2022
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENT MUMBAI
Table of Contents
12
34
Vision: Towards a Net Zero & Climate Resilient Mumbai
Executive Summary
How to Read the MCAP?
1 City ContextMumbai’s Baseline Assessment
Pathways to a 1.5°C Warming Scenario for Mumbai
Sectoral Priorities
2.1.Assessment of Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities in Mumbai
2.2.GHG Inventory: Critical Sources and Sinks
2.3.Conclusion from Baseline Assessment
4.1. Six Priorities
4.2. Ensuring Inclusivity and Equity
4.3. Aligning with Global, National and Sub-national Planning Goals
3743
8191
43
81
91
94
72
25
34
23Leaders Pledge for Climate Action in Mumbai
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
08
14
16
1.1.Ecological Landscape
1.2.Urban Landscape
1.3.Social and Economic Context
38
39
40
3.1.City-wide Mitigation Targets
3.2.GHG Scenarios for Mumbai
3.3.Sectoral Strategies94 82
86
77
5
Sectoral Plans – Goals, Actions & Implementation Strategies
5.1.Energy & Buildings
5.2.Sustainable Mobility
5.3. Sustainable Waste Management
5.4. Urban Greening & Biodiversity
5.5. Air Quality
5.6.Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management
97
98
113
124
138
152
167
6
7
Governance and Institutional Structures
Tracking Progress
6.1. The Existing Organizational Structure of BMC
6.2. Proposed Department of Environment & Climate Change
6.3. Creating a Climate Budget for Mumbai
7.1. Monitoring
7.2. Evaluation
7.3. Reporting
7.4.Conclusion
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185
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202
190
203
195
204
Annexure 1
Annexure 2
Annexure 3
Annexure 4
References
207
213
217
219
233
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Location of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and Mumbai city in the State of Maharashtra in India
Greater Mumbai’s ecological and urban landscape
Annual air temperature anomalies between 1973 and 2020
LST map for Mumbai
Difference in surface temperature by land use and land cover in Mumbai
Map showing BMC waterlogging hotspots and population density exposed within 250m risk area around
each spot
Landslide-prone locations and informal settlements
Average annual sea surface temperature, 2003-2020 (a) Daytime (b) Night-time
Storm surge associated with Cyclone Tauktae, May 2021
Mumbai coastline change, 1990 vs 2020
Mumbai mangrove area assessment, 2008-2010 vs 2018-2021
Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 (July 2015 – March 2021)
3D timeseries of hourly average concentration of PM2.5 for Bandra and Colaba monitoring stations,
Mumbai, June 2019 - May 2021
Concentration of NO2Levels in Mumbai April 2010– March 2021 (Annual Average)
Total vertical column density of S02and CO and NO2, June 2019 - May 2020
Climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment framework
Emissions from sub-sectors
GHG emissions by sector for Mumbai (million tonnes CO2e)
Stationary energy emissions - Total GHGs (metric tonnes CO2e)
Transportation (SCOPE 1 & 2) - Total GHGs (metric tonnes CO2e)
Waste sector emissions - Total GHGs (metric tonnes CO2e)
Carbon sequestration from different vegetation types in Mumbai from 2016 to 2021
% Loss in tree-cover density in Mumbai, 2016-2021
Change in mangrove and protected forest density in Mumbai for 2016-2021
Scenarios modeled
Business-as-usual scenario emission estimate
Emission reduction potential of actions in the E&P scenario
Emission reduction potential of actions in the ambitious scenario
Figure 30
Figure 31
Figure 32
Figure 33
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Figure 37
Figure 38
Figure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
Figure 43
Figure 44
Figure 45
Figure 46
Figure 47
Figure 48
Figure 49
Chapter flow
Land surface temperature increase over 10 years (range from 2005-2010 [top] and 2015-2020
[bottom]) along Andheri-Ghatkopar link road due to heat island effect
Approach to decarbonize Mumbai’s grid and make buildings resilient
Public transport in Mumbai
Municipal solid waste composition
Waste disposal sites in Mumbai
Wards with the highest number of SMPAs (left) and highest quantities of segregated waste (right)
Approach for the waste sector
Frequency of heavy rainfall events in Mumbai during 2011-2020
Water infrastructure and service systems in Mumbai
Water resilient approach for Mumbai
Organizational structure of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)
Proposed climate action cell
Department-wise percentage of estimated cost of project works in BMC
Map representing access to recreational open spaces within 1km walking distance
Map representing access to (existing and proposed) mass transit stations within 1km walking distance
Map representing access to healthcare by population density
Map representing population living within 1km walking distance of educational institutions
Map representing access to fire services within 5-minute response time across Mumbai
Map correlating access to flood shelters with population density within 1km walking distance
ANNEXURE 1
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20
Table 21
Table 22
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
Table 26
Table 27
Table 28
Table 29
Table 30
Table 31
Sector-wise action tracks and rationale
Critical pollutants by pollution control permissible limits
Socio-economic aspects
Physical environment aspects
Infrastructure and services aspects
% Emission reduction under E&P and Ambitious scenarios
Strategy goals for the Ambitious scenario for Mumbai
Ongoing renewable energy and green building initiatives by BMC
Energy & Buildings: Sectoral action tracks
Energy & Buildings: Track-wise actions table and their implementation
Approach for sustainable transport
Ongoing transport initiatives undertaken by BMC
Sustainable Transport: Sectoral action tracks
Sustainable Transport: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Ongoing initiatives in the waste sector
Sustainable Waste Management: Sectoral action tracks
Sustainable Waste Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Approach for urban greening and biodiversity
Ongoing greening initiatives undertaken by BMC
Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Sectoral action tracks
Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Air Quality: Ongoing initiatives by BMC
Air Quality: Sectoral action tracks
Air Quality: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Ongoing initiatives of BMC
Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Sectoral action tracks
Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Existing list of line departments and other agencies as per priority action areas
Staffing plan in Climate Action Cell
Key performance Indicators for priority actions
Sample reporting template for energy sector actions
Leaders Pledge for Climate Action in Mumbai
I am pleased to know that the Brihanmumbai
Municipal Corporation (BMC) has responded to
the climate crisis with the Mumbai Climate Action
Plan (MCAP). As extreme weather events unfold
across the globe, the climate crisis has reached our
doorstep. While India is on track to achieve the
Nationally Determined Contributions, Maharashtra
is determined to lead India’s fight against this
impeding crisis by policy-governance reforms and
inculcating a climate action culture in the society.
At COP26 in Glasgow, Maharashtra was the only
Indian state to be felicitated with the Inspiring
Regional Leadership Award from the Under2
Coalition for Climate Action.
The Government of Maharashtra has been
proactive in encouraging sustainable development
of the State with various local to global climate
action programs such as the Maharashtra Electric
Vehicle Policy 2021 and the Majhi Vasundhara
Abhiyan to introduction of stringent norms in
the Maharashtra (Urban Areas) Protection and
Preservation of Trees (Amendment) Act, 2021, and
having 43 cities in Maharashtra sign-up to their
commitments for the UNFCCC’s Race to Zero
campaign.
The Mumbai Climate Action Plan is aligned to
meet the goals of the Paris Agreement limiting
global warming to 1.5°C. The evidence-based
policymaking and stakeholder consultations that
have led to the shaping of the MCAP will help
Mumbai become a climate-resilient city.
I wholeheartedly congratulate BMC for the MCAP
and wish them luck in spearheading the climate
resilience journey of Mumbai and Maharashtra,
towards a greener future.
Shri. Uddhav ThackerayHonourable Chief Minister of Maharashtra
A day’s delay in taking decisive, inclusive climate
action is akin to adding months of uncertainty
and vulnerability to the lives of our future
generations. The climate crisis is no longer an event
in the distant future but a reality unfolding in our
everyday lives.
At such a critical juncture, I welcome the unveiling
of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan (MCAP) by
the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation(BMC).
The Sixth Assessment Report published by United
Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change has estimated that Mumbai can witness a
sea-level rise of around 0.58 metres by 2100, the
highest in India. Various recent extreme weather
events in Maharashtra such as the Cyclone Tauktae,
urban flooding, and untimely rains have shown
that developing localised mitigation and resilience
strategies is the need of the hour.
Our objective is to encourage climate action at the
grassroots level. Achieving climate resilience in an
urban body such as Mumbai is to strike the perfect
balance between its developmental aspirations
and nature conservation. Despite developmental
pressures, the citizens of Mumbai successfully
protected their city’s natural green lungs – The
Aarey Forest. More than 5,000 illegal structures on
Mumbai’s mangrove lands have been removed by
the Mangrove Cell. Mumbai has also witnessed a
phenomenal rise in the uptake of electric vehicles in
public as well as private fleet.
To educate our children about the science behind
climate change, we have introduced the Majhi
Vasundhara Curriculum in our schools. Mumbai
has joined the World Resources Institute’s
Cities4Forests and C40 Cities’ Urban Nature
Declaration – both of which aim to protect,
preserve and amplify the city’s open blue and
green spaces to conserve our rich ecological
heritage. Mumbai has also joined the C40 Cities
Women4Climate program to ensure that women
play a pivotal role in Mumbai’s fight against Climate
Change.
The indomitable spirit of our city has overcome
innumerable challenges. It is now time to initiate
collective action to safeguard our future. With the
launch of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan, Mumbai
has set the benchmark for Climate Action in India.
As the Guardian Minister of Mumbai Suburban
District, I firmly resolve to contribute in every
possible manner to make MCAP a success story.
Shri. Aaditya ThackerayHonourable Cabinet Minister of Environment & Climate Change, Tourism & Protocol, Government of Maharashtra
Smt. Kishori PednekarHonourable Mayor of Mumbai
It is an honour for me to present the Brihanmumbai
Municipal Corporation’s Mumbai Climate Action
Plan. For a city reeling under climate stress for
years now, the MCAP is a path towards a brighter
future. The memories of the urban floods of
2005 and 2017 are still fresh in our minds. The
increasing frequency of cyclones hitting Mumbai’s
coast every year is an equally daunting prospect.
Between 1991 and 2018, Mumbai has witnessed
a 2-degree Celsius rise in average temperature. A
well-grounded and scientifically designed strategy
is critical to combat the vagaries of climate change.
Even before the formulation of the MCAP, BMC
had commenced its journey towards sustainability
with active support from the Central and State
Government. With the MCAP in hand now, our
efforts towards a sustainable city will become even
more streamlined.
The MCAP is revolutionary because it provides
a holistic roadmap for Mumbai’s drive towards
sustainable development. Its six focus areas
– Energy & Buildings, Integrated Mobility,
Sustainable Waste Management, Urban Greening
& Biodiversity, Air Quality, and Urban Flooding
& Water Resource Management – provide
innovative and lasting solutions to Mumbai’s
climate challenges. The MCAP has truly inspired
city leaders like myself to deliver inclusive climate
actions and provide equitable solutions for all.
Mumbai stands at the critical juncture, where
Mumbaikars can guide the nation by making
the MCAP a success and ensuring a safe and
sustainable future for our children.
As the Executive Head of the Brihanmumbai
Municipal Corporation (BMC), I feel extremely
proud and fortunate to present the Mumbai
Climate Action Plan (MCAP). Firstly, I would
like to thank the Government of Maharashtra
and Mumbai for their constant support and
commitment towards making the MCAP a reality.
Next, I congratulate the Additional Municipal
Commissioner (City) and his team for their tireless
efforts in drafting the MCAP.
Mumbai is at high risk due to changing weather
patterns. Between 1973 and 2020, Mumbai
observed a warming trend with an average
temperature increase of 0.25°C per decade. Over
the years, of all the significant urban floods in
India, three major ones have occurred in Mumbai
in 2005, 2014 and 2017. Furthermore, as per
the data from BMC’s Disaster Management
Department, 287 locations within Greater Mumbai
are landslide-prone.
The MCAP is revolutionary because the solutions
that it suggests for Mumbai’s climate vulnerabilities
are scientifically designed taking into account
ground realities after several deliberations with
citizens. To begin with, the MCAP team conducted
an in-depth vulnerability analysis of the city. Next,
a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory was prepared
to identify the city's critical sources and sinks of
greenhouse gases which then guided action tracks
to reduce emissions.
MCAP aims to guide the city towards a net zero
future through inclusive, low carbon urban
development. I humbly request all Mumbaikars to
support the BMC in its efforts to implement the
MCAP in an effective manner.
Dr. I.S. Chahal IASMunicipal Commissioner of Mumbai, BMC
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar IASHonourable Additional Municipal Commissioner – City, BMC
At the outset, I would like to thank the political
leadership of Maharashtra and Mumbai, for
their progressive vision, without which this
revolutionary action of the Mumbai Climate Action
Plan (MCAP) would not have seen the light of day.
I’m humbled to have had the opportunity to lead
the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation’s (BMC)
team in preparing the MCAP. I extend my sincere
thanks to all departments for their meaningful
contributions towards the MCAP. Furthermore, I
am deeply grateful to our knowledge partners C40
cities and World Resources Institute India (WRI
India) for their technical guidance and support in
drafting the MCAP.
South Asian coastal cities like Mumbai are at a
high risk and we stand at a crucial precipice where
climate disasters can push our developmental
aspirations back a few decades. Hence, the
MCAP is vital for ensuring climate resilient urban
development in Mumbai driven by a people-centric
approach. The chosen six focus areas of Mumbai
CAP are congruent with India’s commitments
towards the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG), such as SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and
Communities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action)
amongst others. With ongoing initiatives like
electrifying our bus fleet, developing open blue and
green spaces and investing in renewable energy,
I am confident that the MCAP would enhance
BMC’s efforts towards climate change mitigation
and adaptation.
Mumbai, a C40 city with a population of over 12
million people, has published the Mumbai Climate
Action Plan (MCAP). This is the first CAP in the
region, aligned to the C40 CAP framework, an
important milestone for the region and the Global
South. As a signatory to Deadline 2020, Mumbai
has committed to reducing carbon emissions by
50% by 2030 and setting a roadmap to becoming
carbon neutral by 2050 aligned with the Paris
Agreement. Mumbai has led the way in showcasing
how political commitment and leadership can
result in an ambitious yet implementable plan —
which is particularly of importance to the global
south, which is home to some of the most polluted,
populous and fastest growing cities of the world.
A unique component of the MCAP is around
building knowledge systems and common actions
to broad base the benefits of this transition, across
42 other cities in the state that joined Cities Race
to Zero, with the potential to impact an additional
60 million people. The State Environment and
Climate Change Department, the Brihanmumbai
Municipal Corporation (BMC) and WRI India led
from the front on many of these discussions and
helped frame the key priorities and activities that
can enable this transition. Beyond the MCAP, the
city has also actively engaged on inter-sectional
themes like the Women for Climate, Climate
Budget Pilot, U20 2022 and Urban Nature
Declaration, led and coordinated by the regional
C40 Cities team. The next step is to accelerate
and mainstream implementation to deliver on
Mumbai’s transformational climate actions.
At C40, we look forward to working with Mumbai
to achieve the targets set out in this plan while
acting together, learning from each other, sharing
knowledge and building a resilient city that can not
only make its citizens prosperous but also achieve a
greater quality of life for the future generations of
Mumbaikars.
Shruti Narayan Regional Director, South and West Asia C40 Cities
Acknowledgements
The development of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan was under the leadership of Shri. Aaditya Thackeray,
Hon’ble Minister for Environment and Climate Change, Tourism, Protocol, and Guardian Minister, Mumbai
(Suburban), Government of Maharashtra.
We’d like to sincerely thank the individuals listed below for their support and contributions to the Mumbai
Climate Action Plan:
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation:
Dr. I.S Chahal, IAS, Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai, BMC
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, IAS, Additional Municipal Commissioner (City), BMC
Shri. Suresh Kakani, IAS, Additional Municipal Commissioner (Western Suburbs), BMC
Shri. Sunil Godse, Deputy Municipal Commissioner (Environment), BMC
Shri. Sunil Sardar, Officer on Special Duty (Environment), BMC
Shri. Eknath Sankhe, Officer on Special Duty, Mumbai CAP, BMC
Shri. Chandrakant Hule, Executive Engineer (Environment), BMC
Smt. Revati Shidaye, Assistant Engineer (Environment), BMC
Shri. Rohan Hingmire, Assistant Engineer (Environment), BMC
Shri. Vishwajeet Vagatkar, Sub-Engineer (Environment), BMC
Shri. Srikant Solunke, Consultant to the Department of Environment, BMC
Shri. Abhijit Sirkar, Consultant to the Department of Environment, BMC
Government of Maharashtra:
Shri. Sanjay Bansode, Minister of State for Environment and Climate Change
Smt. Manisha Mhaiskar, IAS, Principal Secretary, Department of Environment and Climate Change
Shri. A.L. Jarhad, IAS, Chairman, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
Shri. A.A. Shingare, IAS, Member Secretary, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
Authors:
Saurabh Punamiya Jain, Policy and Engagements Secretary to the Cabinet Minister of Environment & Climate Change, Tourism & Protocol
Tanmay Takle, Policy and Partnerships Advisor to the Cabinet Minister of Environment & Climate Change, Tourism & Protocol
WRI India
Authors:Lubaina Rangwala, Program Head – Urban Development
Mehul Patel, Program Manager, Climate Program
Ramya M A, Project Associate, Climate Program
Avni Agarwal, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development
Sahil Kanekar, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development
Amrita Chakraborty, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development
Prutha Vaze, Program Manager, Climate Program
Geo Analytics Team: Bina Shetty, Program Head - Spatial Data And Data Analytics
Raj Bhagat Palanichamy, Senior Program Manager
Janhavi Mane, Program Associate
Aditya Sharma, Program Associate
Abhinand Gopal, Senior Program Communications Associate
Design & Communications: Rama Thoopal, Program Manager – Communications
Garima Jain, Program Manager – Communications
Shreya Bansal, Project Associate, Urban Development
Deepti Talpade, Program Manager, Urban Development
Spandan Sharma, Communications Manager
C40 Cities Shruti Narayan, Regional Director for South and West Asia Region
Max Jamieson, Head of Technical Aid
Ryan Green, Technical Manager for Climate Change Mitigation
Siyasanga Sauka, Senior Technical Manager, Adaptation Planning
Nikhil Kulkarni, City Advisor for Mumbai
Christina Muniandy, Regional Coordinator for South and West Asia
Media Partner:Climate Voices
Badri Chatterjee, Vinamrata Borwankar, Virat Singh
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation would like to thank all the advisors and reviewers from C40 Cities and
WRI India, Climate Voices, all Assistant Commissioners, Deputy/Joint Municipal commissioners, all Chief
Engineers, all department heads at the ward level and Zonal Deputy Municipal Commissioners, stakeholders
and external agencies who participated in the stakeholder consultations of the Mumbai Climate Action Plan.
