sectoral goals, targets and actions identified. A list of these

organizations is given below:

The ward level consultations saw representation from Assistant Commissioners, assistant engineers from the ward

level and zonal Deputy Municipal Commissioners from three districts. The wards represented by the participants are

listed below:

Departments within BMCOther Agencies

• Storm Water Drains

• Gardens & Tree Authority

• Hydraulic Engineer

• Coastal Road

• Sewerage Operations

• Deonar Abattoir

• Parking Authority

• Building Maintenance

• Development Planning

• Environment Department

• Mechanical and El ectrical

• Solid Waste Management

• Mumbai Port Trust

• Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority

• Central Pollution Control Board

• Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

• MMRDA Monorail

• Mumbai Metro One Private Limited

• BEST

• Reliance Metro

• Adani Electricity

• C40 Cities

• Tata Power

• Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited

• Magenta Group

• Environment Department, GoM

WesternP/S ward, K/W ward, K/E ward, R/N ward, R/C ward. Kandivali east

west ward, H/E ward

EasternN ward, T ward, M/East ward, M/W ward

CityC ward, F/N ward, E ward, F/S ward, G/N ward, P/N ward, M/W ward

Data Check List

ANNEXURE 4

SectorDepartmentData Points

Water SupplyHydraulic Engineering

1.Water demand of the city in MLD & LPCD

2.Water supplied to the city in MLD & LPCD

3.Sources of water supply and their capacity

4.Future sources of water supply to cater to the projected demand and

their capacity

5.The water quality standard that is maintained while treating the

drinking water

6.% of HHs having piped water connection

7.% of HHs having 24x7 water supply

8.Total water put into the transmission and distribution system

9.Total water sold

10.Electricity required to supply 1,000 litres of water by municipal

authorities

11.Energy consumed Per MLD water supplied over a year

12.Annual electricity consumption of water supply management

13.The Mumbai Water Supply Management Plan (No Water Supply

Management Plan; got the Expert Committee Report on ‘Towards

Equitable and 24x7 Water Supply for Greater Mumbai)

14.Map and location of the WTPs and the city-wide Water Supply

Network (GIS and PDF layer) (GIS Shape files are not there with HE

dept.)

15.Changes in number of distributions of WTPs and total units of

electricity consumed for water supply management over the years

(from 2010-2020) (only the power consumption data for May 2021

against the substations have been shared, the other years’ data are

remaining)

16.Total number of waterbodies in the city (2015-2020)

17.Total area of waterbodies (2015-2020)

18.Plans to conserve waterbodies, 2021 and onwards

QuestionsQuestions

1.Has the city carried out a study indicating stock of existing water

resources and its uses for various sectors with projections? (Yes/No)

2.Does the city have water resource management plan with actions?

3. Is the city on target to meet the future water demand (2035- 40)?

(Yes/No)

4. Has city considered climate change scenarios in estimating future

water availability? (Yes/No)

5. Has city conducted the Energy Audit including for water supply

pumping stations and treatment plants? (Yes/No)

6. What is the process of treatment of drinking water before releasing

for transmission?

7.How is the monitoring of the treatment of the water done?

8.Does the City have a Water Supply Management Plan? (Yes/No)

9.Does city prioritize rejuvenation and conservation of water bodies?

10.Has city allocated any financial resources for rejuvenation and

conservation of urban water bodies and open areas?

11.Is the city reviewing and monitoring urban water bodies and open

areas and maintaining rejuvenated/conserved water bodies and

open areas?

Storm Water Drainage

SWD Planning Cell1. Storm water drainage network – natural and artificial drainage

network (with design details: length, volume, flow rates, outfalls,

location of flood gates, etc.)

2. Length of covered drains and open drains

3. Capacity of the present SWD network and how much should be the

required capacity to accommodate flood-like situation

4. Frequency of cleaning and desilting the nallahs, Mithi river and water

bodies, and when is it done?

5.Mapping of problem areas/sections within the storm water drainage

network

6.Map/spatial location of areas prone to water logging

7.Map/spatial extent of flood-prone and affected areas

8.Map/spatial extension of evacuation network paths (including road

network map)

9.Physical protective barriers to manage flooding/sea water intrusion:

flood walls, embankments, dykes, MOSE gate, etc.