Contacts for this report:
1. Additional Municipal Commissioner, City - amc.city@mcgm.gov.in
2. Saurabh Punamiya Jain - saurabhpunamiya.sp@gmail.com
3. Tanmay Takle - tanmaytakle@gmail.com
4. Lubaina Rangwala - lubaina.rangwala@wri.org
All maps in this report are intended as visualizations to communicate city-wide data analysis for information
purposes only and are not to scale
This report should be referred to as the ‘Mumbai Climate Action Plan, March 2022’
Edited by Chandni Nair
Mukta Salunke, Project Associate – Urban Development
Ananya Ramesh, Senior Project Associate – Urban Development
Bhanu Khanna, Senior Program Associate – Geo Analytics
Priya Narayanan, Program Manager – Urban Development
Linda Regi, Program Associate – Urban Development
Vishal Ramprasad, Senior Manager – Sustainable Cities & Transport
Madhav Pai, Executive Director, Ross Center for Sustainable Cities
Abbreviations
2W2 Wheeler
A & CAssessment & Collection Department
A&CAssessment and Collection
ACAssistant Commissioner
ADBAsian Development Bank
AEMLAdani Electricity Mumbai Limited
AIArtificial Intelligence
ALMAdvanced Locality Management 
AMCAdditional Municipal Commissioner
AMRUTAtal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
BAUBusiness-as-Usual
BEEBureau of Energy Efficiency
BESTBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport
BKCBandra-Kurla Complex
BMCBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
BPCLBharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
BRTSBus Rapid Transit System
BSBharat Stage
C&D Construction and Demolition
CAAQMSContinuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System
CACClimate Action Cell
CAPClimate Action Plan
CBOCommunity Based Organization
CCRAClimate Change Risk Assessment
CIDCOCity and Industrial Development Corporation
CIRISCity Inventory Reporting and Information System
CLUAClimate and Land Use Assesment
CMP Comprehensive Mobility Plan
CNGCompressed Natural Gas
COCarbon Monoxide
CO2eCarbon Dioxide Equivalent
CPCBCentral Pollution Control Board
CRZCoastal Regulation Zone
CSCAFClimate Smart Cities Assessment Framework
CSMIAChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
CSOCivil Society Organization
CSRCorporate Social Responsibility
D2DDoor-to-Door
DCRDevelopment Control Regulations
DISCOMDistribution Companies
DMCDeputy Municipal Commissioner
DODissolved Oxygen
DPDevelopment Plan
DREDistributed Renewable Energy
DWSCDry Waste Segregation Centre
E&PExisting and Planned
ECBCEnergy Conservation Building Code
ECBC-REnergy Conservation Building Code For Residential Buildings
EDGEExcellence in Design in & for Greater Efficiencies
EEEnergy Efficiency
EF Emission Factor
EIAEnvironmental Impact Assessment
ENSEco-Niwas Samhita
EREExtreme Rainfall Events
ESREnvironment Status Report
EVElectric Vehicle
EWSEconomically Weaker Section
FAMEFaster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
FSSIFood Safety and Standards Authority of India
FSIForest Survey of India
FSSAIFood Safety and Standards Authority of India
GDPGross Domestic Product
GHG-iGreenhouse Gas Inventory
GISGeographic Information System
GOIGovernment of India
GPC Global Protocol for Communities
GPSGlobal Positioning System
hahectare
HDVHeavy-duty Vehicles
HEHydraulic Engineering
HHHouseholds
HPCLHindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
HPSVHigh Pressure Sodium Vapour
ICAPInclusive Climate Action Planning
ICCTInternational Council on Clean Transportation
ICTInformation and Communications Technology
IDBIIndustrial Development Bank of India
IECInformation, Education and Communication
IFCInternational Finance Corporation
IGBCIndian Green Building Council
IITMIndian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
IMCIndian Merchants Chamber
IMDIndian Meteorological Department
INCOISIndian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
IOCLIndian Oil Corporation Limited
IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPTIntermediate Public Transport
ISWMIntegrated Solid Waste Management
ITInformation Technology
ITESInformation Technology Enabled Services
JMCJoint Municipal Commissioner
JNPTJawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
KDMTKalyan Dombivali Municipal Transport
KmphKilometer Per Hour
KPIKey Performance Indicators
KWKilowatt
LBSAPLocal Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan
LPCPDLiters Per Capita Per Day
LPGLiquefied Petroleum Gas
LSTLand Surface Temperature
MbPTMumbai Port Trust
MCMunicipal Commissioner
MCAPMumbai Climate Action Plan
MEDAMaharashtra Energy Development Agency
MERMonitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting
MERCMaharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission
MgCMegagram Carbon
MGLMahanagar Gas Limited
MHADAMaharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority
MHSECMaharashtra State Energy Calculator
MLMachine Learning
MLDMillion Litres Per Day
MMBMaharashtra Maritime Board
MMIMulti Modal Integration
MMRMumbai Metropolitan Region
MMRCMumbai Metro Rail Corporation
MMRDAMumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority
MNGLMaharashtra Natural Gas Limited
MNREMinistry of New And Renewable Energy
MoEFCCMinistry of Environment, Forest And Climate Change
MoPMinistry of Power
MPCBMaharashtra Pollution Control Board
MRFMaterials Recovery Facility
MRVCMumbai Railway Vikas Corporation
MSDPMumbai Sewerage Disposal Projects
MSDRDCMaharashtra State Road Development Corporation
MSEDCLMaharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited
MSWMunicipal Solid Waste
MUMillion Units of Electricity
MUDRAMicro Units Development and Refinance Agency
MUTPMumbai Urban Transport Project
MVAMajhi Vasundhara Abhiyan
MWpMegawatts-peak
NAAQNational Ambient Air Quality
NABARDNational Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAPCCNational Action Planfor Climate Change
NBSNature-based Solutions
NCAPNational Clean Air Programme
NCVNet Calorific Value
NDCNationally Determined Contributions
NDVINormalized Difference Vegetation Index
NGONon-Governmental Organization
NGTNational Green Tribunal
NH3Ammonia
NIIFNational Investment and Infrastructure Fund
NMMTNavi Mumbai Municipal Transport
NMTNon Motorized Transport
NOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NYCNew York City
NZEBNet Zero Energy Buildings
OEMOriginal Equipment Manufacturer
OWCOrganic Waste Converter
PAProtected Area
PAHPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PMParticluate Matter
PNGPiped Natural Gas
PPBParts Per Billion
PPPPublic–private Partnership
PUCPollution Under Control
PVPhotovoltaic
RCPRepresentative Concentration Pathways
RERenewable Energy
ROPAXRoll On/Roll Off Passenger Ferry
RTORegional Transport Office
RTSRooftop Solar
RWAResident Welfare Association
RWHRainwater Harvesting
SAPCCState Action Plan on Climate Change
SCADASupervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
SDAState Dedicated Agency
SDGSustainable Development Goals
SECISolar Energy Corporation of India
SGNPSanjay Gandhi National Park
SIDBISmall Industries Development Bank of India
SLRSea Level Rise
SMPASwachh Mumbai Prabhodhan Abhiyan
SOSewerage Operation
SO2Sulphur Dioxide
SOMSoil Organic Matter
SPSewerage Projects
SRASlum Rehabilitation Authority
SSTSea Surface Temperature
STPSewage Treatment Plants
SWDStorm Water Drainage
SWHSolar Water Heaters
SWMSolid Waste Management
TCTropical Cyclones
TCOTotal Cost of Ownership
TMTThane Municipal Transport
ToFTrees Outside Forests
TPDTonnes Per Day
UHIUrban Heat Island
ULBUrban Local Body
URDPFIUrban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation
UTUnion Territory
VOCVolatile Organic Compound
W2EWaste To Energy
WASHWater, Sanitation and Hygiene
WAYUWind Augmentation and Purifying Units
WHOWorld Health Organization
WPRWork Participation Rate
WRIWorld Resources Institute
WSPWater Supply Projects
Vision: Towards a Net Zero & Climate Resilient Mumbai
Mumbai city, home to over 12 million people and thriving on a
diverse economy, is increasingly at risk of the impacts of climate
change. Increasing temperatures, depleting natural green cover,
routine bouts of extreme rainfall events resulting in severe flood
conditions incur severe losses to the city’s economy and its
people. Recent increase in tropical cyclones along the coast and
future risks from sea level rise projected over the next 3 decades
pose critical challenges to Mumbai’s future. In this context, the
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation have led the process to
drafting the first ever, Mumbai Climate Action Plan ( MCAP).
The MCAP envisions a city where its communities and citizens
are safer, healthier, and thrive even in the context of a changing
and uncertain climate. The MCAP is committed to a net zero
and climate-resilient Mumbai by 2050. This means ensuring
just transitions – towards net zero pathways; big investments
– towards inclusive and transformative climate solutions; and
coordinated and robust governance – to ensure a targets-based
approach. BMC acknowledges that the climate crisis is already
affecting us all, although in varying ways, and the time for action is
nowto secure a better future for all by 2050.
Mindful of these consequences that climate change presents to future generations living in Mumbai and its
region, the MCAP recognizes that actions must be taken on priority across six strategic areas - Sustainable
waste management, Urban greening & biodiversity, Urban flooding & water resource management, Energy &
buildings, Air quality and Sustainable mobility. The actions identified in each strategic area are framed on four
pillars of success:
EconomyEconomic activity
catering to citizens to
serve as a ‘common
good’, be sustainable
and generate
local employment
opportunities.
EnvironmentCity, citizens and
stakeholders protect
and build natural assets
and maintain resources
for future generations.
EngagementImpacted groups and
citizens engage in
climate action planning
and the effective
implementation of
climate actions.
EquityImproved health and
equitable distribution
of benefits to address
the needs of vulnerable
communities and other
impacted groups.
It is indisputable that
human activities are
causing climate change,
making extreme climate
events, including heat
waves, heavy rainfall,
and droughts, more
frequent and severe.
– IPCC, AR6, The Physical
Science Basis, 2021
Executive Summary
M
umbai is among the cities most
vulnerable to climate change
induced hazards, such as sea level
rise, storm surge and urban flooding.
The 2005 floods, which resulted in
410 deaths and displaced thousands,
particularly in the low-income areas,
is a case in point of the risks and
vulnerabilities the city faces. Mumbai
is a C40 member city. In 2020,
Mumbai signed C40’s Deadline 2020
commitment – aligned with the Paris
Agreement – to reduce greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions by 50% by 2030,
support the Government of India (GoI)
in achieving its Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs) and become
net zero by 2050. In order to meet
C40’s Leadership Standards, the
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
(BMC) is developing the city’s first
ever climate action plan (CAP) aligned
to the C40 Climate Action Panning
Framework, with technical support
from World Resources Institute India
(WRI India) that has been engaged as a
knowledge partner.
The MCAP will present the city with a
robust roadmap in the run-up to 2050,
which is the target year for
the plan.
The main objective of the plan is to
create a comprehensive strategy to
tackle the challenges of climate change
in the city of Mumbai by adopting
inclusive and robust mitigation and
adaptation strategies. Mitigation
strategies will be adopted for the
sectors that have the potential to
significantly reduce emissions by
adopting cleaner, greener technologies,
building materials and land use planning
approaches. Adaptation strategies will
focus on the sectors that can enhance
the city’s capacities to manage and
recover from growing climate risks and
extreme weather events by protecting
the city’s green and blue systems,
keeping the air clean and allowing its
natural systems to thrive.
The MCAP is framed as a policy
document with an evidence-based
approach to planning and mobilizing
resources for action plans as well
as strategic projects. The process of
planning is closely aligned with the
Development Plan for Greater Mumbai
2014-34 (DP 2034) and several sector-
specific plans and policies to leverage
the existing institutional capital
towards a unified goal.
The MCAP process adopts an inclusive and
consultative approach and comprises five
stages: 1)project inception and preparation;
2)data collection and baseline assessments,
including the completion of a Global Protocol
for Cities (GPC)-compliant GHG inventory
for the city; 3) launch of the planning process;
4)stakeholder consultations; 5)action plan
preparation and internal reviews.
MCAP Project
Inception
Data Collection
Subject Expert
Consultations
Action Plan
Preparation BMC, C40 & WRI India Internal Review Process
1. Project Inception
& Preparation
2. Baseline
Assessments
4. Stakeholder
Consultations
3. Launch of the
MCAP Process
5. Planning &
Implementation
MCAP Core Team
Setup
Baseline
Assessments
BMC Departmental
Consultations
MCAP website: https://mcap.mcgm.gov.in
Sectoral Gaps
Analysis
Sectoral Priorities
Identified
Administrative
Zonal Consultations
Baseline Assessments
When Mumbai secured C40 membership
in December 2020, the Minister for
Environment & Climate Change, Tourism
and Protocol in the Government of
Maharashtra, Aaditya Thackeray, announced
the government’s commitment to draft a
CAP for the city. The MCAP process has
received support from the State government.
In the project inception stage, a core team
of officers within BMC was created to
lead the planning process in collaboration
with partners and other consultants. The
Additional Municipal Commissioner - City,
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, IAS was designated
the leading Nodal Officer, in the project,
and Deputy Municipal Commissioner
Sunil Godse and his team were assigned
the Environment Department. The core
team was supported by the Department
of Environment & Climate Change,
Government of Maharashtra, which assigned
Fellows from the Climate Fellows program to
coordinate data needs and support inter-
agency collaborations. The C40 Cities team
provided support in the form of knowledge
sharing, especially scientific methodologies
and global best practices, through their
networks in partner cities. As the knowledge
partner, WRI India took the lead in drafting
the technical document of MCAP.
As a first step, the team undertook a review
of available literature, which included DP
2034, Environment Status Reports and
other sectoral plans, to understand the city’s
urban, ecological, demographic and socio-
economic context. This review is presented
in Chapter 1 of this report. Sectoral gaps
were identified, which threw light on the
city’s planning challenges.
The climate and air pollution risks and
vulnerability baseline assessments for the
city were conducted using data from 20
departments of BMC and 26 parastatal, state
and national government bodies and private
agencies. A GPC-compliant GHG emissions
inventory was developed. Mumbai city faces
three distinct risks — increasing heat and
heat island effect, increasing flood risk as a
result of sea level rise and during extreme
rainfall events, tropical cyclones and storm
surges and increasing air pollution affecting
human health. The Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group
1 (WG1): Sixth Assessment Report projects
an increase in mean precipitation and heavy
rainfall events in Mumbai and neighboring
regions, resulting in floods and landslides.
According to this report, by the end of
the 21stcentury, the mean temperature
and number of hot days above 35oC
would increase under all Representative
Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios.
Sea level rise and coastal floods are indicated
as future risks for several cities in India. In
South Asia, particularly in coastal cities such
as Mumbai, the number of “internal climate
migrants”, i.e., those migrating due to climate
change and associated impacts such as water
scarcity, crop failure, sea level rise and storm
surges, is expected to increase between
2020 and 2050, amplifying rural-urban
migration.
Based on the C40 Cities Pathways Model, three types of emission reduction scenarios were developed —
existing and planned actions scenario, ambitious actions scenarioandextended scenario. These are presented
in detail in Chapter 3 of this report. These scenarios have been applied to structure the analysis, document
Mumbai’s current strategies, identify new strategies for the short and medium terms and assess the barriers in
implementation. In order to arrive at its overarching mitigation target of net-zero emissions by 2050, Mumbai
has committed to achieving 30% reduction by 2030, 44% by 2040 and net zero1by 2050.
total GHG
emissions
for the base
year 2019
23.42million tons CO2e
The waste sector 8%
1.8tons CO2e per capitaThe transport sector 20%
The stationary energy sector accounts for 72%of the total emissions
Energy & Buildings
Air QualityUrban Flooding & Water Resource Management
Integrated Mobility
Urban Greening & Biodiversity
Sustainable Waste Management
C02e
C02e
Stakeholder Consultations
The process of planning the MCAP was
initiated on 27 August 2021 under the
auspices of the Honourable Minister,
Shri. Aaditya Thackerayji, Minister of
State, Shri. Sanjay Bansodeji, Mayor of
Mumbai, Smt. Kishori Pednekarji, Municipal
Commissioner of Mumbai, Dr. I.S. Chahal
IAS, MMRDA Commissioner Shri. S.V.R.
Srinivasji and Additional Municipal
Commissioner - City, Dr. Sanjeev Kumar
IAS. The citizens of Mumbai were invited
to participate in the planning process
through the MCAP website2that was
launched by Shri. Aaditya Thackerayji.
The website presents information about
the MCAP, the six sectoral priorities and
links to relevant blogs and presentations.
Citizens’ inputs in the form of more than
300 recommendations were received on
the Talk to Us page of the website, thus
strengthening public participation and
awareness about the CAP. Of the citizens
who shared recommendations, 60%
were male and 40% female. Most of the
recommendations (65%) pertained to the
adaptation sectors of flooding, greening
and air quality, with the latter two being of
primary concern to the citizens, while 35%
was focused on mitigation, particularly on
waste management.
The first round of consultations was
held with experts from NGOs, research
organizations, citizens’ forums, international
development agencies and municipal
service providers such as BEST and private
companies. Six consultations were held
in the first round, one for each sector. In
each consultation, 5-7 subject experts
shared specific recommendations, which
formed the basis of the initial approach,
goals and actions for each sectoral priority.
These consultations were widely attended
by climate enthusiasts, subject experts,
students and citizens, with an average
participation of 80-100 people. These
consultations highlighted the key priorities
and impact groups for each sector, with a
focus on ensuring inclusivity in the planning
process and representation of the needs of
vulnerable citizens.
The second round of consultations
was hosted with various departments
within BMC, external agencies such as
Brinhanmumbai Electric Supply & Transport
(BEST), Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT),
Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development
Authority (MMRDA), Maharashtra Pollution
Control Board (MPCB) and DISCOMS such
as TATA Power and Adani Electricity Mumbai
Ltd. In this round, the overarching goals and
actions were discussed and the participants
shared their feedback and recommendations
on priority actions proposed in the MCAP.
This process helped assess the relevance and
feasibility of actions, the status of projects
underway and the key barriers to timely
implementation.
The third round of consultations was held
at the ward level for seven administrative
zones across three divisions - City, Western
Suburbs and Eastern Suburbs. During these
consultations, Assistant Commissioners
(ACs) and zonal DMCs of the divisions were
familiarized with the MCAP and the proposed
actions. The officials shared their perspectives
with respect to the challenges and priorities
at the grassroots and offered their support
and commitment for the implementation
of MCAP at the ward level. The ACs’
recommendations for increased capacities to
monitor progress, track projects and ensure
timely collaboration is reflected in the form
of the Climate Action Cell (CAC) proposed
for the city. The complete list of stakeholders
who participated in the three rounds of
consultations is presented in Annex 3.
Based on the literature review, analysis of
the primary data and climate profile, inputs
from stakeholder consultations and experts’
review, the goals and actions for each
sector were revised and strengthened. The
sectoral action plans were then prepared.
These are summarized in Table 1.The action
plans present information about the key
stakeholders, outcome and output indicators,
timeframes and revenue sources for each
action. To ensure timely implementation of
the MCAP, BMC will create a CAC as part of
its Environment Department that will report
to the AMC City on progress made. Mumbai
is also part of the C40 Cities Climate Budget
Pilot. The City of Oslo, which is leading the
pilot, is supporting Mumbai to develop its
first climate budget. The budget will be
developed and monitored by the CAC. A
Monitoring-Evaluation-Reporting-Learning
(MERL) cell within the CAC will track budget
allocations, expenditures, implementation
and progress of the MCAP. A climate budget
will help operationalize the plan, build on
existing emission scenario analysis, targets,
goals and actions and organize actions
into prescriptive implementable tasks for
relevant stakeholders. The climate budget
will also help the city plan and secure
financial resources.
Table 1: Sector-wise action tracks and rationale
Sectoral Action TrackRationale
Decarbonizing Mumbai’s electricity generation mix
The city’s electricity mix presents the biggest mitigation opportunity throughphasing out fossil fuel-based power and tapping into the decentralized renewable energy (RE) potential, while simultaneously reducing transmission losses.
Transition to clean fuels and resource efficiency in buildings
Reducing energy demand through energy efficiency improvements is the mosttime- and cost-effective way to reduce emissions. Electrification of cooking coupled with a clean grid will reduce emissions from buildings and avoid carbon lock-in.
Low carbon buildings Decarbonizing buildings is a smart and sustainable way of promoting urbandevelopment by mitigating emissions, avoiding future carbon lock-in of inefficient infastructure and reducing urban heat island effect.
Passive design strategies to improve resilience
in buildings
Better ventilation and cooling in different building typologies, coupled with low carbon and heat-resistant material in construction is essential to mitigate increasing
heat risk, especially in low-income communities with limited access to cooling equipment.
Energy & Buildings
Sectoral Action TrackRationale
Improve public transport ridership
Improving reliability, interconnectivity, accessibility, safety and information delivery of public transport services would reduce private vehicle usage, thereby reducing congestion, road fatalities, air pollution and GHG emissions. It will also help increase safety and accessibility for all, especially women, children and the elderly.
Access to non-motorized transport (NMT) and infrastructure
Currently, only 22% of the roads in Mumbai are walkable. Increasing pedestrian and NMT infrastructure will increase walkability, enable modal shift and reduce GHG emissions, air pollution and congestion. It will also lead to improved health benefits due to physical activity.
100% municipal and private zero emission vehicles by 2050
Increasing the share of alternative fuels and improving fuel efficiency, along with an increase in the share of renewable energy in the grid through increased access to finance, policy enablers and incentives, will reduce GHG emissions and air pollution.
Zero emission freight
There is an urgent need to decarbonize freight through policies, route management and incentives as logistics contributes to about 7% of total emissions in India. Also, the current Comprehensive Mobility Plan lacks any freight-related strategies, governance mechanisms, data and targets.
Sectoral Action TrackRationale
Reducing landfilled wasteAt source reduction and reuse is the most preferred way of managing waste through waste minimization, sustainable use/multi use of products and awareness, thereby
reducing overall emissions.
Decentralized waste management
Setting up decentralized infrastructure helps reduce costs and emissions related to collection and transportation and facilitates the overall uptake of recycling and composting.
Remediation and scientific management of landfills
Landfilling is the least preferred mode of managing solid waste as it generates the least amount of value. Remediation of legacy sites and scientific management of existing landfills is crucial to reduce GHG emissions, pollution and health risks due to unscientific solid waste management (SWM).
Sustainable Waste Management
Sectoral Action TrackRationale
Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface
Increasing vegetation cover and applying scientific knowledge in tree planting and maintenance will help reduce heat and flood risk, increase permeable surfaces in the city and secure other co-benefits in terms of health and air quality.