10.% of widening and deepening of Mithi river that is completed

11.GIS shape files of city-wide Storm Water Drainage Network with

location of pumping stations and outfalls

12.PDF files of city-wide Storm Water Drainage Network with location

of pumping stations and outfalls

13.Condition of the floodgates at the outfalls (number of floodgates

and their maintenance condition)

SWD (O&M)

SWD (M&E) Projects

QuestionsQuestions

1.How old is the present storm water drainage network?

2.What is the process of cleaning and desilting of nallahs, rivers and

waterbodies?

3.Has city conducted a rapid flood risk assessment? (Yes/No)

4.Has city prepared a flood risk mitigation plan? (Yes/No)

5.Has city implemented the flood management plan? (Yes/No)

6.Has city conducted a scientific hazard risk vulnerability assessment

(HRVA) and included recommendations in the relevant plans? (Yes/No)

Sewerage and Sanitation

Sewerage Operations1. Quantity of wastewater generated for the years 2010-2020

2.Process of treatment of wastewater and sewage

3.Wastewater’s source and its organic content –

a. BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) concentration

b. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) content

4.Organic component removed as sludge

5.Amount of methane recovered from the process of treatment of

wastewater

6.Treated wastewater recycled and reused in million litres per day

7.Energy consumed per MLD of wastewater generated and treated

8.Annual electricity consumption of wastewater management

9.The City Sanitation Plan of Mumbai: i) Sewage Master Plan (1979-

2005) and ii) MSDP (2005-2025)

10.Number, location (map-wise) and capacity of proposed STPs and

WWTFs

11.Number and Location Map of existing STP and WWTFs

12.City-level Zone Map based on the service coverage of each STP (GIS

shape files)

13.Map showing overall city-level Sewerage Network Map (GIS

shapefiles)

14.Process of treatment of wastewater and sewage

15.Water quality standard maintained for treated sewage and waste

water

QuestionsQuestions

1.Where does the city re-use the wastewater?

2.Has city conducted the Energy Audit including for wastewater

pumping stations and treatment plants? (Yes/No)

3.Does the city have any Sanitation Plan? (yes/no)

Sewerage Project

Mumbai Sewerage Disposal Project

Solid Waste Managemen

Solid Waste

Management

Department

1.Total solid waste generated in Mumbai (annual average tonnes per

day) – 2015 to 2021 <2010 – 2020>

2.Based on the data submitted between 2015 and 2021, waste

generation data has been decreasing in Mumbai – why/how is there a

decrease?

3.Waste generated by sector – residential buildings, commercial

buildings & municipal buildings (2010 – 2020)

4.Number of vehicles used for waste management by sector –

residential buildings, commercial buildings & municipal buildings (2010

– 2020)

5.Vehicle kilometres travelled by waste management vehicles (2010 –

2020)

6.Fuel consumption (fuel sales data) for waste management vehicles

(2010 – 2020) - petrol, diesel, CNG, biofuel, electricity

7.Total waste processed through composting, waste to energy,

biomethanisation RDF (total tonnes per annum)

8.Total waste recycled, MRF – formal or informal (tonnes per annum)

9.Total waste recovered and recycled (tonnes per annum)

10.SCF/RDF utilized (tonnes per annum)

11.Total Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste transferred to

processing facility or designated dumping point (tonnes per annum) [No

info available]

12.Total C&D waste generated in city (tonnes per annum) [No info

available]

13.Total C&D waste transferred to processing facility which is

converted to recycled products (tonnes per annum)

14.Number, location and map of dumpsites/landfills in and around

Mumbai

15.Total waste sent to dumpsites/landfills (tonnes per annum)

16.Type/condition of landfill/dumpsite (managed, unmanaged – deep,

unmanaged – shallow, uncategorized) [Will make assumption]

17.Waste composition (for calculating DOC) – fraction/percentage of

waste by type (food waste, garden & park waste, nappies & sanitary

waste, paper/cardboard waste, rubber & leather, textiles, wood, others)

18.Methane recovered at landfill (flared or energy recovery) – Yes/No

19.Quantity of waste treated through biological processes

(composting/anaerobic digestion)

20.Type of waste (wet/dry)

21.Biological treatment type (composting/anaerobic digestion)

22.Quantity of methane recovered from biological processing of waste

23.Quantity of waste incinerated or burnt

24.Type of treatment (incineration/open burning)

25.Type of premises (stoker/fluidized bed – continuous incineration,

semi-continuous incineration, batch type incineration)

26.% of total domestic hazardous waste (menstrual waste/baby and

adult diapers) collected (whether collected separately at source or

received from MRF center) is treated, either by BMC or through third

party managing biomedical waste (hazardous waste from hospitals,

nursing homes/clinics/labs, etc. not considered)

27.% of wet waste processed out of total wet waste collected

28.% of dry waste processed out of total dry waste collected (excluding

domestic hazardous waste) through MRF, RDF or W2E plants, etc.

29.% of HH having individual toilet facilities [Directed by sewerage

operations to SWM]

30.% of HH catered by community toilets [Directed by sewerage

operations to SWM]

31.% of HH having soak pits [Directed by sewerage operations to SWM]

32.% of HH practising open defecation [Directed by sewerage

operations to SWM]

33.Does the City have Waste to Energy Plants? (yes/ No), If yes, how

many and their location map (MSDP directed the information to be

taken from SWM department)

QuestionsQuestions

1.Does Mumbai have dedicated facilities for material recovery and

SCF/Refuse Derived Fuel? (Yes/No)

2. Does city practice scientific disposal of municipal solid waste? (Yes/

No)

3.Does city landfill have Environmental Clearance (EC) from SEIAA or

as applicable for the State? (Yes/No)

4.Does the operation of landfills in Mumbai take place as per SWM

Rules, 2016? (Yes/No)

5.Has Mumbai planned for any scientific landfill/dumpsite closure along

with post closure maintenance? (Yes/No)

6.Has the city executed scientific closure of landfill/dumpsites and

mitigation of landfill gas? (Yes/No)

7.Has the city executed scientific closure, utilization of landfill gas and

maintained the site post closure? (Yes/No)

8.Has Mumbai converted any scientifically capped landfill/dumpsite

into green space for public/multi-use after post maintenance period?

(Yes/No)

10. Is the city recycling & reusing Construction & Demolition waste?

11.Has Mumbai undergone the Swachh Survekshan survey? If yes,

please share report/findings

12. Does the city have a solid waste management plan? (There is no

SWM Plan)

13.Is there a ban on the use, sale and storage of non-biodegradable

plastic bags/products less than 50 microns, in compliance with plastic

waste management rules 2016?

14.Were there any initiatives undertaken in 2019-21 to reduce

generation of dry/wet waste? If yes, share details

15.Is there any on-site wet waste processing by non-bulk waste

generators?

16.How are Bulk Waste Generators managed?

(i) doing onsite processing of wet waste generated, including kitchen

and garden waste or organic waste or getting wet waste collected

and processed by private parties authorized by BMC

(ii) Handing over segregated dry waste to authorized waste pickers

or waste collectors

17.Does the capacity of dry waste processing facility/facilities match

with the total dry waste collected in the city?

18.What are the mechanisms in place to collect and process/reuse C&D

waste as per C&D waste management rules, 2016?

19.Has Mumbai considered remediation of all identified dumpsites, no

legacy waste (dumpsite)/zero landfill city?

20.Is the landfill in Mumbai a sanitary landfill?

Air QualityEnvironment Dept

1.Ambient Air Quality levels for pollutants PM2.5, PM10, Ozone, NO2,

CO, SO2, CO2, NOX, SOX, NH3and C6H6for the years between 2010-

2020 (Only for the month of Nov 2020, Jan 2021 and Feb 2021 has

been received)

2.AQI values against different monitoring stations (2010-2020)

Questions

1.Number of Air Pollution/Quality Monitoring Stations and their

locations

2.Does city perform pollutant source identification and have a clean air

action plan?

3.Has clean air action plan been implemented?

4.Is assessment of impacts of clean air action plan being done?