Reduce urban heat island effect
Reducing urban heat island effect and increasing permeable surfaces along the city streetscape to manage vulnerability to heat and floods through tree banking system, streetside landscape guidelines and usage of permeable/cooling materials.
Equitable access to green open spaces
There is a gap in demand for and available open spaces, and BMC aims to increase per capita open space from 1.8 square meters to 6 square metres. This will increase flood and heat resilience, make space available for physical activity and improve public health as co-benefits. Increased green spaces will also increase the city’s carbon sequestration potential.
Restore and enhance biodiversity in the city
Protecting, restoring and enhancing Mumbai’s diverse natural habitats is essential for maintaining and preserving hotspots for biodiversity. This will enhance urban resilience, improve public health, build healthier ecosystems and increase carbon sequestration in line with Mumbai’s commitments to the C40 Urban Nature Declaration and the Cities4Forests partnership.
Sectoral Action TrackRationale
Curb the pollution concentration level by 20-30% by 2030
Mumbai has higher concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 than the CPCB permissible limit (Refer Table 1 of Chapter 2), and the concentration of these air pollutants in the city is extremely localized. Improving air quality by curbing pollution levels will help reduce health risks.
Increase information availability through monitoring
Improving stationary and dynamic monitoring systems to increase information access, lending to accurate trend and hotspots analyses and forecasting mechanisms will help issue timely warnings in local areas, or by times of day, where/when people are more at risk, and help reduce personal exposure.
Community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness
Ward-wise analysis of the city reveals that certain wards are very critical in terms of concentrations of NO2, SO2, CO, PM2.5, and PM10 and have become gas chambers from toxic emissions and fires at landfill site. This action track will help tackle acute health issues and respiratory risks among people living in these areas.
Air Quality
Sectoral Action TrackRationale
Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure
The existing Storm Water Drainage (SWD) network is due to concretization of open spaces in discharging the surface flow. Thus, large-scale nature-based solutions would go a long way in reducing annual instances of waterlogging and flooding.
Localized water conservation and efficiency
Ensuring that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation and efficient use initiatives will help increase water security for all, meet the city’s daily water demand and reduce the extreme dependency on catchments and lakes located far from the city.
Reducing pollution and restoring aquatic ecosystems
Reducing pollution by improving sanitation through strict enforcement and introducing nature-based solutions will help reduce pollution and waste disposal at the outfalls and maintain and restore riparian zones and green cover.
Safe and affordable drinking water
Improving availability and accessibility to water will lead to health and socioeconomic benefits for all and reduce the risk of contamination while sourcing water from informal sources. Understanding the energy consumption in water supply and treatment will help make these systems energy efficient and reduce GHG emissions.
Clean, safe and accessible toilets
Sanitation has been recognized as a human right and, hence, all citizens must be provided with toilet facilities. Real-time monitoring and GIS systems in sewage disposal coupled with sanitation data generation and management systems can be developed and utilized to expand sewage network in the underserved areas.
Disaster risk and impact reduction
Ensuring disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data monitoring and integration, and community engagement would make the city better prepared and reduce human, financial, infrastructural losses.
Chapter TitleChapter Overview
What is the city like? Urban Context Ecological Context Demographic Context Socio-economic ContextCity Context Understanding Mumbai
What is the current climate like?
Baseline Assessment Conducting an assessment of climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability, and developing a GPC-compliant GHG inventory for Mumbai
What are the future trajectories?
Pathways to a 1.5°C Warming Scenario Understanding future emissions in the business-as-usual scenario and assessing future emission reduction scenarios to make Mumbai
net-zero by 2050
How do we make Mumbai climate resilient?
Sectoral Priorities and Plans Establishing overall priorities across sectors and conducting a detailed assessment of every sector in terms of sectoral overview, gaps, approach, ongoing initiatives and implementation strategies
for priority and long-term actions
How do we achieve this vision and ensure we are on track?
Governance & Institutional Structures
Proposing governance mechanisms to support implementation of the CAP
• Update the GHG inventory and climate & air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment every two years.
• Revise the Climate Action Plan every five years
Urban Heat
Climate Risks
Future Emission Scenarios
Six Sectors – Priorities and Plans
Critical SourcesCarbon Sinks
Urban Flooding LandslidesCoastal RisksAir Pollution
Stationary Energy
Business as Usual Scenario
Energy & Buildings
Existing Governance Structure
Proposed Department of Environment & Climate Change (CAC)
Climate Budget
MER Cell to monitor, evaluate and report progress
• Environment Protection & Pollution Control
• Knowledge Management
• Innovations and Green Finance
• Sustainable Urban Landscapes
• Vulnerable Communities
• Climate Resilient Buildings
Sustainable Mobility
Sustainable Waste Management
Urban Greening & Biodiversity
Air Quality
Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management
Existing &Planned Scenario Ambitious Scenario
Transport Waste AFOLU
A
Key Elements of the Chapter
Chapter 1:City Context
Mumbai is the most populous city in India, the
seventh most populous in the world and projected
as the sixth most populous by 2030 (UNDESA,
2018), despite its growth rates declining since 1991
(MMRDA, 2003). Located in the southwestern
part of India, it is the state capital of Maharashtra
and the financial capital of the country. The city
of Mumbai, also known as Greater Mumbai,
comprises the two districts of Mumbai City and
Mumbai Suburban and is part of the Mumbai
Metropolitan Region (MMR) that includes three
more districts — Palghar, Thane and Raigad. The
MMR covers an area of 6,328 square km and is
governed by various Municipal Corporations
and ULBs; and the Mumbai Metropolitan
Development Authority (MMRDA) is the planning
and infrastructure development authority for the
MMR. The Mumbai Climate Action Plan (MCAP)
has been developed for Greater Mumbai. As per
Development Plan for Greater Mumbai 2034
(DP 2034), Greater Mumbai covers an area of
458.28 sq km and is managed and governed by the
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). For
the purpose of administration, the BMC is divided
into 7 zones and 24 wards. The three geographic
divisions are Mumbai city, western suburbs, and
eastern suburbs. The BMC is led by the Municipal
Commissioner and four senior IAS officers as
Additional Municipal Commissioners (AMC), one
for each division and one for spearheading special
projects across the city. Detailed information is
presented in Chapter 6.
Figure 1: Location of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and Mumbai city in the State of Maharashtra in India
India
3.28 million km2
382 persons/km2
MMR
6,328 km2
3,700 persons/km2
Maharashtra
307,713 km2
365 persons/km2
BMC
437.71 km2
28,471
persons/km2
05km
Figure 2: Greater Mumbai’s ecological and urban landscape
(cid:31)(cid:30)(cid:29)(cid:28)
(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:23)(cid:22)
(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:28)
(cid:21)(cid:29)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:26)
(cid:18)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:29)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:25)
(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:29)(cid:14)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:22)(cid:29)(cid:30)
(cid:13)(cid:29)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:29)(cid:28)
(cid:11)(cid:23)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:25)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:12)
(cid:11)(cid:23)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:25)(cid:9) (cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:30)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:30)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:28) (cid:27)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:7)(cid:17)
(cid:5)(cid:29)(cid:14)(cid:29)(cid:25)
(cid:13)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:7)
(cid:13)(cid:17)(cid:29)(cid:26)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:30)
(cid:18)(cid:11)(cid:8) (cid:11)(cid:11)(cid:2) (cid:1)(cid:29)(cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:30)(cid:9)(cid:24)(cid:127)(cid:15)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:14) (cid:129)(cid:127)(cid:30)(cid:20)(cid:14)(cid:7) (cid:11)(cid:29)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:30)(cid:127)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:14)
05101520kms
Ecological Landscape1.1
the Sahyadri range, also known as the Western Ghats.
Greater Mumbai is a coastal estuary that lies south of
the Ulhas river and is drained by four rivers into the
Arabian sea – Mithi, Dahisar, Poisar and Oshiwara.
These rivers originate from the Powai-Kanheri ranges
in Sanjay Gandhi National Park, a protected area
in the northeast of the city (Disaster Management
Department of BMC, 2019). Mumbai’s coastline of
146 kms is indented with numerous creeks and bays,
stretching from the Thane creek on the eastern coast
to Madh and Marve on the western coast. The eastern
coast is characterized by large mangrove swamps, rich
in their biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly
sandy and rocky with few mangroves and wetlands
closer to the creeks. These mangrove forests guard
the city against tidal erosion, support an ecosystem of
flora and fauna and prevent urban flooding, besides
performing the function of productive carbon sinks.
The DP 2034 has demarcated these ecologically
sensitive areas, such as forests, mangroves, water
(CRZ)-I, as Natural Areas where no (built) development
is permitted.
Mumbai city, commonly known as the island city, is the
older part of the city that is marked by Mahim creek
and the Mithi river on the north and extends up to the
Backbay reclamation in the south. As the name suggests,
the island city of Mumbai was built through a process of
reclamation, connecting seven islands south of Salsette
island or present-day Bandra. This has resulted in
several “low-lying” areas that are just above the mean
sea level and chronically challenged by monsoon and
tidal flooding. Northern Mumbai is hilly, with the highest
point in the city at 450 m in the Powai-Kanheri ranges.
The forest in Sanjay Gandhi National Park further
subdivides Mumbai’s suburbs into western and eastern.
It is the only mega city in the world that has a forest
within its boundaries. The city’s landscape is dotted with
three lakes — Vihar, Tulsi and Powai — and several small
ponds, comprising 0.2% of the total area.
The land use survey for Mumbai conducted as part of
DP 2034 revealed that while 65% of the planning area
(area under the jurisdiction of BMC) is developed, 35%
lies undeveloped. The undeveloped areas comprise
natural areas, vacant land, plantations, and salt pans.
Mumbai’s land use distribution is 38% residential, 8%
industrial, 3% commercial and 1% office. In addition,
33.43% is used for amenities, open spaces, public
utilities and transport, while 14% comprises roads. The
city’s existing housing stock of 3.1 million units includes
a mix of 2.6 million residential and mixed-use units,
with 0.5 million vacant homes. Of the total housing
stock, approximately 38,000 units are identified as
“dilapidated” or structurally unstable and approximately
23,000 units are “non-serviceable”; these are largely
located in the older precincts of south and central
Mumbai. In addition, 42% of the city’s residents live
in slum settlements. Ageing buildings, small homes
and underserviced slum units have led to a demand
of 1.1 million new units in the city that are affordable
and dignified. The planning institutions Maharashtra
Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA)
and Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) build affordable
to address housing shortage. There is immense scope for
the MCAP to introduce energy-efficiency and climate-
resilience in this sector. Chapter 5 presents more details.
Mumbai’s spatial development is largely concentrated
around mass-transit stations along the vast suburban
railway network, and the city’s transport modal share
includes a high share (76%) of public transport usage.
This includes trips on the suburban railway, metro,
monorail, and the public bus system Brihanmumbai
Electric Supply and Transport Undertaking (BEST).
Mumbai’s BEST bus network is one of the oldest and
largest in the country, with a fleet strength of 4,128
buses (as of 2021), operating on 507 routes. The
suburban rail services carry an estimated 7 million
passengers every day while the public bus transport
system accounts for 5.5 million passengers. As of 2015,
suburban rail had the highest modal share (62%) within
public transport, followed by the BEST bus network
(34%). The metro and monorail comprised a total of 4%
MoHUA, 2016). To improve regional transportation
corridors, the MMRDA has conceived a series of trans-
harbor links, connecting Greater Mumbai to the MMR
Urban Landscape1.2
The sex ratio of Greater Mumbai stands at 853 per
1000 males, which is lower than the state average of
925 and the national average of 940. The lowest sex
ratio of 695 is observed in C-ward in south Mumbai.
The district of Greater Mumbai has the highest literacy
rate (81%) and highest female literacy rate (77.7%) in
the MMR. M/E Ward has the lowest effective literacy
rate, of 83%, and the lowest effective female literacy
rate, of 78%. Despite the relatively high literacy rates
in the region, in 2019, only one-fifth of women in
Greater Mumbai were employed and only 17% of their
trips were for work as compared with 80% for men,
according to a World Bank (2021) study. Findings from
the survey revealed that women were seen accessing
fewer economic opportunities even though they were
commuting for an equal duration of time as men,
with a majority of them identifying commuting as a
barrier. Systems that do not explicitly recognize gender
differences in access and usage can exacerbate gender
inequalities. The dependency percentage, which is the
percentage of the elderly and children that is not in the
labor force, for Greater Mumbai is 37.5%. Data reveals
that the city areas falling in the BMC jurisdiction have a
lower population of persons belonging to the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes as compared with that
in the MMR. Data on asset ownership across the city
reveals that 85% households own a television, 61.7%
households own a mobile phone, and 20.1% households
own a computer with access to the Internet, indicating
the extent of socio-economic stability as well as access
to information and telecommunication systems that is
critical during disasters.
Mumbai is
one of the
densest
mega cities
in the world
The Growth Rate Percentage of Slum Residents in Mumbai from 2001-2011
With a population of 12.44million (as per
Census 2011)
Population density of 28,426persons/sq.km.
38.07%
52.52%
20.68% 20.41%
41.85%
3.87%
1981
2001
20011991
2011
2011
TO
TO
With a marginal increase to
Though spatial coverage of slum areas has increased as per
satellite images, population projections (based on academic
research models) estimate that the Mumbai Metropolitan Region
(MMR) will be the world’s largest urban agglomeration by 2050,
at 42.4 million people (Hoornweg & Pope, 2014).
To a sharp decline to
Social and Economic Context1.3
(Disaster Management Department of BMC, 2019).
The key sectors contributing to the city’s economy are
finance, IT & ITES, textiles, entertainment, gems and
jewellery and leather processing. Over the years, the
economy of the city has transformed from being a major
trading port to a manufacturing hub to a services and
financial center (BMC, n.d.). The employment data clearly
reveals the shift from manufacturing to services. The
total service sector employment increased from 55%
in 1961 to 64% in 2001 (BMC, n.d.). Similarly, factory
employment reduced from 4.47 lakhs in 1991 to 3.39
lakhs in 2001 to only 2.59 lakhs in 2011 (MMRDA, 2021).
Despite the increase in service sector employment in
Greater Mumbai, the city recorded a negative growth
over the last two Census periods, from 88.2% in 1998 to
78.89% in 2005.
While male WPR hovers between 55% and 61%, female
WPR has doubled, from 8.81% in 1961 to 16.38% in
2011. Despite this, the gender participation gap in the
city is wide. The Census of India 2011 identifies 44.2% of
Mumbai’s population as “migrants”, of which 62.7% have
migrated from outside Maharashtra and 30.4% migrated
for employment. Of the migrant population, 55.8% are
male. A 2021 IIED study (Bharadwaj et.al., 2021) states
that recurrent climate disasters, such as floods and
droughts, have a tremendous impact on livelihoods,
forcing people to migrate to other cities and work in
the informal sector. Approximately 65% of the city’s
workforce is employed in the informal sector (Bhowmik,
2010), exacerbating the negative impacts of climate-
induced hazards among these vulnerable communities.
This also suggests that exposure to and experience of
climate risks are highly varied across the city and across
different socio-economic groups.
By Zeber 2010
Chapter 2:Mumbai’s Baseline Assessment
Mumbai’s Baseline Assessments include Three Parts
Adaptation strategies help reduce the city’s (including people, communities, infrastructure, systems, and
services) vulnerability to climate change, while mitigation strategies are those that enable GHG emission
reduction. The link between GHG emissions and increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather
events is unequivocal. This calls for cities to take immediate steps to adapt to climate risks and ensure that
new investments are not detrimental to the city’s climate in the future.
Mumbai city faces two major climate challenges
– rising temperatures and increasing number of
extreme rainfall events (ERE). The city has been
routinely experiencing higher temperatures and
variable heat stress in areas with higher urban heat
island3(UHI) effects. The total rainfall per season
has also increased, with a fewer number of rain days.
Flood prone areas — areas that are either low-lying
or marked by poor storm water drainage— are
routinely waterlogged during the monsoons and
remain submerged for several hours during EREs.
Landslide prone areas too experience heavy loss
and damages as a result of EREs, especially if the
retaining walls are weak or fail. In recent years, there
has been an upward trend of cyclonic events in the
Arabian Sea due to warming seas, thereby increasing
coastal risks for the city. Coastal communities in
fishing villages or slum settlements close to the east
or west coast face coastal inundation even during
non-monsoon days., with Often high tides bring
in sea water, causing localized flooding which only
retreat with the low tide.
Assessment of Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities in Mumbai
1. The Climate & Air
Pollution Risks and
Vulnerability Assessment
that places the issues
of increasing risks and
vulnerability in Mumbai
city in the global context of
climate change
2.The GHG inventory
that summarizes the key
sources responsible for
GHG emissions
3.An inventory of
natural green cover
in the city that will
help sequester carbon
dioxide (CO2)
2.1
Projections made as part of recent research by Climate
Central projects indicate that a large part of Mumbai city
is at risk of being submerged by 2050 (Kulp & Strauss,
2019) and that by 2080, the likelihood of urban floods,
such as the 2005 event, is more than double (Ranger et
al., 2010). Based on a report by Patankar et al (2010),
the Indian Merchants Chamber (IMC) has estimated the
financial losses of the 2005 deluge to the tune of USD
1,100 million, of which around USD 245 million could
be the value of the losses borne by the marginalized
population and the informal economy alone (Patankar,
2015). If the potential risk of such events reoccurring
doubles over a period of time, the likelihood of potential
financial losses will also double. Several impacts of climate
change – sea level rise, extreme rainfall events and storm
surge – can compound the impacts, resulting in more days
of inundation (or submergence) during which low-lying and
vulnerable parts of the city may be cut off and residents
may need to relocate temporarily. Anthropogenic activities
have been neglectful of the estuary nature, landscape
ecology and diverse demography of the city, exacerbating
vulnerabilities (TERI, 2014). It is projected that by the
2070s, Mumbai will be among the top Asian cities in
terms of population exposed (including all environmental
and socioeconomic factors) to coastal floodingalong with
Kolkata, Shanghai, Bangkok and some other cities (Hijioka
et al., 2014).
Along with climate-induced risks, the increasing air
pollution caused by the increasing traffic congestion,
unregulated construction activities and mismanaged solid
waste adds to the city’s risk exposure, leaving vulnerable
communities more exposed to adverse health impacts.
These risks impact different communities to varying
degrees. Communities living in informal settlements,
residing in weak structures, with poor access to services
or in areas with poor vegetation or lack of open spaces
remain more exposed or sensitive to risks. This section
of the baseline assessment focuses on analyzing climate
risk and air pollution trends in the city and understanding
differential vulnerabilities based on socio-economic
aspects and access to infrastructure or essential services.
The Maharashtra State Adaption Action Plan on Climate
Change (SAPCC) 2014 (TERI, 2014) provides the context
for climate vulnerability at state, regional and city levels.
In Maharashtra, 40% of the geographic area is drought-
prone and 7% is flood-prone, with deficient rainfall
reported every once in five years.The state experienced
severe and successive years of drought during 1970-
1974 and 2000-2004. Severe drought conditions occur
once in 8-9 years. According to a recent study on India’s
vulnerability to climate change, projects that Maharashtra
is the third most vulnerable state in the country and
Mumbai is one of five districts in Maharashtra most
vulnerable to the compounded impacts of climate change
(CEEW, 2021). Climate risks, such as severe droughts,
extreme heat waves, and unseasonal riverine flooding,
in the State of Maharashtra indirectly impact Mumbai
and other cities, in the form of climate-induced migration
(Vitthal et al., 2021) and food insecurity (Chakrabarty,
2016).
Urban HeatUrban FloodingLandslidesCoastal RisksAir Pollution
The Climate and Air Pollution Risks and Vulnerability
Assessment framework used to develop the MCAP
was aligned with the C40 Cities’ Climate Change Risk
Assessment (CCRA) framework through its screening
parameters related to past climatic trends and future
projections based on global models and assessment
reports such as the IPCC, state and national plans. The
climate and air pollution risks were assessed spatially and
temporally and by exploring the relationship between
the parameters that increase a community’s exposure or
sensitivity to climate risks and potentially decrease or
restrict their adaptive capacities during extreme events.
The spatial analysis was carried out using GIS and remote
sensing-based technologies to identify the areas that are
more exposed to climate or air pollution risks. Monitored
weather and air pollution data was used to map decadal,
inter-annual and temporal (monthly, daily and hourly)
trends, present associated impacts and project potential
future trends. Socio-economic sensitivities were mapped
using Census of India 2011 data by visualizing and
overlaying risk layers at the ward level to identify the
potentially vulnerable wards in the city. BMC’s services
and amenities data was visualized spatially to identify
the underserved neighborhoods with poorer adaptive
capacities4. Finally, these different data sets were
correlated to present the interlinkages between climate
risks, air pollution risks, socio-economic sensitivities and
compromised access to infrastructure and services.