5.Does the city monitor the basic pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SOxas

per Central Pollution Control Board Guidelines? (Yes/No)

7. Does the city demonstrate reduction trend/incremental

improvements in compliance to NCAP targets? (Yes/No)

8.Does city's air quality comply with National Ambient Air Quality

Standards? (Yes/No)

DisasterDisaster Management

1.Map/spatial location of areas prone to water logging

2.Map/spatial extent of flood prone and affected area

3.Map/spatial extension of evacuation network paths (include Road

network map)

4.Map/spatial location of landslide-prone and affected areas

5.Study undertaken on landslides and slope failures in Mumbai

6.CRZ Zones

7.The latest Disaster Management Plan of Mumbai

8.Types of calamities, their impact area, loss of lives and potential

economic losses and loss of jobs (calamity-wise and sector-wise) from

2010-2020 (Only the peoples’ lives lost data against the incidents are

obtained)

9.Different types of risks and their priorities

10.BMC daily/ monthly rain gauge data (1969-2020) recorded against

all the rain gauge stations of BMC

Questions

1.Has city conducted a rapid flood risk assessment? (Yes/No)

2.Has city prepared a flood risk mitigation plan? (Yes/No)

3.Has city implemented the flood management plan? (Yes/No)

4.Has city conducted a scientific hazard risk vulnerability assessment

(HRVA) and included recommendations in the relevant plans? (Yes/No)

Mumbai Port Trust

1.Tide Level Data at one minute/hourly interval (2010-2020)

Maharashtra Maritime

Board

Indian Meteorological

Department

1.Average Storm Surge Height (one minute interval/hourly interval) (2010-2020) (redirected to get the data from INCOIS)

2.Frequency of Cyclones (2010-2020)

3.Cyclonic pathways (2010-2020)

ClimateIndian Meteorological Department

1.Precipitation data from IMD – decadal trend since 1969

2.Temperature data from IMD – decadal trend since 1969

3.Humidity or dew point temperature data from IMD – decadal trend

since 1969

Urban Planning

Developmental

Planning Dept

1.Map of water bodies

2.Map of open areas

3.Map of green cover

4.Existing land use management characteristics/land use map

5.Total green cover in the city as a percentage of municipal area

6.Total urban and peri-urban areas (including institutional lands)

7.Population/Demography

8.GDP of Mumbai and per capita income

9.Total area of city

10.Slum population in the city

11.Metro rail network with stations

12.Suburban railway network with station

Green Cover and Biodiversity

Garden and Tree

Authority, Garden Cell

1.Map of open spaces (2020)

2.Map of green spaces (2020)

3.Location of trees and types (2020)

4.Proposed green area increase after 2021, with upcoming projects and documents

5.T otal green cover in the city as a percentage of total municipal area (2015-2021)

6.Total mangrove cover in the city (2020)

7.Total area of open forests [1](2015-2021)

8.Total area of scrub/grassland vegetation (2015-2021)

9.Total area of wetlands (2015-2021)

10.Total areas of urban and social forestry (improved & new) (2015- 2021)

11.Map of soil type and cover (2020)

Questions

1.Does the city prioritize conservation of open spaces?

2.Has the city mapped open areas? What is the location of trees and types?

3.Has the city allocated any financial resources for rejuvenation and conservation of open areas?

4.Is the city reviewing and monitoring open areas and maintaining

rejuvenated/conserved open areas?

6.Has the city established a city-level biodiversity management

committee?

7.Has the city conducted baseline assessment for urban biodiversity

management?

8.Has the city identified measures to increase the urban biodiversity

with sufficient resources allocated for its implementation? If yes, has

the city implemented the said measures?

TransportA.Traffic department

Data for 2020

1.Total road network map and length (data given in polygon form)

2.Length of footpaths and cycle paths (km)

3.Length of pedestrian pathways (km)

4. Length of cycle lanes if any (km)

5.Average vehicle kilometres travelled by cars, taxis – kaali peelis,

autorickshaws, 2-wheelers, BEST buses

6.Road congestion map/list

Questions

1.Is the city considering congestion pricing/new parking policies or any

other measures to tackle congestion?

A.The Brihanmumbai

Electric Supply &

Transport Undertaking

B.Maharashtra State

Road Transport

Corporation

C.Mumbai Bus Malak

Sanghatana (private bus

operators association)

D.Cityflo (premium

AC buses for office

corporates)

Data from 2010-2021 and onwards

1.Number of buses (segregated by clean fuels such as CNG, LPG,

hybrid, biofuels, electric) in the city

2.Number of privately operated buses (segregated by fuel such as CNG,

LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city

3.Electricity and fuel consumption for all the above buses

4.Fuel efficiency and age of buses

5.Number and distribution of EV chargers and/or battery swapping

stations for buses

6.Total public transport availability per 1000 people

Questions

1.Does the city have clean technology shared vehicles?