Shot in Kurla | By Manoej Paateel
Mumbai presents a warming trend over a period of
47 years (1973-2020), with an increase of 0.25°C per
decade observed between 1973 and 2020.
An increase in frequency of warmer years has been
observed with three out of the last five years
Indicating a departure of more than 1°C from the
baseline average air temperature (1973-2020)
Between 1973 and 2020, 10 heatwave and 2 extreme
heatwave events were observed.
Urban Heat
Since the mid-’90s, a transition from caution5to extreme caution events has been observed, with over 200 days
annually classified as extreme caution events.
Land Surface Temperature (LST) data was analyzed to
identify the heat islands in the city, where increased
heat exposure is caused by certain land use types (such
as industrial and commercial), poor vegetation cover,
or high exposure to heat-conductive or reflective
building materials, such as metal roofs, glass and steel
structures. Mumbai airport recorded a temperature
of over 35°C owing to the nature of land use, a large
footprint, extensive use of concrete and asphalt and
very low vegetation cover. On the contrary, the areas
adjacent to the mangroves and Sanjay Gandhi National
Park recorded temperatures in the 25-30°C range due to
the large area and density of vegetation cover that helps
reduce the surface temperature. LST indicates a negative
relationship with green cover (NDVI), with higher
temperatures observed in areas with lower green cover.
Higher LSTs result in increased UHIs in the city, resulting
in areas that are more exposed to heat than others.
Figure 3: Annual air temperature anomalies between 1973 and 2020
(Source: Meteorological data from IMD Santacruz station (1973 - 2020))
Figure 4: LST map for Mumbai
Figure 5: Difference in surface temperature by land use and land cover in Mumbai
(Source: WRI India using LandSat 8 (USGS), October (2017-2019) )
As per the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Hijioka,
et al., 2014), Asia is projected to experience more
frequent and intense heat waves and an intensified
heat island effect, resulting in a very high risk of
heat-related mortalities in the long term (2080-
2100), especially among vulnerable groups, such as
outdoor workers, residents of informal settlements,
children and the elderly. The IPCC A6 Atlas (IPCC
2021) projections for the Mumbai region are as
follow:
By the end of the century, the mean temperatures
are expected to increase by 1.5-2oC under RCP 2.6
and by 4.5-5oC under RP 8.5.
The maximum temperatures, specifically the total
days above 35oC per annum, are expected to
increase by 20-30 days under RCP 2.6 and by more
than 40 days under RCP 8.5.
By 2050, India has a 10% likelihood of experiencing
a lethal heat wave in climate-exposed regions that
would lead to reduced productivity due to loss of
working hours (McKinsey Global Institute, 2020).
According to NOAA and Climate Lab projections,
by 2040, in Mumbai, 60% of the days in a year
will comprise high heat days, i.e., those days when
temperatures could exceed 32°C. This, along with
high-humidity days, would increase heat exhaustion
and result in a sudden spike in heat-related deaths
and illnesses.
Future Heat Risk
40o
35o
30o
AirportResidential SlumIndustrial AreaCommercial AreaResidential (Non Slum) MangrovesWater Bodies 25o
Decadal data (2011-2020) accessed from 37 weather
stations show that Mumbai experiences an average of 6
heavy, 5 very heavy and 4 extremely heavy6rain events
per year. Between 2017 and 2020, there has been a
steady increase in extremely heavy rainfall events.
Spatially, most EREs tend to occur as localized clusters
in western and central areas, such as Worli-Dadar, Kurla
and Andheri. The analysis also shows that most EREs tend
to last only a single day while 17% of very heavy and 21%
of extremely heavy EREs last more than a day. Between
2004 and 2007, Mumbai experienced flooding annually
causing heavy losses and damages (Kuruppu et al., 2018).
The worst flooding in the city’s history took place in
July 2005 (Gupta, 2007), causing huge damages of over
INR 450 crores and more than 900 deaths (TERI, 2014)
(Hallegatte et al., 2010).
The low-lying areas of the island city have a history of
flooding 5-6 times in a year, generally for a few hours,
when high-intensity rainfall is coupled with high tides.
In areas such as Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk (Sat rasta)
Rasta, Lower Parel and Grant Road, the land level is below
the high-tide level. In these areas, the low-tide periods
(about 10-12 hours in a day, below the mean sea level)
provide relief during the storm when the accumulated
surface waters are drained out (TERI, 2014). The Disaster
Management Department in the BMC catalogues data
on the flooding “hotspots” in the city, where waterlogging
and flood incidents are common. Figure 6 shows the 699
hotspots marked across the city. These hotspots are also
monitored by the Storm Water Drainage Department in
order to help with infrastructural arrangements.
Wards F-north, H-east, H-west, K-west, L and M-west
have over 40 hotspots each, making the population within
these wards more vulnerable to the risk of flooding. This
shows that about 35% of Mumbai’s population is exposed
to the risk of flooding7and wards H-east, H-west, and
F-north are the most vulnerable, with more than 60% of
their population exposed to risk. Wards P/N and S have
the highest percentage of population living in informal
settlements and a high number of flooding hotspots,
making these wards the most vulnerable. These areas are
particularly at risk during storm surge or cyclonic events
when the sea level rises and coastal inundation takes
place. Recurring waterlogging events create challenges
in accessing places of work, thus impacting businesses,
jobs and the economy as whole (UNICEF, 2021). Based
on our analysis using DoE data (Source: MOSPI, 2013)
and using a 500m buffer around flooding hotspots, every
year, in Mumbai, 73% of small and large industrial and
commercial establishments are affected during floods. Of
the employees who work at these establishments, 69%
experience limited access.
Mumbai ranks 5th among the world’s cities most at risk of
flooding, recording annual losses amounting to USD 284
million (Hallegatte et al., 2013). The catastrophic flood
events of 2005 killed around 5,000 people and caused
economic damages of up to USD 690 million (Nagendra,
2017). Several studies have projected that by 2050, such
annual losses from flooding and heavy rain events will
increase up to USD 6.1 billion per year (Picciariello et al.,
2021). Most of these losses are uninsured and borne by
individuals or small businesses (Patankar & Patwardhan,
2016), leading to devastating impacts on livelihoods and
household incomes
Urban Flooding
The IPCC AR6 predicts that South Asia will witness
increased annual and summer monsoon precipitation
during the 21stcentury, with enhanced inter-annual
variability. Climate projections for Mumbai estimate
that by 2080, the likelihood of a 2005-like event will
more than double, under an “upper bound”8climate
scenario (Ranger et al., 2010).The IPCC A6 Atlas
(IPCC, 2021) indicates that owing to an increase in
intense rainfall events, there is medium confidence
that the region will be exposed to increased fluvial
and pluvial flood events.
The analysis also points to the importance of
adaptation actions, such as strengthening the city’s
storm water drainage network that can reduce losses
due to a 100-year flood event by 70%. Other flood
resilience solutions are described in Chapter 6.
Future Flood Risk
6.The IMD has categorized events on the basis of the intensity of rainfall. –An event is categorized as “heavy rain” when the amount of rainfall
Figure 6: Map showing BMC waterlogging hotspots and population density exposed within 250m risk area around each spot
(Source: BMC and WRI India)
According to projections made in the IPCC report (2012),
the settlements on unstable slopes or landslide-prone
areas, which are common in some coastal cities in Asia,
face increased prospects of rainfall-induced landslides.
A majority of the locations that are prone to the risk of
landslides are concentrated along the flanks of hill slopes
and foothill regions in Mumbai towards the north, around
Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in central Mumbai, around
the Ghatkopar area and in the southwestern coastal
areas around Malabar Hills.
As per the data recorded by the Disaster Management
Department, BMC, there are 287 locations within
Greater Mumbai that are landslide-prone, of which
209 fall in the extent of informal settlements (figure 7),
exacerbating vulnerability, given the temporary nature
and poor condition of built environment within these
settlements. S-ward, with the highest slum population
in BMC, is the most vulnerable with 160 landslide prone
locations out of which 147 overlap with
informal settlements.
The slums that are located along the slopes of the hills/
hillocks or foothill regions are prone to landslide events.
These are majorly located towards the north, near
Borivali and western flanks of Sanjay Gandhi National
Park, and to the northeastern part of the city, near
Mulund and Kanjurmarg, along the eastern flank of the
National Park. The slums in the central part of the city,
around Ghatkopar and the airport, are also highly prone
to landslide events caused by sudden heavy rainfall
episodes or slope failures. The slum pockets near Andheri
and some south-eastern parts are affected by landslides.
Landslides
The IPCC A6 Atlas (2021) indicates that there is
medium confidence that the risk of landslides in
India will increase. Given the projected trends
for extreme rainfall for Mumbai, there is a
strong likelihood that landslides will become an
increasing risk for the city if adequate investments
on adaptation are not made, especially in the
vulnerable slum settlements located on/ in close
proximity of hilly terrains.
Future Landslide Risk
Figure 7: Landslide-prone locations and informal settlements
Coastal risk assessment in Mumbai is made by examining
sea surface temperature (SST) patterns along with
measurements from tidal gauges, to understand the
temporal patterns in tides and short-term effects such
as storm surges. Analyzing storm surges is critical as a
heated sea surface can create more cyclonic storms and
the ability of the city’s stormwater drainage to move
water would be affected by the increased height of the
sea. Coastal risk assessment also includes long-term
coastline change analysis at different tidal phases (1990-
2020), and the transformation in mangrove areas that act
as a natural cushion against violent storm surges.
SST is an important physical property that impacts
the biological processes and flora and fauna in coastal
regions. SST is one of the key factors in the formation of
tropical cyclones (TC) and must be at least 26°C (Dare
& McBride, 2011) for TCs to develop. While various
factors are required for TC development, SST is widely
considered as a leading factor for examining the TC
climatology, especially the maximum intensity that a TC
can attain in a given environment (Thanh et al., 2019).
As observed in several studies, the surface temperature
of the Arabian Sea has increased (Bharti et al., 2020;
Kumari et al., 2021; Nandkeolyar et al., 2013), over the
last two decades, which can also be a tentative cause for
the increase in cyclone events in the Arabian Sea. While
the analysis of annual mean SST between 2003 and 2020
shows an absence of a statistically significant trend in
sea level variations, as illustrated in Figure 8, a slight
steady increase of 0.025°C per year for daytime SST and
0.019°C per year for night time SST has been observed.
Coastal Risk
Figure 8: Average annual sea surface temperature, 2003-2020 (a) Daytime (b) Nighttime,
(Source: INCOIS Radar tide gauge data )
Day Time Annual SST Trend in Arabian Sea
The annual sea level trend analysis (measured at the
JNPT tide gauge, Mumbai coast) for the period between
2011 and 2021 shows an absence of a statistically
significant trend in sea level variations. A storm surge
event results in an exceptional rise of water level due to
the impact of the strong winds associated with a storm.
As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD),
between January 2011 and June 2021, Mumbai and
other areas along the Arabian Sea were subjected to
18 cyclone events. During this period, when the storm
is active, the maximum sea level variation is used as an
indicator of the amount of sea level change or surge
due to the storm event. The year 2019 saw the highest
number of cyclones occur in the region. This is highlighted
by Cyclone Kyarr (2019) and Cyclone Tauktae (2021),
both of which reached their highest potential during a
high tide. Storms surge events that coincide with high
tide formation are more likely to contribute to higher sea
level increase. Figure 9 illustrates the sea level rise (SLR)
associated with Cyclone Tauktae at 0.93 m. Projections
of SLR for Mumbai city show that by 2050, the Arabian
Sea could begin flooding most of Mumbai at least once
every year, estimating the at-risk population to be three
times more in the coming decades than was previously
estimated (Goswami, 2019).
Figure 9: Storm surge associated with cyclone tauktae, May 2021
line the sea. As illustrated in Figure 10, the coastlines in
2020 and 1990 reconcile for most of the shoreline length.
The comparison between 1990 and 2020 shows that
Thane Creek on the eastern side of Mumbai has been
shrinking. This has also been observed by the Mangrove
and Marine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation of
Maharashtra (2021). Parts of the creek have turned into
mudflats and mangroves over the last three decades,
with more than 14 sq.km of coastline witnessing mud
deposition. The smaller creeks, led by Malad Creek, are
shrinking due to the extension of mangroves and mud
flats such as those in Thane Creek. On the northwestern
coast, which is not protected and where there are no
cases of land reclamation, in areas such as Versova and
Juhu beach, the sea has been eroding and accreting.
Ceaseless shoreline erosion poses threats in the form
communities dependent on coastal activities.
Increasing storm surges and sea intrusion can only be
addressed by conserving mangrove forests and mudflats
to protect coastal communities from routine inundation.
However, there has been a significant transformation of
mangroves since the year 2008, which can be attributed
to the efforts made by the state Forest Department
(Prasad et al., 2010) to protect the mangrove areas.
Based on the satellite imagery analysis, from the year
2008 to 2021, 325 ha of dense mangrove cover changed
to sparse mangrove cover or has been converted
to intertidal mudflats due to excessive erosion and
sedimentation, as illustrated in Figure 11, and for around
305 ha of mangroves, the density has increased.
The IPCC A6 Atlas (IPCC, 2021) indicates that there
is high confidence that the sea levels in India will
increase. In addition, there is high confidence of
coastal floods, coastal erosion and marine heatwaves.
In addition, the IPCC AR6regional factsheet for
Asia states that relative sea level around Asia has
increased faster than the global average, with coastal
area loss and shoreline retreat. It states with high
confidence that regional mean sea level will continue
to rise, warning that Mumbai along with 11 other
Indian coastal cities will witness sea level rise of
0.1-0.3 m over the next three decades due to climate
change. Due to a lack of coastal data for the Mumbai
coast, it is tough to establish SLR as a current risk for
the city. The global projections are a warning to the
city to pay heed to coastal adaptation strategies and
plan for future risks.
Future Coastal Risk
Figure 10: Mumbai coastline change, 1990 vs 2020
(Source: WRI India, LandSat 5 & LandSat 8 (USGS) )
Assessment of Air Pollution-Induced Risks in Mumbai
In 2017, outdoor air pollution caused around 670,000
premature deaths in the country, a six-fold increase since
2000 (The World Bank Group, 2021). The air pollution
risk analysis was done using data from seven Fixed
Monitoring Stations of BMC for the period from April
2010 to March 2021, nine stations of SAFAR Mumbai for
the period from July 2015 to March 2021 and CAAQMS
data for the period from May 2019 to June 2021,
which helped identify the temporal (annual) trends of
various pollutants. The monthly and hourly variations in
PM2.5 have been computed using hourly mean PM2.5
data recorded at nine CAAQMS monitoring stations in
Mumbai for the period from June 2019 to May 2021.
Monthly variation using mean weekday and weekend
of PM2.5 concentrations has been derived using daily
averages for PM2.5. Similarly, the spatial distribution
of the pollutants was mapped for the period from June
2019 to May 2020 using the annual average value of
Copernicus Sentinel 5P (TROPOMI) data. For PM2.5, the
critical hotspots have been identified for the period from
June 2019 to May 2021 using the data from CAAQMS
monitoring stations.
The air pollution risk assessment includes the temporal
and spatial concentration patterns and the distribution
across various hotspots by pollutant type, highlighting
certain times of day and particular areas that are more
exposed. However, the scope and expanse of the analysis
is hampered by critical data gaps that inhibit the ability
to project correct past and future trends. Hence, this
analysis helps identify those areas and concentration
variations that show up as extreme but may exclude some
others for which data is lacking.
PM10 and PM2.5:The air pollution assessment
includes a trend analysis based on monitored data from
monitoring stations of BMC and SAFAR to identify
pollutant concentration trends at city level and around
specific monitoring stations. The pollutants assessed
for the trend analysis include particulate matter (PM
2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide
(SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3).
Along with the annual trend analysis, the concentration
of these pollutants with reference to their individual
CPCB permissible limits was also assessed. The CPCB
permissible limits of each of these pollutants are listed
in Table 2.
Table 2: Critical pollutants by pollution control permissible limits
PollutantsCPCB Permissible LimitWHO Standards
Particulate Matter (PM) 2.540 (µg/m3)5 μg/m3
Particulate Matter (PM) 1060 (µg/m3)15 μg/m3
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)40 (µg/m3)10 μg/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)1.78 (8 hrs) (ppm)4 μg/m3(24-hour mean)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)50 (µg/m3)40 μg/m3(24-hour mean)
Ammonia (NH3)100 (µg/m3)NA
continue to remain above the National Ambient Air
Quality (NAAQ) standards. Areas with high concentration
have emerged in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mazgaon,
Andheri and Malad, as per SAFAR Mumbai data. In 2019,
and Sion. PM10 and PM2.5, being critical pollutants for
the city, are majorly generated from construction and
roadside dust and in traces from traffic congestion and
vehicular emission.
Figure 13 shows higher concentrations of PM2.5 were
observed during the winter months than the rest of the
year. Relatively lower concentrations were observed
during monsoons, whereas the values start increasing
after the monsoon period, reaching a peak during the
winter months. PM2.5 values are higher on weekdays
than on weekends, with some winter months recording
higher concentrations on weekends due to festivities in
that season. On average, peak morning and evening office
hours show higher concentrations as compared with the
other times of the day and a spike is seen past midnight
due to high freight movement. On average, the maximum
daily mean concentration for weekdays and weekends
stands 2-3 times higher than the permissible limit of
60μg/m37, except in Kurla, Colaba and Ville Parle, where
the weekdays and weekend peaks have reached levels
that are 10 times higher than the permissible limit in
2019. In conclusion, areas in central Mumbai and traces
in the southern part of the city show high concentration
of particulate matter (especially PM2.5) mostly during
the weekdays of the winter months, in the morning and
evening office hours and after midnight.
Figure 12: Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5  (July 2015 - March 2021)
(Source: SAFAR - Mumbai,NAAQ )
Figure 13: 3D timeseries of hourly average concentration of PM2.5 for Bandra and Colaba monitoring stations, Mumbai, June 2019 - May 2021 (Source: Two monitoring stations, CAAQMS; CPCB, June 2019 - May 2021)
Figure 15: Total vertical column density of S02and CO and NO2, June 2019 - May 2020
WRI India, Contains Modified Copernicus Sentinel Data (2022)
Shot in Borivali East | By Ikshit Patel
The impact of indoor air pollution is a poorly studied area
of vulnerability to air pollution. The major contributor is
the burning of fossil fuels and domestic activities such
as cooking and heating water. Exposure to the burning
of fossil fuels causes 4.5 million premature deaths
worldwide every year. In 2018, fossil fuel burning caused
over 1 million deaths in South Asia (The World Bank
Group, 2021). Data from Census of India 2011 suggests
that firewood is consumed by only 2% of the households
in Mumbai in comparison to kerosene and LPG. However,
based on an analysis conducted by WRI in 2021,
these 2% households are exposed to maximum indoor
concentration of PM2.5 from the kitchen area, which is
twice the exposure of PM2.5 concentration levels from
kitchens fueled by kerosene and LPG.
Indoor Air Pollution
Vulnerability Assessment Framework
Vulnerability assessment to climate and air pollution-
induced risks is carried out across three aspects:
socio-economic sensitivities, physical environment,
and access to infrastructure and essential services. The
overall demographic context provides a background
to understand how vulnerabilities are experienced
differentially, even within a neighborhood (that is equally
exposed geographically) or a household (that is equally
impacted), based on demographic differences such as
age, gender, occupation and education. Climate-induced
risks, such as urban heat, flooding, landslides, coastal risks
and increasing exposure to various air pollutants in the
city are jointly seen as hazards or drivers of vulnerability.
The different aspects of socio-economic, physical,
infrastructural and service access contribute differently
to increasing vulnerability. Figure 16 illustrates the
vulnerability assessment framework which uses climate
and air pollution risk indicators against indicators under
the three aspects to understand, spatialise and quantify
differential vulnerabilities.
The mean concentration levels of these three pollutants
have been below the NAAQ permissible limits. Higher
concentration of CO can be found in the eastern suburbs
(around Mulund and Mankhurd); it is observed that the
M/E and M/W wards are exposed to CO pollution due
to the Deonar landfill site. Traces of CO have also been
found in the south in the G/S, G/N, F/N and F/S wards.
Higher concentrations of SO2 are observed in the east
(around Mankhurd) and west (around Bandra and BKC),
contributed mostly by the activities around the airport.
NH3 also showed lower concentration levels, below the
CPCB permissible limit, except in the years 2012 and
2015. [see figure 14].
Ozone (O3) also exhibited a gradual decreasing trend in
annual concentration from 2015 to 2020, much below
the CPCB permissible level of 51 (8hrs) ppb8, with
comparatively higher concentration in Colaba, Worli
and Bhandup. Colaba had recorded a strikingly high
concentration of 62ppb in 2015-16, much above the
concentrations of other monitoring stations.
In conclusion, the wards M/E (Deonar, Govandi,
Mankhurd and Trombay), M/W (Mahul and Chembur),
F/N (Antop Hill and Sion) and N (Ghatkopar and Vikhroli)
are highly exposed to the risks of air pollution. The other
hotspots include the airport complex, Andheri, Kurla,
Worli and Colaba. Some extreme locations, such as
Mahul, Ambapada and Chembur, are commonly described
as “gas chambers” of the city due to their proximity to
the refineries and petroleum industries (Saigal, 2020).
A respiratory morbidity survey undertaken by KEM
Hospital, Mumbai, in 2013 observed that 67% of Mahul’s
residents complained of routine breathlessness and
84.5% complained of choking sensations.
Ozone
Figure 16: Climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment framework
CLIMATE RISK CONTEXT
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Urban Heat RiskPopulation exposed to ≥35°C mean surface temperature
Urban Flooding RiskLiving within 250m radius of flooding hotspots
Landslide RiskLiving in the vicinity of landslide-prone locations
Coastal RisksExposure to storm surges and cyclonic events
Air Polluƒon RisksExposure to pollutants: outdoors and indoors
Access to InformaƒonAccess to broadcast media, telephone & internet
Home OwnershipResidents as owners
House CondiƒonMaterial of roof
Access to Daily Urban Recreaƒon SpacesWithin 1km walking distance
Access to Drinking WaterSource & proximity of source of drinking water
Access to SanitaƒonLatrine location, sewage & wastewater disposal
Access to Clean Cooking FuelLPG, Biogas & Electricity
Access to Mass TransitWithin 1km walking distance
Access to ElectricityConnection to grid/Main source of lighting
Access to HealthcareWithin 5km driving distance
Access to Fire ServicesWithin 5mins response time at 35km/hr
Access to Flood ShelterWithin 1km walking distance
Nature of poten(cid:20)al impacts:
Early warning systems and communica(cid:13)on
Timely response, first aid, rescue & recovery efforts
Lives, health, quality of life, produc(cid:13)vity
Physical access to jobs, economy
Service Delivery (disrup(cid:13)on in services)
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Effective literacy Greater Mumbai: 89.7% Low rank ward: M/E 83.3% Top rank ward: T 93.2%
Higher literacy increases adaptive capacity, thereby reducing sensitivity to shocks and stresses.
Mumbai city has an overall high population of literate people; however, female literacy is slightly lower.
Literacy increases one’s ability to access information, absorb early warnings and respond faster during a crisis or disaster event.
Higher literacy increases socio-economic stability and decreases one’s sensitivity to shocks and strains; access to stable jobs, knowledge of saving mechanisms, etc. are observed to be better in educated individuals/ families.
Effective female literacy Greater Mumbai: 86.4% Low rank ward: M/E 78% Top rank ward: R/C 91.3%
Access to education - Population having no access to schools within 1km walking distanceGreater Mumbai: 3.2% Low rank ward: G/S 6.4% Top rank ward: C 0% [access map in the Annex A]
For poor families, proximity to educational institutions ensures enrolment, especially for girls.
Access to education improves literacy, thereby improving adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability.
Most people in Mumbai have access to educational institutes within walking distance of 1km.
Schools and higher educational institutions can help build community resilience capacities, among the youth as well as climate consciousness and disaster preparedness, especially for those living in vulnerable communities.
A. Table 3: Socio-economicaspects9
KeyLeast vulnerableModerateMost vulnerable
Literacy
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Households owning radioGreater Mumbai: 36.2% Low rank ward: B 17.5% Top rank ward: R/C 55.7%
Information access enables better adaptive capacity and reduces sensitivity to shocks and stresses.
Information and telecommunication devices increase one’s access to warning alerts and climate risk and preparedness information.
The ownership of these devices offers the opportunity to access regular live news updates, weather broadcasts and awareness campaigns, as well as timely updates, such as warnings
and evacuation instructions, in the event of a disaster.
Greater access to information increases adaptive capacities and reduces vulnerability to disasters and slow onset events. A larger percentage of the population with whom communication is possible before and during such events can help authorities and communities prepare better, efficiently manage evacuation plans and effectively carry out rescue operations.
Households owning TVGreater Mumbai: 85.3% Low rank ward: M/E 75.3% Top rank ward: R/C 92.4%
Households owning PC with InternetGreater Mumbai: 20.1% Low rank ward: M/E 7.7% Top rank ward: H/W 39.8%
Households owning landline connections onlyGreater Mumbai: 9.3% Low rank ward: M/E 6.2% Top rank ward: H/W 14.6%
Households owning mobile phones only Greater Mumbai: 61.7% Low rank ward: D 40.2% Top rank ward: L 75.7%
Households owning landline connections and mobile phonesGreater Mumbai: 24% Low rank ward: M/E 8.6% Top rank ward: D 44.7%
B. Table 4: Physical environment aspects
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Households residing in a house owned by themGreater Mumbai: 73.7% Low rank ward: C 54.1% Top rank ward: R/C 82.7%
Owning a house enables better financial security, thereby reducing vulnerability.
Approximately, 74% of Mumbai’s households live in houses owned by them.
Home ownership increases one’s willingness to invest in improvements to increase safety (to increasing climate risks such as heat and extreme rainfall events) and resilience of property and associated assets.
In case of other associated losses, such as job loss, income loss due to health impacts and asset losses (such as vehicles or electronics), having a safe living space is critical to retaining a sense of social security and decreased vulnerability.
By Johnny Miller
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Population having limited access to daily urban recreation spaces Greater Mumbai: 40.2% Low rank ward: T 61% Top rank ward: M/W 21 %
Access to a recreational open space enhances overall quality of life and increases community health, thereby reducing vulnerability.
Approximately 60% of Mumbai’s population live within walking distance of 1km from a daily urban recreation space.
Open spaces are critical for physical and mental health. During disaster events, open spaces serve as grounds for evacuation, rescue and recovery. During slow onset events, such as extreme summers or heat waves, well-shaded open spaces can offer poor and more exposed communities (such as those living in informal settlements) essential respite from extreme indoor heat stress.
The populations with limited access to open spaces are at higher risk and more vulnerable.
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Populations living in houses with temporary roofing material Greater Mumbai: 45.7% Low rank ward: S 63.6% Top rank ward: C 10.8%
Living in structurally stable houses reduces the risk of life loss and asset losses. Hence, those living in poor housing conditions are more sensitive to shocks and stresses.
A high percentage of Mumbai residents live in structurally unstable/compromised houses.
The roof is the largest exposed area of a house. As compared with walls and floors, constructing a structurally stable and safe roof built of concrete, burnt brick or machine-made tiles costs more. Hence, houses with roofs made of material such as thatch, mud, polythene and asbestos are more vulnerable to extreme weather conditions (such as heavy rainfall, strong winds and heat waves), thereby exposing the residents to a greater risk to climate-induced hazards.
Poor housing conditions result in increased risk and vulnerability.
House Condition
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Households with access to treated tap water Greater Mumbai: 94.4% Low rank ward: M/E 82.8% Top rank ward: C & D 98.3%Access to reliable and potable water is crucial for public health.
Limited access to drinking water increases health hazards and exacerbates vulnerabilities during climate-induced disasters.
In Mumbai, 94% of households have access to treated piped water and 79% have a tap in their premises. However, access is largely restricted or unavailable in informal settlements.
During or after a disaster, the households dependent on alternate water sources, such as tankers or community taps, face vulnerability since physical access via roads is impacted.
During a heat wave or days of extreme heat, the households with limited access to piped water are vulnerable to health impacts. In times of water cuts, these households may not be able to access alternate sources such as water tankers on account of affordability thereby restricting their access and increasing vulnerability.
Households with tap within premisesGreater Mumbai: 79.2% Low rank ward: M/E 53.6% Top rank ward: C 98.4%
Access to Drinking Water
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Households with latrine within premisesGreater Mumbai: 58.3% Low rank ward: M/E 35.8% Top rank ward: C 93.4%Access to safe sanitation within the premises at all times reduces dependency on public toilets, curtails the risk of public health hazards and ensures access even during disaster events when physical access to toilets may be limited or blocked; this, in turn, reduces vulnerabilities.
Only 58% of the households in the city have access to toilets within their homes. This has led to greater dependency on public toilets, exposing people to health risks and safety and ease-of-use issues, especially for women, children and persons with special needs. These conditions increase vulnerabilities during extreme events when physical access is hindered.
Unhygienic methods of sewage and wastewater disposal can pose serious health hazards, pollute surface water and groundwater, exacerbate air pollution, worsening the impact in case of a climate-induced hazard, such as flooding.
Households relying on unhygienic sewage disposal methodsGreater Mumbai: 2.8% Low rank ward: M/E 4.06% Top rank ward: F/N 1.7%
Households relying on unhygienic wastewater disposal methodsGreater Mumbai: 18% Low rank ward: M/E 47.9% Top rank ward: C 1.26%
Access to Sanitation
Access to Electricity
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Households with electricity as source of lightingGreater Mumbai: 97.3% Low rank ward: M/E 95.3% Top rank ward: C 99.7%
Electricity as the main source of lighting represents a connection to a safe and stable grid, which improves the adaptive capacity of households and reduces vulnerability.
Most households in the city have access to a metered electricity connection, which reduces the risks of illegal connections, and ensures connectivity when the grid is restored after disasters. Hence, the lack of power/electricity is not a source of vulnerability for most households in Mumbai.
Access to Mass Transit [Access Map in Annex A]
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Population having no access to mass transit within 1kmGreater Mumbai: 39.5% Low rank ward: M/E 74.6% Top rank ward: B 0.8%
Access to mass transit enables access to jobs and resources, which can help improve household incomes. Women and children have access to safe and affordable networks for better access to jobs and education, thereby increasing their adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability.
More than 60% of Mumbai’s population lives within walking distance of 1km from mass transit stations and has good access to sustainable mobility options. (This analysis takes into consideration the completion of the Metro network, planned for the next decade).
During flood events, waterlogged streets hinder physical access to mass transit stations, disrupting regular access to mobility networks. During a flooding event, the population having access to a mass transit station within 1km potentially declines to 36.6%, as compared with 60.5% on normal days.
The populations that are dependent on mass transit to access jobs and for personal needs are deeply impacted due to loss of working hours, reduced productivity, loss of income and the inability to access basic needs or access health and emergency services.
The vulnerability of poor households is exacerbated during such events.
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Population having limited access to any healthcare facilitiesGreater Mumbai: 1.1% Low rank ward: P/N 4.2% Top rank ward: F/N & C 0%
Healthcare is an essential service, critical to the wellbeing of city residents.
Limited access to healthcare reduces adaptive capacities and increases vulnerability during shocks and stresses.
Timely access to medical care is crucial for everyday life as well as during a disaster event. The vulnerability of population concentrations with limited access to health services is exacerbated during heat waves, flooding and landslides, which may lead to higher mortalities or long-term health risks. During a flood event, the population with access to a healthcare facility potentially declines to 63.9%, as compared to 98.9% on normal days.
Access to Clean Cooking Fuel [Access Map in Annex A]
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Households with access to clean cooking fuelGreater Mumbai: 78.6% Low rank ward: M/E 54.3 % Top rank ward: R/C 91.3%
The usage of non-polluting cooking fuels, such as LPG, electricity and biogas, reduces exposure to indoor air pollution and decreases vulnerability.
Although 79% of Mumbai’s households have access to LPG (cleaner cooking fuel), several low-income households continue to rely on firewood and kerosene for cooking purposes.
Indoor air pollution is as critical as outdoor air quality. The current trends of deteriorating air quality coupled with indoor air pollution increase health risks and make populations more vulnerable. Those living in smaller houses, with kitchens not separated from the living quarters are the most vulnerable.
Access to Fire Services [Access Map in Annex A]
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Population with limited access to emergency fire rescue servicesGreater Mumbai: 21.4% Low ranking ward: S 61.1 % Top rank ward: C 0 %
Higher access to fire services implies low response time, which decreases vulnerability.
Majority of Mumbai’s residents are well covered by emergency fire services and are within a five-minute response time, ensuring timely emergency and rescue operations.
Residents of high-density, informal settlements are most at risk during fire emergencies ( higher the density, higher is the risk of fires spreading and challenges in physical access for rescue operations). The population having access to fire services within the standard response time potentially declines, from 78.6% on a regular day to 47.2% during a flood event.
Conclusion
The geography and scale, rate and pattern of its
urbanization exposes Mumbai to the risks of several
climate-induced hazards. Analysis reveals changing
and uncertain patterns of rainfall, deteriorating coastal
ecology and development choices that have made
flooding a recurrent major challenge. More than 35%
of the city’s population lives within the influence zone
(250m radius buffer around a hotspot) of BMC-reported
flooding hotspots. Ward F/N has the highest number
of flooding hotspots (54), and more than 65% of the
population here is potentially exposed to the risk of
flooding, making it the most vulnerable area to the
hazards of flooding. Also, only 50% of the households in
this ward have a latrine within the premises, hindering
access to safe and hygienic sanitation services during a
flood event.
Urban heat not only in summer but also post-monsoon,
is another major challenge for Mumbai owing to the
rise in relative humidity at that time, the increasing
built density, the choice of building materials and the
reducing green cover in the city. M/E is the ward most
vulnerable to heat stress, with over 40% of its population
potentially exposed to a surface temperature greater
than 35°C. This ward also has the highest percentage
(more than 45%) of households depending on polluting
cooking fuels, is among the top three wards with the
highest number of houses with a temporary roof made
without a drinking water source within their premises
and only about 35% households with a latrine within their
premises, intensifying the risk. Further, across different
aspects and indicators, a potential reduction of more than
30% in services (access to mass transit, healthcare, daily
urban recreation space, fire services and flood shelter)
has been observed during flood events and between 10%
and 15% of Mumbai’s underserved population, i.e., those
who have limited or no access to daily urban recreation
spaces, healthcare and fire services based on defined
thresholds, is exposed to an overlapping risk of heat
stress, exacerbating the vulnerabilities.
With a large section of Mumbai’s population living
in underserved neighbourhoods, climate and air
pollution-related risks can be catastrophic for the city.
The demographic and socio-economic study to assess
Mumbai’s vulnerability is largely based on Census of
India 2011 data, which is outdated and may not
adequately represent the city’s vulnerability to climate-
induced disasters. Among the 24 administrative wards
in Mumbai, the M-East ward ranks lowest across most
socio-economic and infrastructure parameters, pointing
to the possibility of greater vulnerability in that area.
A deeper assessment of vulnerability parameters and
community resilience capacities is recommended to
bridge capacity gaps and ensure access to infrastructure
and services, thereby reducing vulnerability for all
Mumbai ContextVulnerability RationaleVulnerability Analysis
Population having no access to any flood shelters within 1km walking distanceGreater Mumbai: 24.1% Low rank ward: M/E 68.5% Top rank ward: C 0.1%
Proximity and easy access to flood shelters reduces vulnerability.
In flood-prone cities, such as Mumbai, access to flood shelters is pivotal to ensure the safety of lives, effective evacuation and emergency response measures.
Underserved populations living far from flood shelters are more vulnerable during flood events when road access is compromised. The population having a flood shelter within 1km of walking distance potentially declines, from 75.9% on a regular day to 46.5% during a flood event. People living in temporary structures in dense informal settlements are more vulnerable owing to the high likelihood of the structure collapsing, giving lesser time to react.
GHG Inventory: Critical Sources and Sinks
The GHG inventory for Mumbai includes an analysis of all
the sectors/sources that emit GHGs into the atmosphere
and all the sectors/land uses that absorb (or sequester)
GHGs from the atmosphere.
A citywide GHG inventory forms a critical piece of any
climate action plan as it establishes the sources/sinks of
GHGs. This allows cities to formulate evidence-based
mitigation actions and policies and is a powerful tool for
monitoring progress towards climate goals.
In 2019, Mumbai’s GHG emissions were 23.42 million
tonnes of CO2e, or 1.8 tonnes of CO2e per person. The
emissions inventory complies with the Global Protocol
for Communities (GPC) BASIC standards using the City
Inventory Reporting and Information System (CIRIS) tool
of C40. Most of the city’s emissions are from energy use
in residential buildings, followed by commercial buildings
and transport. Electricity consumption contributes
significantly to the total emissions (64.3%) due to the
predominantly coal-based grid in the city.
Mumbai’s GHG emissions inventory includes three
GHGs —CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide
(N2O). The inventory boundary spans an area of
603 km2, with a population of 12.8 million people.
The stationary energy sector is responsible for 16.9
million tonnes of CO2e, which is 72% of Mumbai’s
total emissions, followed by the transportation sector
at 4.56 million tonnes of CO2e, which is 20% of the
city’s total emission and the waste sector at 1.94
million tonnes of CO2e, which is 8% of the city’s total
emissions. This is illustrated in Figure 18.
Residential buildings
Stationary energy
Commercial and institutional buildings and facilities
Transport
Manufacturing industries and construction
Waste
On-road transportation
Railways
Solid waste generated in the city
Biological waste generated in the city
Wastewater generated in the city
Critical Sources
Figure 17 Emissions from sub-sectors
(Source: BMC & Service providers)
Analysis by WRI India
37%
72%
20%
8%
27% 9%
16%
3%
4%
0%4%
Figure 18: GHG emissions by sector for Mumbai
(million tonnes CO2e)
2.2
residential buildings, (ii) commercial and institutional
buildings, (iii) manufacturing industries and construction
and(iv)energy industries. This sector accounts for 72% of
the total GHG emissions in the city. Of this, the emissions
from electricity consumption make up 89% of the total
emissions from stationary energy. The remaining are
from the consumption of PNG, LPG, coal, fuelwood and
kerosene. Residential buildings are responsible for 8.68
million tonnes of CO2e (51% of total stationary energy
emissions), while commercial and institutional buildings
account for 37%, as illustrated in Figure 19. This is
mainly because the source of a significant amount of the
electricity consumed is a predominantly coal-based grid.
Furthermore, 50% of the lighting in residential buildings
and 44% in commercial buildings are derived from
incandescent technologies, which have the least energy
efficiency. In commercial and residential sectors, 60% of
the heating demand is also met using electricity.
Transportation:The transport sector comprises (i)on-
road transport, (ii)railways and (iii)aviation. Within the
BMC boundary, the transportation sector is responsible
for 4.56 million tonnes of CO2e, of which on-road
transportation is responsible for 83%, as illustrated in
Figure 20. This is because of high fossil fuel consumption
across passenger and freight sub-segments (65% of cars,
85% of freight and 100% of two wheelers run on petrol,
while 27% of buses run on diesel). Despite being a low-
carbon alternative, 40% of the emissions also result from
CNG consumption by intermediate public transport fleets
(three-wheelers and taxis). Railways are responsible
for 17% of the emissions. Although all trains operate
on electricity, the emissions can be attributed to the
coal-dominated grid. Aviation, which is responsible for
3.7 million tonnes of CO2e , falls in the Scope 3 category
as these are emissions mostly occurring outside the
boundary as a result of the activities within the boundary
and is therefore not included in the “BASIC”
total emissions.
Figure 19: Stationary energy emissions - Total GHGs
(metric tonnes CO2e)
(Source: BMC & Service providers)
Analysis by WRI India
Figure 20: Transportation (SCOPE 1 & 2) - Total GHGs
(metric tonnes CO2e)
(Source: BMC & Service providers)
Analysis by WRI India
51%
37%
12%
Residential buildings
Commercial and institutionalbuildings and facilities
On-road transportation Railways
83%
17%
for 0.96 million tonnes, or 50%, as illustrated in
Figure 21. This is mainly due to CH4emissions from
landfills, with the city landfilling 75% of its dry waste
and 90% of wet. The biological treatment of waste in
the city is responsible for 0.04 million tonnes of CO2e,
mainly due to composting, with 9% of the total wet
waste being composted. Wastewater is responsible
for 0.92 million tonnes of CO2e. This is because 53%
of wastewater is treated using facultative methods
without biogas capture and 47% is released without
treatment.Figure 21: Waste sector emissions - Total GHGs
(metric tonnes CO2e)
(Source: BMC & Service providers)
Analysis by WRI India
Carbon Sinks
Natural ecosystems, such as forests, wetland and
mudflats, play an important role in sequestering carbon
and modulating the overall climate. The GHG inventories
for lands are reported in six “land use” categories —
forest land, grassland, cropland, wetland, settlement and
other land (barren, snow, ice). In the case of Mumbai,
cropland and grassland are extremely small. Settlement
comprises the largest land area, followed by wetland.