2.Does the city have a robust public transport system?

3.Does the city have any incentives for clean fuel public transport?

A.OLA/Uber, Meru

cabs, Mega cabs

B.Ola research center

C.Motor Vehicles

Transport data (2010 – 2020) and 2021 and onwards

1.Number of taxis (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid,

biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city

2.Number of app-based cabs (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG,

D.Magenta Power |

ChargeGrid | Mobility

(charging infrastructure

company)

E.Strom Motors

(startup in Mumbai for

e-cars)

F.Mumbai Metropolitan

Region Transport

Authority

G.Mumbai Taxi

Association

3.Number of app-based 2-wheelers (segregated by fuel such as CNG,

LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city

4.Number of auto rickshaws (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG,

hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city

5.Electricity and fuel consumption for autos, 2-wheelers, taxis and cabs

6.Number of private 2-wheelers (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG,

hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol)

7.Number of private, commercial, government 3-wheelers (segregated

by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol)

8.Number of private, commercial, government 4-wheelers (segregated

by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol)

9.Number of private, commercial, government multi axle vehicles

(segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel,

petrol)

10.Total/average vehicle kilometres by the above modes

A.Mumbai

Metropolitan Region

Development Authority

B.Central Railways

C.Western Railways

D.Mumbai Metro Rail

Corporation

E.Mumbai Railway

Vikas Corporation

Data from 2014-2020 and 2021 onwards with year and proposed

expansion

1.Fleet size of metro rail

2.Fleet size of suburban rail network

3.Fleet size of mono rail

4.Daily ridership vs expected ridership of metro

5.Daily vs expected ridership of suburban rail

6.Daily ridership vs expected ridership of mono rail

7.Electricity consumption for suburban rail, metro and monorail

Questions

Does the metro route have optimal last-mile connectivity initiatives or

plans to increase last-mile access?

A.Traffic department

B.RTO

Data from 2010-2020

1.Number of private vehicles (millions) (4-wheelers and 2-wheelers)

2.Number of electric vehicles in the city (2-, 3- and 4-wheelers)

3.Number of commercial app based 2-wheelers

4.Total electricity and fuel consumption by private 4-wheelers and

2-wheelers

5.Number of 3-wheelers (millions): commercial, private, govt, number

of diesel vehicles, number of petrol vehicles, number of CNG/LPG

vehicles

6.Number of commercial taxis and cabs

7.Number of private, government, diesel, petrol, and CNG/LPG

7.Total number of multi-axle (million), number of commercial multi

axle, govt. multi-axle, number of diesel multi-axles and CNG/LPG-based

multi-axles in the city

(yet to receive from west RTO)

Questions

1.What are the initiatives in place or proposed for managing

congestion? (congestion charges, parking policy, parking charges, low

emission zones, etc.)

2.What are the incentives in place to promote clean fuel private

vehicles?

A.Maharashtra State

Road Development

Corporation

B.Maharashtra

Maritime Board

C.Mumbai Port Trust

Data from 2010-2020

1.Number of ferries (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid,

biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city

2.ROPAX fleet size: current and proposed

3.Fuel/electricity consumption of ferry fleet

4.Ridership for ferry

5.List of ferry stations and routes

Petroleum companies

DISCOMs – BEST, TATA

Power, Adani

BMC Departments

Data for GHG inventory (2010-2020)

1.Electricity consumption – on-road vehicles, off-road vehicles,

railways, waterborne navigation, electricity consumption at charging

stations

(Received for metro, BEST buses, Central Railway)

2.Fuel consumption (total fuel sales) data at the city-level – diesel,

petrol, auto LPG, CNG, biofuel (specify kind of biofuel), aviation turbine

fuel for on-road, off-road, railways, aviation and water navigation, by

fleet (municipal, public, private, commercial, multiple) type

Cross SectoralMarket Department

1.List of existing markets

2.I nformation on ongoing projects

3.Is there any NMT infrastructure construction at existing markets?

4.What are the existing waste management systems at various

markets?