The two protected areas (PAs) in the city — the Sanjay
Gandhi National Park and the Aarey forest — are the
forested area.
As part of the Cities4Forests Initiative, the BMC
conducted a climate and land use assessment to
quantify the role of forests, mangroves and trees in
influencing Mumbai’s net GHG flux. Unlike other sectors,
forests, mangroves and trees not only emit GHGs, they
also remove CO2from the atmosphere. To develop
baseline data for Mumbai, the periods 2010-2016
and 2016-2020 were analyzed for changes in forests,
mangroves and Trees outside Forest (ToF). GHG values
were estimated for (i)the PAs of Sanjay Gandhi National
Park and  Arrey forest, (ii)mangrove forests and (iii)ToF in
Mumbai city and Mumbai suburbs separately.
The assessments from the three typologies of
vegetation (as in figure 22) in Mumbai for the 2016-
2021 period shows that in the PAs,3448.74 tonnes
of CO2/yearis removed from the forest remaining
as forest category, 308.80 tonnes of CO2/yearis
removed because of the net gain of forest and 1067.99
tonnes of CO2/yearis emitted due to loss of forest. In
mangroves,87622.08 tonnes of CO2/yearis removed
from the mangroves remaining as mangroves, 4569.95
tonnes of CO2/yearis removed because of the net
gain of mangroves and 1572.06 tonnes of CO2/year is
emitted due to loss of mangroves. In ToFs,for the 24
wards in Mumbai (as in Figure 23), the annual carbon
emissionamounts to 19640.899 tonnes of CO2/yearand
the annual carbonremovedis 76991.35 tonnes of CO2/
year. Map in Figure 24 shows the changes in mangrove
areas and protected forest cover in Mumbai for the
period 2016-2021
48%
2%
50%
Waste diposal sites
Biological treatment
Waste water discharge and treatment
-60 ha
per year1067.99 tonnes of CO2 per year
308.80 tonnes of CO2per year
76991.35 tonnes of CO2per year
87622.08 tonnes of CO2per year
+187 ha
-54 ha
-2028 ha
7682 ha
+281 ha
3600 ha
*For Trees outside Forest the calcuated area is based on extent of canopy coverSource: Google Earth Engine; i-Tree Canopy Cover, 2021.
3146 ha
Area(in hectares)
Green Cover Area (in hectares)
MangrovesProtected Forest & Trees Outside ForestAmount of Carbon Removed/Emitted (Mega gram Carbon per Year)
square indicates an area of 40 hectares
Carbon Emitted
Carbon Removed-
- -
-
Area Retained with Increased Density
Area Lost with Decreased Density
Area Retained & Gained with Increased Density
Area Gained with Increased Density Area of Decreased Density
Area of Increased Density
Area Retained with Increased Density
Figure 23: % Loss in tree cover density in Mumbai, 2016-2021
(Source: WRI India, iTree Canopy)
Marine Lines0
Matu nga
Ban dra
Colaba
Chemb ur
GrantRoad
Mulu n d
Borival iKurla
Gore gao nMalad
Chemb ur(west)Parel
Khar/Santacruz
Ghatko par
Bycul la
Bhan d u p
An d heri(East)
An d heri(West)
Dahisar
San d h urstRoad
Kan dival i
Elp hinso ne
DadarPlaza
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2%
Figure 22: Carbon sequestration from different vegetation types in Mumbai from 2016 to 2021
(Source: Google Earth Engine; i- Tree Canopy Cover, 2021)
Figure 24: Change in mangrove and protected forest density in Mumbai for 2016-2021
The climate and air pollution risks and vulnerability assessment points to three key risk areas that impact the city:
Increasing heat stress, with
an increase in heat island
effect in areas that have
depleted green cover
Increasing air pollution
impacting public health,
especially among those who are
more exposed (due to location
or occupational exposure)
Increasing monsoon flooding during
extreme rainfall days, tropical cyclones
resulting in increased storm surges, and
increasing risk of landslides in informal
settlements
2.3
The vulnerability assessment helps identify areas and communities that are more at risk/sensitive or have poorer
adaptive capacities to endure these risks.
The GHG emissions inventory points to three key sectors:
A majority of the emissions originate
from electricity consumption, since
electricity is predominantly generated
from high-emitting fossil fuels, such as
coal, oil and gas.
The transportation sector is the
second-largest contributor, emitting
4.5m tonnes of CO2e, which is 19% of
the city’s total emissions.
While the climate and land use
assessment helps calculate the carbon
removal factor from forests, mangroves
and trees outside forests in the city, the
adaptation benefits of increasing the
green cover in Mumbai are higher than
the mitigation potential.
The stationary energy sector is responsible
for 16.9m tonnes of CO2e, which is 72.2% of
Mumbai’s total emissions.
The waste sector contributes 1.93m
tonnes of CO2e, which is 8.2% of the
city’s total emissions.
Decarbonizing Mumbai’s energy grid and building energy efficient and climate resilient infrastructure.
Promoting low-carbon mobility solutions, with a strong focus on non-motorized transport infrastructure and zero emission fuels.
Increasing resilience by reducing water-sanitation inequity and adopting nature-based solutions for water conservation and flood risk management.
Adopting an inclusive and zero landfill waste management strategy.
Increasing the urban green cover to reduce heat risk and increase the city’s resilience to flood events.
Reducing air pollution by improved monitoring, effective regulations and a shift to cleaner technologies.
Energy and Buildings
Sustainable Mobility
Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management
Sustainable Waste Management
Urban Greening and Biodiversity
Air Quality A
By Atharva Tulsi
Chapter 3:Pathways to a 1.5°C Warming Scenario for Mumbai
The objective of the pathways scenario exercise is
to establish an evidence base that could be used
to set emissions reduction targets for Mumbai’s
energy, transport and waste sectors in line with
the fair-share 1.5 degree scenario and identify the
strategies to achieve these.
In the MCAP, these scenarios have been used to
structure the climate action planning analysis,
document Mumbai’s current strategies, identify
new strategies that could be implemented in the
near and medium terms and assess the barriers in
implementing ambitious action.
Mumbai has an overarching mitigation target of
achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Interim and
long-term targets include a 30% emissions reduction
by 2030, 44% by 2040 and net zero by 2050 against
the base year emissions of 2019. These targets
are based on the pathways scenarios developed as
part of the MCAP. These actions would help reduce
about 27% emissions in 2030 and 71% emissions
in 2050 against the base year emissions of 2019.
The definitions of the modelled GHG scenarios are
presented in Figure 25.
Business-as-usual (BAU)No action scenario excluding
the effects of ongoing or
planned policies
Existing and planned (E&P)Considers effects of existing or
planned city actions along with
regional and national policies
AmbitiousIncludes the most ambitious yet
achievable strategies for the city
City-wide Mitigation Targets3.1
Figure 25: Scenarios modeled
C40’s landmark research ‘Deadline 2020’ describes
the fair-share 1.5 degree warming scenario trajectory
of cities, depending on their specific contexts. The
scenarios presented in Figure 21 are based on the
pathways model developed by C40. These have been
developed to model a trajectory that could keep
emissions within the limits established in the Paris
Agreement. The scenarios, were developed over a
period of five months, primarily through desk-based
research, and provide an evidence-based roadmap to a
fair-share 1.5 degree warming scenario for Mumbai.
The pathways scenarios were developed in
consultation with key city departments and external
stakeholders to gain inputs on feasibility and priorities.
Most of the data was provided by different agencies
with whom BMC coordinated. For example, SWM data
was received from the SWM, Water Supply, Gardens
and Storm Water Drainage Departments, energy
data from DISCOMS within BMC and Mahanagar
Gas Limited (MGL), and transport data from fuel
companies, MMRDA, BEST, Regional Transport Offices
(RTOs) and Western and Central Railways. Gaps in
The Pathways Methodology
As the graph in Figure 26 indicates, if no action is taken,
the emissions are expected to reach 64.8 million tonnes
CO2e/year by 2050, increasing 2.7 times between 2019
and 2050. This is slightly higher than the Indian level
Business-as-usual (BAU) trajectory of 2.5 times
(Ge et al., 2020).
1. Business-as-Usual Scenario
3,33,16,830
3.2
Figure 26: Business-as-usual scenario emission estimate
(Source: Analysis by WRI India)
2019204020302050
0
1,00,00,000
2,00,00,000
3,00,00,000
4,00,00,000
5,00,00,000
6,00,00,000
7,00,00,000
As per this scenario, the emissions are expected to reach
51.3 million tons CO2e/year by 2050, an increase of
119.4% in comparison to the base year emissions (see
Table X). Mumbai can achieve a 30% share of renewables
in the electricity grid by 2050 under this scenario through
solar photo voltaic (PV) initiatives by Maharashtra State
Electricity Development Company Limited (MSEDCL)
and hydro power projects of 732 MW proposed by
Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA) and
BMC’s Water Resources Department. This scenario also
estimates that 28% of passenger cars and 32% of buses
in the city will be electric by 2050, thereby progressing
towards Maharashtra’s electric vehicle (EV) policy
targets. The emissions trends are not aligned
with the 1.5°C Paris Agreement and Deadline 2020
emission trajectories.
Figure 27: Emission reduction potential of actions in the E&P scenario
(Source: Analysis by C40 & WRI India)
National/Regional ActionsBuilding Energy - Fuel switchTransportation - Fuel switchAFOLU
Electricity GenerationIndustrial Energy -EfficiencyUrban PlanningRemainig Emissions
District heatingIndustrial - Fuel switchWasteBaseline Forecast
Building energy - efficiencyTransportation efficiencyIPPUTarget Trajectory
in meeting the 1.5°C Paris Agreement goals and the
Deadline 2020 trajectory, indicating that more aggressive
action would be required for Mumbai to meet a fair-
share 1.5°C warming scenario. The Ambitious scenario
was modelled as the most “ambitious yet achievable”
trajectory for Mumbai to identify the strategies to
achieve it. This scenario forms the basis of city-wide GHG
targets and mitigation actions within the MCAP.
The scenario also takes into account India’s recent
commitments at the 26thsession of the Conference of the
Parties (COP26) in Glasgow, where the country set new
targets to install 500 GW of renewable energy capacity
by 2050 and source 50% of its energy demand from
renewables by 2030and announced a net zero target for
the year 2070. The actions taken towards meeting these
targets can accelerate city-level climate action, resulting
in steeper emissions reduction.
reduce by 27% by the year 2030 and by 72% by the year
2050 as compared with the emission levels in 2019.
This implies that the city will have a residual emission
amounting to a 30% gap in meeting the 2050 target of
net-zero emissions. A majority (two-thirds) of the residual
emissions in 2050 is originating in buildings coming from
use of LPG as cooking fuel, implying a perceived lack
of policy appetite to shift from using LPG as cooking
fuel. The rest of the residual emissions is mostly from
wastewater treatment that remains predominantly
facultative treatment without biogas capture systems.
Further research would be required to gauge the
reduction of all long-term residual emissions. Meanwhile,
BMC is committed towards mitigation efforts before they
begin exploring options to offset any eventual residual
emissions.
UNITSCENARIO2019203020402050
E&P
Ambitious
% reduction below base year level
Table 6: % emission reduction under E&P and Ambitious scenarios.
27.1%43.8%71.5%
-119.4% -78.5%
-43.3%
Figure 28: Emission reduction potential of actions in the ambitious scenario
(Source: Analysis by C40 & WRI India)
National/Regional ActionsBuilding Energy - Fuel switchTransportation - Fuel switchAFOLU
Electricity GenerationIndustrial Energy -EfficiencyUrban PlanningRemainig Emissions
District heatingIndustrial - Fuel switchWasteBaseline Forecast
Building energy - efficiencyIPPUTarget Trajectory
3.3
The assumptions and targets developed for the
Ambitious scenario were based on secondary research
and consultations with various stakeholders, such as
city administrators such as Environment Department,
Solid Waste Department, transport operators, MMRDA
and Development Planning Department, community
organizations and political leaders. The complete list of
stakeholders is presented in Annex 3.
Energy
Transport
Mumbai’s GHG emissions inventory reveals
that energy is the most emissions-intensive
sector in the city, followed by transport and
waste. This scenario assumes a 50% share
of total grid electricity from renewables
by 2030 and 90% by 2050. This is because
utility companies such as Adani Electricity,
TATA Power, MSEDCL and BEST have
committed to 50% renewable energy-driven
electricity generation by 2030. Moreover,
India has committed to sourcing 50% of
its energy demand from renewables by
2030. The targets of 100% LED lighting in
residential and commercial subsectors, 60%
low flow fixtures in residential buildings
and 80% commercial buildings with high
efficiency chillers is based on the heroic
effort scenario modeled in the Maharashtra
State Energy Calculator tool (MHSEC)
2050, a scenario building tool developed by
NITI-Aayog and the UK government with
the support of the Energy Department,
Government of Maharashtra.
The key assumptions include 96%
electrification of cars by 2050, in line with
the aggressive effort scenario in MHSEC
2050. According to the India Emissions
Model developed by the International
Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT),
in order to achieve India’s air quality
goals and its Nationally Determined
Contribution (NDC), 28.1% of light duty
trucks need to be electrified by 2030 and
100% by 2044 (Gode et al., 2021). It also
estimates that 100% of all three-wheelers
and taxis need to be electrified by 2047.
Thus, the ambitious scenario for Mumbai
assumes 100% electrification of light duty
trucks, three-wheelers and taxis by 2050.
By 2030, all buses will be electric, based
on the government’s target of 100% bus
electrification by 2028 (Marpakwar, 2021).
This scenario assumes that while vehicle
ownership of two- and four-wheelers is
likely to increase till 2030, given the current
policy landscape, the city will witness a shift
from use of private vehicles to that of public
transport, particularly mass transit, given the
proposed Metro expansion. This scenario
aims at retaining the current share of
non-motorized transport (46%) and
increasing the share of public transport, from
32% to 42% by 2050. This can be achieved by
harnessing Mumbai’s dense public transport
network and implementing strategies to
increase access, affordability, data-driven
multimodal integration and inclusive last
mile access. This can also be coupled with
demand management strategies that focus
on principles such as parking management
and congestion pricing.
Currently, the city’s waste composition
includes plastic waste (4%), paper and metals
(3%), organic wet waste (73%), organic
dry waste (3%) and sand and stones (17%).
However, only a negligible amount of paper
and plastic waste is recycled while only 9%
of organic waste is composted and the rest
is landfilled. BMC has floated tenders for
five dry waste sorting centers, each having
a capacity of 100 MT/day and expandable
up to 250 MT/day. With plans to expand
recycling capacities, the Ambitious scenario
assumes 80% of paper and plastic waste will
be recycled by 2050, supported by strategies
to improve mass awareness, decentralized
infrastructural capacities and better waste
data management at the city level. This
scenario also assumes composting of 60% of
organic waste by 2050, driven by strategies
focused on decentralized composting pilots,
landfill gas capture, and market creation
for compost with local capacity building,
particularly for informal communities.
Recycling paper | By Sebastian73
Target203020402050
% share of total grid electricity from renewables50%70%90%
% of total residential buildings with solar PV installed10%20%40%
Residential water flow technology in buildings (% low flow fixtures)20%40%60%
LED lighting in commercial and residential buildings (%)100%100%100%
Commercial cooling system technology (% of high efficiency chillers)38%59%80%
Target203020402050
% of paper recycled20%40%80%
% of plastic recycled20%40%80%
% of organic waste composted20%40%60%
% Waste water treated by tertiary treatment10%15%17%
% landfill gas captured20%30%50%
Table 7: Strategy goals for the ambitious scenario for mumbai
Energy and Buildings
Waste
Target203020402050
% Mode share for public transport and NMT73%78%85%
% Electrification of passenger automobiles35%70%96%
% Electrification of light duty freight29%70%100%
Transport
The strategies in the Ambitious scenario inform sector-wise targets and actions for the waste, energy and transport
sectors. An example of pathways strategies and associated actions under each strategy for the three sectors is
illustrated in Figure 29.
Energy & Buildings
Waste
Transport
90% grid electricity from renewables
100% electrification ofbuses by 2030, 96% electrification of 4 wheelers by 2050
renewables
Incentives (reduced parking fee, road tax)
RE awareness programs for citizens
Integrated ticketing and pass options, open data policy
Mass D2D campaigns for segregation
Green buildings cell
Decentralized composting through citizen participation,biogas plants in mandis and hotels
Energy cell within BMC
Creation of EV cell
Mandate for solar heaters in new buildings
Audit of existing NMT infrastructure and creation of an NMT cell
Material recoveryfacilities and waste collection centres in each ward
Capacity building for municipal departments
Biodegradable waste processing at ward level with market
40% residential buildings with solar PV by 2050
100% electric freight with shift to rail and water by 2050
80% paper & plastic recycled by 2050
80% buildings with high efficiency chillers, 60% low flow fixtures by 2050
85% mode share for public transport and NMT by 2050
60% organic waste composted by 2050
Incentives and pilots for electrification of municipal services
Shifting non bulk goods to rail and water
Chapter 4:Sectoral Priorities
Based on the baseline assessments, six priorities
have been identified for developing mitigation and
adaptation strategies for Mumbai to transition to
a net zero and climate-resilient city by 2050. The
actions and strategies in the MCAP are in alignment
with the Inclusive Climate Action Planning approach
and global, national and sub-national climate and
environmental priorities.
While these priorities are aligned with existing sectoral departments within BMC to ensure the efficient
implementation of the MCAP, there is immense scope to converge across sectors, catalyze collaborations across
Departments and reap the co-benefits of holistic solutions. The six priorities identified are as follow:
Decarbonizing Mumbai’s energy grid and building energy-efficient and climate-
resilient infrastructure
The city will work to decarbonize the energy grid, increase proportion of renewable
energy and improve climate-resilient buildings in Mumbai. This priority directly aligns
with the Paris Agreement. To tackle Mumbai’s energy sector emissions, the approach
addresses both the supply side – increasing RE– and the demand side – improving
energy efficiency (EE). The impact of this action will reduce the overall carbon
emissions and heat effects, enabling good health for all residents of the city. Achieving
this priority implies increasing the availability of RE mix-energy generation, improving
energy efficiency in new and existing infrastructure, promoting green buildings,
integrating passive design strategies for thermal comfort in all affordable housing
projects and ensuring equity in energy access.
Six Priorities4.1
Energy & Buildings
Adopting an inclusive and zero-landfill waste management strategy
The city will work for creating value from waste by decentralizing municipal waste
management through inclusive climate solutions. This priority recognizes that the
city needs to focus on the 4R approach (Reduce-Reuse-Recover-Recycle) to manage
its waste in a sustainable and inclusive manner. To do this, the city must implement
actions such as segregation at source, organic waste composting, processing of
dry waste to recover and recycling and reusing C&D waste as building material. In
addition, wastewater must be treated at the tertiary level and treated water  reused
in industry as well as for purposes other than human consumption. If treated with
low-carbon technology, energy can also be produced.
Increasing the urban green cover to reduce heat risk and increase the city’s
resilience to flood events
The city will work towards green space access for all citizens, undertake conservation
and extend biodiversity to protect the city from the impacts of climate change. Urban
green cover helps minimize the mean rising temperature, reduce the effect of heat
waves and  arrest urban flooding. This goal can be achieved by increasing the vegetation
cover and permeable surface  of the city surface area by 30-40% by the year 2030 and
reducing the heat island effect by increasing the permeable surface along the city
streetscape. Ensuring an equitable distribution of open spaces, increasing the per
capita open space to 6 sq m by 2040 and restoring, maintaining and enhancing the
Sustainable Waste Management
Urban Greening & Biodiversity
Promoting low-carbon mobility solutions, with a strong focus on non-motorized
transport infrastructure and zero-emission fuels
The city will work towards integrated modes of transport, increase ridership in
public transport and promote EV vehicles in new registration and increased EV
infrastructures city-wide. BMC has launched EV Cell on 23 rd February 2022 action
directly results in improved air quality and human health, reduced travel time and less
congestion in the city. To manage Mumbai’s transport system with effective transport
demand management measures, trip integration and seamless trip chains, and real-
time transit and traffic information dissemination systems, it is essential to have a
robust parking policy.
Achieving this goal implies retaining the mode share of non-motorized trips and
improving NMT infrastructure while ensuring increased pedestrian safety and last mile
connectivity, as well as a transition to zero-emission vehicles and vehicles with more
efficient engines by 2050 (electrification of all buses by 2027, all two-wheelers, taxis
and autorickshaws by 2050, 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050). It is equally
important to develop a sustainable freight policy for Mumbai, with the aim to electrify
100% of light duty trucks and 2W freight and 46% of medium- and heavy-duty trucks
by 2050, improving public transport ridership and multimodal connectivity and shifting
demand away from private vehicles for improving human health.
Increasing resilience by reducing water-sanitation inequity and adopting nature-
based solutions for water conservation and flood risk management
The city will work to reduce flood risk and losses to its economy, infrastructure
and ecosystem and increase water security for all citizens. Mumbai faces extreme
precipitation, resulting in water logging at various low-lying areas. In addition,
increasing coastal risks due to storm surge, sea level rise and an increasing trend of
tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea are increasing incidents of coastal inundations in
the city.
The city will work to build flood-resilient infrastructure to protect physical and
economic assets by introducing nature-based solutions to strengthen the drainage
network and increase the percolation and holding capacity of the existing flood
management infrastructure. Efforts will be made towards disaster risk reduction
through an improved early warning system and the sensitization of vulnerable and
coastal communities. Mumbai is water-rich, but non-revenue water losses during
transmission and infrastructure gaps in slum communities and older neighbourhoods
with aging infrastructure have resulted in severe water-sanitation inequity in the city.
By adopting robust water resource management policies to reuse water and increase
percolation and harvest rainwater, additional and local sources will be explored.
A
Reducing air pollution through improved monitoring, effective regulations and a
shift to cleaner technologies
In terms of air pollution, Mumbai is one of the most polluted cities in India. Air quality
improvement depends upon co-benefits from other sectors, such as green cover
and biodiversity, transport, waste, energy and building construction. Poor air quality
impacts human health, biodiversity and ecosystems adversely. To improve air quality,
efforts should be taken to curb pollution levels by 20-30% by the year 2030, increase
publicly available information and data through improved monitoring, implement
forecasting and awareness programs and build community health resilience through
decentralized planning, capacity building and training initiatives.
The MCAP is framed as a policy document with an evidence-based approach to
planning and mobilizing for action plans as well as strategic projects. Each of the
six sectoral action plans (presented in detail in Chapter 5) are inclusive and closely
aligned with the principles of Majhi Vasundhara Abhiyan or My Earth Vision (MVA),
an initiative of the Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government
of Maharashtra, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Each sectoral
strategy presents a set of goals aligned with the city-wide targets.
Air Quality
India is committed to the goals of the Paris Agreement,
whereby it strives to reduce climate risk, alleviate
poverty, build shared prosperity and promote sustainable
development. This can be achieved well through Inclusive
Climate Action Planning (ICAP) that facilitates local
governments to assess climate-related risk and identify
actions that are consistent with the country’s climate
goals. In other words, inclusivity can be achieved by
engaging relevant stakeholders in the policy-making
process, ensuring universal accessibility of the policy
process, while also ensuring an equitable impact of
climate programs, actions and policies.  ICAP must target
1) a consultative process engaging the stakeholders,
2) policies that encourage people-centred planning and
decision making and 3) programs that ensure equity
in the distribution of resources and information and
in institutional access. The MCAP team has adopted
the globally applicable ICAP guidelines to integrate
inclusivity and equity throughout the climate action
planning process.
The MCAP integrates co-benefits for its residents, such
as improving urban health and well-being, increasing
economic prosperity and promoting education and
skill development. All actions that are a part of the
MCAP (that are presented in detail in Chapter 5) were
assessed using the action analysis database in order to
understand the inclusivity and equity implications of
climate actions planned. The vulnerable groups, such as
women, the elderly, persons with disabilities, children,
low-income communities, and informal communities
(residents and workers) were mapped in the vulnerability
assessment (detailed in Chapter 2.1), and specific
mitigation and adaptation actions have been suggested.
Lastly, the planning process (as described in the
Executive Summary) has been highly consultative, and
integrated feedback from various stakeholders within the
government, civil society groups and citizens.
The MCAP aligns with the goals and targets set at higher
levels of planning and governance to leverage favourable
policy environments, align with funding and financing
mechanisms and ensure coherent reporting mechanisms
across common climate and environment protection
goals. At the national level, India announced new climate
action targets at the COP26 summit (Mitra et al., 2021):
Ensuring Inclusivity and Equity4.2
The MCAP aligns with India’s commitment and the
SDGs at the global level. The six sectoral action plans
align with relevant national programs and policies,
such as the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), the
Swachh Bharat Mission and the Climate Smart Cities,
thus ensuring continuity and coherence across outcome
indicators and targets. This has also led to an alignment
of budget priorities since intended outcomes at the city
level are well aligned.
At the state level, Mumbai was third in a ranking done
under the Majhi Vasundhara Abhiyan (MVA). The
initiative MVA focuses on identifying potential action
points on behalf of the local bodies in the state in order to
improve the environment by improving five elements in
nature, or the panchamahabuta.These five elements are
the Earth, Air, Water, Energy and Enhancement. The goals
and actions of the MCAP are aligned with the principles
and initiatives recommended in MVA to enable Mumbai
to achieve its targets and leverage critical resources and
support from the State Government.
Aligning with Global, National and Sub-national Planning Goals4.3
SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENTURBAN GREENING AND BIODIVERSITY
AIR QUALITYURBAN FLOODING AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Decarbonize electricity grid Transition to clean fuels and resource efficiency
Promote low carbon buildingsEncourage passive design strategies
Enhance public transport ridershipImprove access to NMT transport and infrastructure
Shift to zero emission freightTransition to zero emission vehicles
Reduce landfilled wasteDecentralized waste management
Expedite remediation and scientific management of landfills
Increase vegetation cover and permeable surfacesReduce urban heat island effect
Promote equitable access to green open spaces Restore and enhance biodiversity
Curb pollution concentration levelsImprove monitoring and availability of information
A Q I
Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure Localize water conservation and efficiency
Reduce pollution and restore aquatic ecosystemsProvide safe and affordable drinking water
!
Chapter 5:Sectoral Plans – Goals, Actions & Implementation Strategies
Sectoral Overview:Major highlights of the sector in Mumbai's context
Ongoing Initiatives:Programs and activities already being undertaken by BMC departments and other relevant sectoral agencies
Sectoral Priority:Overall vision for the sector for Mumbai
Inclusive Benefits:Summary of co-benefits and interventions that improve health, access to services, livelihoods and other equity indicators
Key Gaps:Understanding barriers to implementation with respect to policy, finance, institutional governance, and knowledge
Approach:Theory of change to address sectoral gaps and barriers identified
Sectoral Action Tracks:Measurable goals and targets to define the way ahead for the city in 2030, 2040 and 2050
Track-wise Actions:Priority, medium, long-term actions, implementing stakeholders, potential sources of funding/financing and
monitoring indicators
Figure 30: Chapter flow
Mumbai’s electricity generation mix is currently
dominated by coal, natural gas and fossil fuel
based-thermal power (95%), followed by hydro, wind
and solar power (5%). This makes it highly
carbon-intensive, with electricity generating over 72% of
the total emissions. Four distribution companies supply
electricity to different parts of Mumbai.
BEST, an undertaking of BMC
supplies to the island city area
from Colaba to Sion and Mahim
and accounts for 25% of the total
electricity supply.
Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution Company Limited
(MSEDCL) supplies to the suburbs
of Mulund and Bhandup and
accounts for 5% of the total
electricity supply.
Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited (AEML)
supplies to suburban Mumbai — from
Bandra to Bhayandar on the western side
and from Sion to Mankhurd on the eastern
side — and accounts for 46% of the total
electricity supply in the city.
Tata Power Company Limited supplies to
the remaining areas, a few industrial units
and the railways and accounts for 24% of
the total electricity supply.
Energy and Buildings5.1
According to a 2017 study, the city has a potential of
generating 1,724 MW of solar energy from the rooftops
of buildings, which could help meet almost half of the
city’s total energy demand. Up to 1,300 MW can be
generated from rooftop solar installation in residential
buildings alone, followed by 223 MW from industrial
buildings and 71 MW from educational buildings.
The areas with the highest potential are Andheri
West (K-West Ward) and Borivali (R-Central Ward)
(Sahoo, 2017).
The dominant source of emissions from buildings in
Mumbai is electricity consumption, generating 77%,
followed by LPG with 10%. Cooking, cooling, and heating
water are the key activities in the buildings sector that
consume the most amount of energy, leaving a large
footprint. Based on the future scenario pathways
analysis, the emissions from residential, commercial
and institutional buildings’ are estimated to increase 3.3
times by 2050 in a BAU scenario. Thus, buildings and
households are important sites for developing city-level
mitigation strategies and the scope for energy efficiency
improvements in the existing buildings is immense.
Energy audit studies have revealed a savings potential to
the extent of 40% (BEE, n.d.). Of the 373 certified green
The Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA)
is the agency that has been designated to coordinate,
regulate and ensure ECBC compliance, promote and
develop energy efficiency in the state and facilitate
RE development.
In Mumbai, the energy decarbonization story is as
much about grid decarbonization and green buildings
regulations and ratings as it is about thermal comfort
and affordable cooling solutions. Mumbai is home to
the world’s largest slums — Mankhurd and Dharavi.
Here, over half of the city’s population lives in informal
settlements made of temporary building materials that
absorb and reflect heat and are uninhabitable on
extremely hot days. These areas are almost 5-6
degrees warmer than residential neighborhoods having
trees and open spaces. Buildings with large glass and
concrete facades, with no trees or adequate setbacks,
reflect excess heat onto streets, producing heat island
effects; certain areas are much warmer than others with
better green cover and lesser reflective surfaces. Poor
choice of building materials increases indoor
temperatures and building energy demand and increases
heat risk on public streets. Figure 31 maps the increase
in land surface temperature over a decade, before and
Figure 31: Land surface temperature increase over 10 years (range from 2005-2010 [top] and 2015-2020
[bottom]) along Andheri-Ghatkopar link road due to heat island effect
IMAGE : Map showing land surface temperatures from March-May 2015 to 2020 Data Source: USGS LSAT 8; Maxar Technologies (Google)
38.83oC
32.65oC
Andheri East
Ville Parle
Chhatrapa� Shivaji Interna�onal Airport
MIDC
Andheri Sta�on
Ghatkopar
Saki Naka LEGEND 29oC-30oC
30oC-31oC
31oC-32oC
32oC-33oC
33oC-34oC
34oC-35oC
35oC-36oC
> 36oC
2015 -2020
IMAGE : Map showing land surface temperatures from March-May 2005 to 2010 Data Source: USGS LSAT 8; Maxar Technologies (Google)
29.27oC
33.64oC
Andheri East
Ville Parle
Chhatrapa� Shivaji Interna�onal Airport
MIDC
Andheri Sta�on
Ghatkopar
Saki Naka LEGEND 29oC-30oC
30oC-31oC
31oC-32oC
32oC-33oC
33oC-34oC
34oC-35oC
35oC-36oC
> 36oC
2005 -2010
Neither have any targets been set for decarbonizing
Mumbai’s grid, nor are there any mandatory polices in
place for achieving energy efficiency in the existing and
new infrastructure. In order to ensure thermal comfort,
there are a few green buildings and passive design
strategies that have been integrated.
No state- or city-level mandate for ECBC compliance
in new buildings
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), which is set
for commercial buildings, has neither been mandated at
the state level nor at the city level, which weakens the
overall compliance. Similarly, there is no policy mandate
for the implementation of Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018
(ECBC-R) for residential buildings.
Large stock of existing buildings
Being a historical city, Mumbai has a large stock of
existing buildings. However, no retrofitting roadmap
or plan has been developed for these buildings and
infrastructure. Also, neither is it mandatory to conduct
regular energy audits and benchmarking that could be
analysed centrally, nor is it compulsory for businesses
to report year-on-year. While there have been instances
of old buildings collapsing and frequent redevelopment
initiatives, the old and existing building stock is a much
bigger source of emissions than new buildings. There is
also no plan or roadmap for improving energy efficiency
and retrofitting in the slums of Mumbai, which are home
to more than 50% (Liyanga de Silva, 2018) of the city’s
population.
Absence of guidelines and frameworks focusing on climate
resilience and water efficiency
There is an absence of city-level policies or rules that
focus on resource efficiency and climate resilience in
buildings, including water efficiency, designs for reducing
heat stress, water retention and recycling, and flood
management design (in relevant areas). There are no
official guidelines for adopting passive building and
infrastructure design that improve thermal comfort and
address the heat risk for public streets.
This is a challenge especially for low-income and informal
housing as there are no strategies or guidelines in place
to improve thermal comfort in the building typology.
Fossil fuel-dependent grid
Mumbai’s electricity consumption is predominantly
dependent on coal, natural gas and other fossil fuel-
based thermal power. The energy sector falls in the
purview of the state government, leaving BMC with
limited control and authority. Thus, there is no authority
at the city level to monitor and increase the proportion
of renewables in the city’s energy mix. At the COP26
summit in, India committed to achieve new climate action
targets, which includes a target to source 50% of the
energy requirement from renewable sources by 2030
and another to install non-fossil fuel electricity capacity
of 500GW by 2030 (Mitra et al., 2021). At the state
level, Maharashtra has approved the Renewable Energy
Generation Policy 2020, which proposes to deploy
17,385 MW of renewable power in the state by 2025. As
part of this policy, solar projects having a total capacity of
12,930 MW have been proposed, as well as 2,500 MW of
wind power projects, 1,350 MW co-generation, 380 MW
small hydro, 200 MW solid waste-based and 25 MW from
new technology-based renewables (Prasad, 2020).
No dedicated capacity or city-level authority to monitor
the buildings sector
In India, building approvals are usually managed either
by the local authority or the municipal corporation.
However, Mumbai neither has a city-level green
buildings cell nor an energy efficiency cell to improve
ECBC compliance, increase the uptake of green building
certification and monitor the development of buildings in
the city. Also, there is no dedicated capacity within BMC
to focus on energy efficiency activities and strengthen
ECBC compliance. Although MEDA is the state dedicated
agency (SDA) for increasing the uptake of energy-
efficient equipment and improving energy efficiency in
the state, the implementation will have to be undertaken
at the city level.
Information on the impact of poor strategies for
ventilation and thermal comfort in low-income
housing is not readily available with BMC. The lack of
assessments and studies on the socioeconomic and
health impacts of heat, flooding and climate change
across different housing typologies across most urban
centers is a huge gap. Cross-disciplinary information
and involvement of experts from different areas (urban
planners and architects) can help improve the uptake and
understanding of passive design and energy efficiency
strategies in buildings.
Low uptake of distributed renewables and green buildings
Although a city-wide study suggests that Mumbai’s
rooftop potential is 1,700 MW, the uptake of rooftop
solar (RTS) in residential, commercial, and industrial
buildings has been limited due to high capital and
procedural costs and time (Sahoo, 2017). In addition,
although most building certification programs are
highlighted as a hindrance to the uptake of certification
programs in consultations.
Transition to clean fuels, energy efficiency and passive
design measures in low-income and informal housing
Informal households in the city continue to use firewood
and kerosene as cooking fuel and for heating water
and are vulnerable to indoor air pollution. The lack of
monetary resources and the informal nature of housing
pose as huge barriers to improved accessibility to
basic services. With rising temperatures, the demand
for cooling, and thereby electricity, will also rise;
however, people living in low-income housing will
have only limited access to cooling equipment and in
many cases poor access to electricity too. The increase
in indoor temperatures and a lack of space, light and
ventilation make these communities  most vulnerable
to vector-borne diseases, causing perpetual
health concerns. 
To overcome the barriers in the current energy and buildings landscape of the city, the MCAP has developed a
four-pronged approach:
Approach for Energy & Buildings
Figure 32: Approach to decarbonize Mumbai’s grid and make buildings resilient
Increase % of renewable energy in Mumbai’s energy mix
Switch to clean fuels, and improve energy efficiency in buildings
Integrate passive design strategies to ensure thermal comfort for all
Promote green buildings through certification and ECBC compliance
Sectoral Priority
Decarbonizing Mumbai’s energy grid and building
energy-efficient and climate-resilient infrastructure.
The key priorities are to incorporate 50% renewables
in Mumbai’s electricity generation mix, assess the
potential for rooftop solar on buildings and promote this
technology and encourage 100% energy-efficient street
and public lightings and energy-efficient or low-carbon
technology for utility energy consumption such as WTPs,
STPs etc. Additionally, the city must prioritize the use
of energy-efficient materials for building construction,
a transition to energy-efficient building lightings and
cooling equipment and the use of clean fuel and electric
stove in cooking and promote thermal comfort design and
climate-resilient affordable housing.
The sectoral priority, action tracks and the associated
actions were developed on the basis of the city-level
barrier analysis, ongoing city initiatives, inputs from
external and internal stakeholder consultations and zonal
consultations along with citizens’ inputs received on the
website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the
process are listed in Annexure 3.
Table 8 Ongoing renewable energy and green building initiatives by BMC
Renewable EnergyEnergy EfficiencyGreen Buildings
• 100 MW floating
solar-hydropower hybrid
power project at the Middle
Vaitarna dam in Maharashtra
• Green power tariff of INR 0.66/
kWh over and above the normal
tariff for 100% clean energy
• Solar panels on the rooftop of
the four-storied Engineers’ Hub
building in Worli. (Eeshanpriya,
2019)
• 40% subsidy to residential
consumers, 20% to housing
groups and RWAs for rooftop
solar
• BEST to procure 400 MW of
wind-solar hybrid power from
Solar Energy Corporation of
India (SECI) Limited for 25
years
• State Energy Conservation
Policy 2017 envisioned a
savings of INR 6,000 crore and
1,000 MW of electricity 
• Mandate for bulk power users,
such as multiplexes, malls
and commercial buildings, to
undergo energy audits every
two years
• The UJALA scheme to
encourage consumers to
transition to energy-efficient
lighting
• Establishment/strengthening of
Energy Clubs in schools to make
children aware and educate and
involve parents
• Highest numbers of certified
green buildings across the country
– 119 out of 437 in the state of
Maharashtra.
• All certification agencies are
headquartered in Mumbai;
however, the city has struggled
to implement green building
certification in the commercial and
residential subsectors.
• BEE’s voluntary Star Rating
Programme for commercial
buildings is based on the actual
performance of a building in terms
of energy usage in the building over
its area, expressed in kWh/sq. M/
year.
Table 9 Energy & Buildings: Sectoral action tracks
Track 1Increasing the proportion of clean energy in Mumbai’s energy mix
Track 2Switching to clean fuels and ensuring energy and water efficiency in all buildings
Track 3Promoting low-carbon buildings through ECBC compliance and green building certification
Track 4Integrating passive design strategies to make buildings climate-resilient
Track-wise Actions
Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/FinancingIndicators
Sectoral Action Track 1:Increasing the proportion of RE to 50% by 2030 and to 90% by 2050 in Mumbai’s energy mix
Priority Actions
Develop a roadmap for
distributed renewables in the city
by documenting city-level rooftop
solar potential, making the
information on installation and
information regarding savings
accessible to users, incentivizing
RE-based power through open
access and integrating RE
systems within building by-laws
to cover 25% requirement.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Lead:RE Cell, BMC
Supporting:
DISCOMs, Ministry
of Power (MoP),
Maharashtra
Electricity Regulatory
Commission (MERC),
Ministry of New &
Renewable Energy
(MNRE), MEDA,
technology provider
Corporate social
responsibility (CSR),
DISCOM’s budget,
BMC budget, RE
generator’s budget,
technology providers/
entrepreneurs
Output: % of total area of
RTS or RE potential; % share
of the city’s total energy
consumption
Outcome: % of total energy
generated from renewable
sources as a share of city’s
total energy consumption, %
of total population consuming
electricity supported by RE,
emission reduce due to use
of RE
Ensure 100% of electricity used
by BMC and other municipal
agencies is from renewable
sources by 2030, especially by
assessing the potential of land/
roof stock of municipal property.
Timeframe:2021-2022
Lead:RE Cell, BMC
Supporting:
DISCOMs, Planning/
Building Dept of
BMC
CSR, DISCOM’s
budget, BMC budget,
Output:% of total area of RTS
or RE potential implemented
on BMC buildings
Outcome:% of total energy
generated from renewable
sources as a share of the city’s
total energy consumption, %
of total emission reduced due
to use of RE
Table 10 Energy & Buildings: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Sectoral Action Track 1:Increasing the proportion of RE to 50% by 2030 and to 90% by 2050 in Mumbai’s energy mix
Priority Actions
Develop a local energy supply
plan to define the optimal
diversified energy supply
portfolio to achieve 50% RE mix
by 2030. To do so, introduce RE
procurement policy for public
buildings and RE transition
program for alternative options
in informal and low-to-middle
income communities.