5.Fuel consumption by street vendors, hawkers – LPG, CNG, coal,

firewood <not available>

Energy & Buildings

Chief Engineer (Building

Maintenance, Building

Proposal) Department

1.Total electric energy generated from all grid-connected renewable

energy sources within the city (2010 – 2020)

2.Total electricity consumption in the city (2010 – 2020)

3.Total electrical energy supplied from all grid-connected renewable

energy sources to the city (2010 – 2020)

4.Total number of units lost due to T&D loss (2010 – 2020)

5.Cumulative installed capacity (off grid + on grid) from renewable

energy sources for self-consumption (2010 – 2020)

6.Total connected load in the city (2010 – 2020)

7.Building height

8.Building footprint of Mumbai

Percentage of buildings securing green building compliance, pre-

certification, and final certification

9.Total number of pre-certified buildings for the assessment period

10.Total number of buildings approved for the construction for the

assessment period

11.Built-up area of green buildings certified for the assessment period

12.Built-up area of all buildings completed for the assessment period

13.Are all the buildings in the base year certified? (Yes/No)

14.Total electricity consumption of green buildings certified till 2020

15.Total electricity consumption of all buildings completed in 2020

Level of compliance, implementation procedures and stakeholder co-

operation in place for green buildings

16.Is there any existing compliance procedure at state level? (Yes/No)

17.Is there inclusion of latest National Building Codes (NBC 2016) and/

or Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC 2017) (commercial &

residential) as notified in City Development Control Regulations (DCRs/

GDCRs), building rules/byelaws? (Yes/No)

Mechanical and

Electrical

1.Total number of and electricity consumption for public parks and

gardens (2010 – 2020)

2.Total number of and electrical energy consumption for municipal

schools (2010 – 2020)

3.Total number of and electricity consumption for municipal buildings

(2010 – 2020)

4.Total number of and electricity consumption for community halls

(2010 – 2020)

5.Total number of and electricity consumption for govt. hospitals/clinics

(2010 – 2020)

6.Total electricity consumption for fire services (2010 – 2020)

7.T otal number of and electricity consumption for all streetlights

(2010 – 2020)

8.Total number of and electricity consumption for energy efficient

streetlights (2010 – 2020)

9.Total number of and electricity consumption for streetlights under

smart street lighting automation (2010 – 2020)

10.Total number of RE-powered streetlighting (2010 – 2020)

11.Total number of and electricity consumption for WTPs

(2010 – 2020)

12.Total number of and electricity consumption for STPs (2010 – 2020)

13. Map of streetlighting in Mumbai

Mumbai Fire Brigade

1.Total electricity consumption for fire services (2010 – 2020)

2.Total diesel consumption (2010 – 2020)

3.Total petrol consumption (2010 – 2020)

4.Total LPG consumption (2010 – 2020)

5.Total CNG consumption (2010 – 2020)

6.Mention name and quantity of any other fuel consumed (2010 – 2020)

DISCOMs (TATA Power,

Adani, BEST)

MSEDCL

Electricity consumption data (2010 – 2020)

Residential subsector

Number of residential consumers (LT)

Total number of units consumed by residential consumers (Kwh)

Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)

Commercial subsector

Number of commercial consumers (LT)

Total number of units consumed by commercial consumers (Kwh)

Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)

Municipal/Public facilities and buildings subsector

Number of public streetlights and parks (LT)

Total number of units consumed by public streetlights and parks (Kwh)

Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)

Industrial subsector

Number of residential consumers (LT/HT)

Total number of units consumed by residential consumers [LT/HT] (Kwh)

Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)

Mahanagar Gas,

HP, Indane, Bharat Gas,

Indian Oil, Petrol pump

associations

Fossil fuel data by residential, commercial, municipal/public facilities &

buildings, industrial, energy industries subsectors (2010 – 2020)

Total coal consumption in city (in tons)

Total diesel consumption in city (in KL)

Total petrol consumption in city (in KL)

Total kerosene consumption in city (in KL)

Total PNG consumption in city (in kg)

Total CNG consumption in city (in kg)

Total LPG consumption in city (in kg)

Total aviation turbine fuel/jet fuel consumption in city

Total furnace oil consumption in city (in litres)

Total fuel wood consumption in city (in tons)

Total biodiesel consumption in city (in litres)

Total solar energy consumption in city (in MWh)

Total wind energy consumption in city (in MWh)

Total hydro energy consumption in city (in MWh)

Total nuclear energy consumption in city (in joule)

Total waste to energy consumed in city (in MWh)

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