Timeframe:2022-2025
Lead:RE Cell, MoP,
MERC
Supporting:
DISCOMs, BMC,
MEDA, energy
expert, technology
providers
MoP, MEDA or MERC
fund, CSR, DISCOM’s
budget, BMC budget,
RE generator’s budge
Output:% of total area of RTS
or RE potential; % of emission
reduction by use of RE
Outcome:% of energy
generated from RE, as a share
of the city’s total energy
consumption, % low-income/
informal population with
electricity generated from RE
Medium- and Long-term Actions
Set up an Energy Cell in BMC to
facilitate city-level RE and EE
implementation, coordinate with
relevant stakeholders, develop
strategies for low-income
groups, ensure that correct
benchmarking data is requested
and analyzed centrally and
businesses report year-on-year.
Timeframe:2030-2045
Lead:RE Cell, BMC
Supporting:
DISCOMs, MEDA,
Planning/Building
Dept of BMC,
technology partner
MoP, MEDA or MERC
fund, CSR, DISCOM’s
budget, BMC budget,
RE generator’s budget
BEE fund, MNRE fund
Output:% of total area of RTS
or RE potential; % of emission
reduction by use of RE
Outcome: Setting up Energy
Cell; % of total emissions
reduces due to use of RE and
EE. % of monthly income
spent on electricity
Collaborate with research
institutions and community
organizations to undertake
research on other alternative
clean sources of energy such as
tidal, green hydrogen and solar-
wind hybrid.
Timeframe: 2030-2045
Output: Research text on
alternative clean sources of
energy
Outcome:% of energy
generated from RE as a share
of the city’s total energy
consumption, level of public
investment in research &
development
Sectoral Action Track 2:Upgrading existing infrastructure and 100% adoption of energy-efficient and water-efficient
equipment and technology in new buildings and switching to clean fuel
Priority Actions
Develop a roadmap for
retrofitting low-income and
informal housing with
energy-efficient equipment
by 2050
Timeframe:2022-2030
Lead:RE/EE Cell,
BMC, MEDA
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Dept of BMC, energy
expert, BEE, MNRE
Technology provider’s
budget, MEDA or
MERC fund, BMC
budget, CSR and
DISCOM’s budget,
Green Building fund
Outcome:% of population
with an electricity
connection, % of monthly
income spent on electricity,
water consumption per
capita/household
Output:% of homes/buildings
retrofitted; % of emission
reduction
Outcome: % of Energy
Efficient equipment in
low income/informal
communities (20% by 2030)
Mandate new buildings to have
SWH through building bylaws,
particularly hotels and hospitals,
with consideration of other
technologies such as commercial
heat pumps.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Introduce energy- and
water-efficient equipment as
a mandate in building bylaws
for existing and new buildings
by 2050. For instance75% of
commercial equipment (by 2030),
80% of commercial cooling, 85%
of residential appliances and 60%
of new water fixtures are to be
low-flow fixtures by 2050.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Make 100% transition to
energy efficient or RE-powered
streetlight and public spaces
by 2024 and all residential and
commercial buildings by 2030
through mandates and incentives.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Lead:RE cell, BMC 
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/ Buildings
Dept of BMC, MEDA,
builder associations
MoP, MEDA or MERC
fund, BMC budget,
DISCOMs funds,
Green building fund,
NABARD climate fund
Output:% of all building floor
area complying with
climate-related policies; % of
homes/buildings retrofitted
Outcome:% of street and
public lighting replaced
by energy efficient or
RE-powered, % of monthly
income spent on electricity
Sectoral Action Track 2:Upgrading existing infrastructure and 100% adoption of energy-efficient and water-efficient
equipment and technology in new buildings and switching to clean fuel
Priority Actions
Collaborate with NGOs, CBOs,
local/ward-level agencies to
distribute energy-efficient LEDs
and appliances in low-income and
informal settlements and slums.12
Lead: RE cell, BMC
Supporting CBOs,
NGOs, ward officers,
technology providers
CSR and philanthropic
funding
Output:Quantity of EE
equipment distributed
Outcome:Percentage of
monthly income spent on
energy costs, % of population
having access to a legal
electricity connection
Sensitize citizens about RE and
efficiency through awareness
programs and leverage existing
platforms and windows for
engagement with them.
Timeframe:2022-2025
Lead: EE Cell, BMC,
Builder Assoc.
Supporting:DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Dept of BMC, MEDA
Multilateral finance
opportunity, banking
finance, MNRE funds,
NABARD climate fund;
CSR, MOP, MEDA or
MERC fund
Output:% of population
sensitized through awareness
programs 
Outcome:% of buildings
implemented ECBC
codes voluntarily, energy
consumption per capita/
HH, water consumption per
capita/HH
12The energy footprint in informal and low-income housing and slums is generally low. With space and light constraints and uncertain services,
Sectoral Action Track 2:Upgrading existing infrastructure and 100% adoption of energy-efficient and water-efficient
equipment and technology in new buildings and switching to clean fuel
Medium- and Long-term Actions
Transition from LPG, PNG
and other fossil fuels to clean
energy for cooking by changing
mindsets and behaviors through
IEC programs, introducing
efficient cook stoves for poor and
informal settlements, mandating
new apartments with inbuilt
electrified cooktops and making
these available to a variety of
demographics.
Timeframe:2025-2035Lead:EE Cell, BMC,
Builder Assoc.
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology
providers, Planning/
Building Dept of
BMC, MEDA
MoP, MEDA or MERC
fund, CSR, DISCOM’s
Budget, BMC budget,
RE generator’s budget
BEE fund, MNRE fund
Output:% of citizens
purchased electric cooktops;
Outcome:Mortality rate
attributed to indoor air
pollution, energy consumption
per capita/HH
Outcome:% of air quality
improvement in area; % of
buildings transitioned from
fossil fuel to clean energy
Initiate city-wide energy saving
mass awareness campaign and
build a platform to disseminate
information on availability of
energy-efficient materials and
products to engage directly
with consumers and buyers on a
continuous basis.
Timeframe:2025-2035
Collaborate with MEDA and
the private sector to roll out a
program on energy efficiency
services for commercial and
public sectors, including targeted
advice, training, assistance and
subsidized energy audits.
Timeframe:2025-2035
Sectoral Action Track 3:Promoting green buildings through retrofitting in existing buildings and ECBC compliance
and certification in new buildings
Priority Actions
Mandate ECBC compliance and
set up an ECBC/green building
cell for monitoring new building
approvals and overall building
stock growth at city-level and
setting up a task force at ward
level. Categorize building stock
by type, age, number of floors and
size. MEDA can support through
capacity building.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Lead:EE Cell, BMC,
builders associations
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Deptof BMC, MEDA,
Green building
certification Society
Multilateral finance
opportunity, banking
finance, MNRE funds,
NABARD climate fund;
CSR, MoP, MEDA or
MERC fund, public
private partnership
(PPP) mode
Output:Records on database
for equipment transitions; %
of buildings implement ECBC
compliance.
Outcome:% of energy
demand reduced after
implementation of ECBC
codes, % of monthly income
spent on electricity, % of
population in slums and
informal settlements
Develop an action plan for
implementing ECBC-R, which
involves the establishment of
ward-level committees by 2030.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Conduct energy audit as
per ECBC compliance for
all municipal buildings and
infrastructure and retrofit for
energy efficiency and RE by 2030.
Timeframe:2022-2027
Lead:EE Cell, BMC, Energy
Audit experts
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Dept of BMC, MEDA
MoP, MEDA or MERC
fund, CSR, BMC
budget, RE generator’s
budget, BEE fund,
MNRE fund
Output:% of building
retrofit solutions for energy
conservation and efficiency;
Outcome:impact on
government officers’
behavior through various
trainings
Build capacity in all municipal
departments to improve
efficiency and RE in all municipal
infrastructure. 
Timeframe:2022-2027
Undertake a demonstrative
low/zero carbon buildings
project (such as a station, an
office or a museum) to set an
example in sustainable building
and infrastructure design and
operation.
Timeframe: 2022-2027
Sectoral Action Track 3:Promoting green buildings through retrofitting in existing buildings and ECBC compliance
and certification in new buildings
Priority Actions
Create a retrofit accelerator
program on the lines of New
York City and London programs
to identify retrofit needs of the
existing buildings and priorities
based on ownership and
management structure.
Timeframe:2022-2026
Lead:EE Cell, BMC,
energy-based IT
experts
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Dept of BMC, MEDA,
town planners/
architects/designers’
associations
MEDA or MERC
fund, CSR, DISCOM’s
budget, BMC budget,
RE generator’s budget
BEE fund, MNRE fund
Output:% of existing
households undergoing
retrofitting of low-carbon
green building measures;
Outcome: % of all building
floor area complying with
climate-related policies;
% of HHs lacking formal land
tenure
% of monthly income spent
on electricity
% of population with access
to electricity
Establish a system to
allow informal housing to
retrospectively gain official
licence/status through the
introduction of simple energy
efficiency measures that bring
them up to code. Benefits to
the homeowners could include
business licences to trade, access
to further subsidies and official
tenure, among others.
Timeframe:2022-2026
Establish a mandate to improve
the envelope technology of
existing buildings to have
advanced wall and roof insulation
and double-glazed low-E
windows to help reduce the
cooling load.
Timeframe:2022-2026
Establish a system to conduct
regular energy performance
benchmarking of buildings by
2025, and mandate a building
energy management system in all
new buildings.
Timeframe:2022-2025
Lead: EE Cell, BMC,
energy-based IT
experts
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Dept of BMC, MEDA,
town planners/
MoP, MEDA or MERC
fund, CSR, DISCOM’s
budget, BMC budget,
BEE fund, MNRE fund
Output:% of building
retrofit solutions for energy
conservation and efficiency;
% of building following the
energy audit benchmark 
Outcome:% of energy
demand reduced in
new buildings, energy
consumption per capita
Sectoral Action Track 3:Promoting green buildings through retrofitting in existing buildings and ECBC compliance
and certification in new buildings
Medium- and long-term actions
Adopt circular economy
principles to reduce environment
impact through managing
construction and demolition
(C&D) waste, and recycle a
certain a percentage; design
typologies that use less materials;
achieve a reduction in embodied
emissions through procurement
and regulations to limit
construction within
carbon-optimal range.
Timeframe:2022-2045
Lead:EE Cell, BMC,
builder associations,
SWM
Supporting:
Technology
providers, Planning/
Building Dept of
BMC, MEDA
Multilateral finance
opportunity, banking
finance, MNRE funds,
NABARD climate fund;
CSR, MOP, MEDA or
MERC fund, PPP mode
Output:% of C& D waste
reuse for new building
construction; types of
building stock identified;
Outcome:% of new buildings
following the use of
climate-resilient materials;
% of emission reduction
through building material
Promote voluntary certifications,
such as EDGE Zero Carbon
and Indian Green Business
Council (IGBC)/Net Zero Energy
Buildings (NZEB) standards, that
buildings of certain types can
adopt as a first step.
Timeframe:2025-2045
Lead: EE Cell, BMC,
builder associations
Supporting:
Technology
providers, Planning/
Building Dept of
BMC, MEDA
MoP, MEDA or MERC
fund, CSR, DISCOM’s
budget, BMC budget,
RE generator’s budget
BEE fund, MNRE fund
Output: % of buildings
exceeding minimum
specification/policy
requirements; % of homes/
buildings retrofitted
Outcome: % of improvement
in the energy usage per
person, energy consumption
per capita/HH, % of total
energy coming from RE
sources as a share of
the city’s total energy
consumption, % of population
using electricity generated
from RE, availability of
climate-resilient, low-carbon
affordable housing
Prepare a roadmap/coordinated
program to address how bylaws
can be stepped up to integrate
Zero Carbon Buildings (ZCB) by
2040 for all new buildings. Adopt
EDGE/IGBC standards, starting
with all government-owned
buildings and identify challenges
to amend relevant byelaws.
Timeframe: 2025-2045
Conduct a feasibility study for
Mumbai to set protocols for
calculating the carbon footprint
of select building typologies.
Integrate the provision of electric
charging infrastructure in
building bylaws, and allot unique
IDs-linked building passports.
Sectoral Action Track 4:Integrate passive design strategies to ensure well-being and thermal comfort for all
Priority Actions
Mandate heat-resistant roof and
wall materials in all new building
structures, including in housing
schemes for economically weaker
sections, government offices and
commercial buildings
Timeframe: 2022-2030
Lead: EE Cell,
BMC, builders’
associations, green
building agencies
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Dept of BMC, MEDA
MOP, MEDA or MERC
fund, multilateral/
bilateral finance
opportunity, banking
finance, MNRE funds,
NABARD climate fund,
CSR, PPP mode
Output:Length (km) of
cooling routes established;
Outcome: % of population
cover for cooling district
centre % of population
with electricity; energy
consumption per capita
or HH; % of population
vulnerable to excessive heat
Conduct a comprehensive
socio-economic vulnerability
assessment at the ward level
to understand the needs of the
city’s communities to ensure the
implementation of appropriate
programs in response to
reduction of heat-related risk.
Implement a cooling pilot in
vulnerable areas, including
cooling centres and cool roofs,
and strategic greening in
vulnerable areas.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Ensure stricter implementation of
guidelines on building materials,
built form and density to reduce
heat on streets and public
spaces through the imposition of
penalties.
Timeframe: 2022-2030
Ensure access to energy to build
adaptive capacity, considering
that with increase in heat, more
electricity will be required for
cooling purposes.
Timeframe:2022-2030
Facilitating the adoption of distributed renewable energy through community or cooperative
projects can increase access to clean energy, especially in low-income communities where the
high upfront cost of installation is a huge challenge and physical infrastructure is lacking.
Mainstreaming low-carbon buildings, including retrofitting, and upgrading new building projects
could open up job opportunities for the semi-skilled as well as create green jobs and opportunities
for reskilling or upskilling.
Conducting advocacy and engagement on women’s involvement in renewables can lead to
awareness raising, knowledge sharing and information dissemination among individuals and CSOs.
Monitoring energy usage per person rather than per unit of living area would lead to a fairer
energy performance indicator system. Further, bundling energy efforts with renewable energy
will reduce energy poverty and lower the cost barrier for low-income groups.
Introducing flexibility in building codes with appropriation as per different market segments,
thereby setting up targets to incorporate efficiency measures, would make the process more
affordable for the community as well as increase willingness for the developer to invest in thermal
Sector-specific Inclusivity Benefits
Sectoral Action Track 4:Integrate passive design strategies to ensure well-being and thermal comfort for all
Priority Actions
Prepare a thermal comfort
guidance for different typologies
of buildings in the city in
collaboration with architects,
planners and academia,
particularly for low-income
housing and multi-storey
buildings, and incorporate the
same into the city’s development,
urban design and urban land use
schemes
Timeframe: 2022-2030
Lead:EE Cell, BMC,
builders associations
Supporting:
DISCOMs,
technology providers,
Planning/Building
Dept- of BMC, MEDA
MOP, MEDA or MERC
fund, multilateral/
bilateral finance
opportunity, banking
finance, MNRE funds,
NABARD climate fund,
CSR, PPP mode
Output:% of land use
and building design with
building typology; % of all
new building which are
benchmarking
Outcome: % of all building
floor area complying with
climate-related policies;
availability of
climate-resilient
affordable housing
Develop a climate-resilient
low-income housing project
with mitigation and adaptation
solutions ,such as passive cooling,
rainwater harvesting, and solar
energy, to improve livelihoods
and overall well-being
Timeframe: 2025-2030
Lead:EE Cell, BMC,
MEDA
Supporting:
DISCOMs, energy
policy experts,
technology providers,
BEE, Planning/
Building Dept of
BMC, builders
associations
MOP, MEDA or MERC
fund, multilateral/
bilateral finance
opportunity, banking
finance, MNRE funds,
NABARD climate fund,
CSR, PPP mode
Output: No. of households
(disaggregated by income
levels) undergoing
retrofitting of low-carbon
green building measures; no.
of building codes integrating
benchmarking policy
Outcome: Availability of
affordable housing
Public transport, walking and cycling can be considered
as the triple bottom line of sustainable mobility in cities
(European Environment Agency, 2020). Mumbai’s
extensive public transport system comprises five modes
(Figure 33). Not only is 46% of all trips made on foot,
walking is also the mode for meeting 60% of last-mile
connectivity for public transport trips (BMC, 2016). This
indicates a huge potential to further strengthen active
mobility in the city. The modal split for 2015 was as
follows: taxi 3.56%, autorickshaw 3.13%, two-wheeler
7.99%, car 6.26%, bus 11.83%, suburban rail 20.09%,
light rail 1.13% and non-motorized transport 46%.
Intermediate public transport, such as autorickshaws and
taxis, supplement public transport and provide door-to
-door as well as last-mile connectivity. The city has
around 75,000 commercial cabs, 18,000 black-and-
yellow taxis or kaali-peelis(Sen, 2019) and 2,00,000
autorickshaws (Korde, 2019). However, these are
predominantly fossil fuel-driven. Only around 36 taxis in
the city are electric (Mishra, 2019; Tech2, 2019).
Western Railway operates 72 intercity trainsand the Central Railway operates 152 trains.
7 millionpassengers/day
4,128 buses(2228 CNG,1540 diesel, 190 electric, 170 mini buses) as of 2021, operating
on 507 routes. 5.5 millionpassengers/day.
14 linesof 337kmare planned, with one line currently operational (line 1, from Versova to
Ghatgopar, 11.4km)
Privately operated ferries from Mora in Uran to Elephanta, Mumbai to Alibaug. Manori and
Malad services operated by BEST.
Mono rail started in 2014, consists of 17 stations, with a total length of 19.5km
Sustainable Mobility 5.2
Figure 33: Public transport in Mumbai
Key Gaps in the Transport Sector
The transport sector accounts for 19.4% of the total
emissions generated in the city, amounting to 4.5 million
tonnes CO2e. Road transport contributes 83% of the
emissions in the transport sector, followed by railways
(17%).There is an urgent need to shift towards cleaner
fuels, particularly for the on-road subsector.
Table 11 Approach for sustainable transport
Despite high non-motorized transport usage in the city,
only 22% of Mumbai’s streets are walkable (FJP Bureau,
2019). There is a need to strengthen coordination
between land-use planning and transport infrastructure
planning and prioritize active mobility through inclusive,
climate-resilient, accessible and safe pedestrian
infrastructure. This would reduce transport sector
emissions, shift demand away from fossil fuel-heavy
private vehicles and improve commuter safety, especially
for pedestrians.
Fragmented multimodal and institutional coordination
Mumbai’s public transport modal share declined from
88% to 70% between 2008 and 2015 (Saxena, 2019).
Strategies such as effective multimodal integration
through integrated ticketing, non-motorized transport
(NMT) last-mile infrastructure and passenger
information services can play a major role in increasing
public transport ridership, reliability and commuter
satisfaction. A strategic, integrated approach is required
across modes.
High fossil fuel dependency
The city currently has less than 1% electric vehicles
in its total fleet. Decarbonizing the road transport
subsector would require an urgent shift towards zero
emission fuels as well as improved fuel efficiency.
autorickshaws run on CNG, but they face high re-fuelling
waiting times due to insufficient CNG filling stations in
the city (Ganapatye, 2018).
Congestion and parking demand
Ranked as the second-most congested city in the world,
traffic congestion remains a major contributor to air
pollution, high travel time and fatalities in Mumbai. (The
TomTom Traffic Index 2020). If stringent measures are
not taken, transport is likely to equal industrial PM 2.5
emissions by 2030 (TNN, 2019). Thus, the city should
focus on transport demand management to disincentivize
private transport and shift the demand from low-
occupancy private vehicles to high-occupancy shared
vehicles and from fossil fuel-based vehicles to zero
carbon-based modes.
Limited focus on sustainable freight management
Freight contributes 7% of the total transport emissions
in India but does not fall in the purview of city policies.
There is a need to begin by analyzing the emissions from
Mumbai’s freight sector and develop a strategic policy
approach towards decarbonizing the sector.
Approach for Moving Towards Low-carbon Transport in Mumbai
Based on an assessment of the gaps and barriers in the transport sector, the MCAP has identified a four-pronged
approach with aligned actions for reducing emissions from the transport sector. The approach also includes improved
accessibility of public transport, improved multimodal integration and zero-carbon freight and passenger modes, with a
focus on inclusivity.
CleanManageIntegrateOptimize
Promoting zero emission fuels as well as fuel efficiency improvements
Adopting transport demand management to discourageprivate vehicle usage and shifting towards low-carbon modes
Integrating acrossmultiple transport modes and improved last-mile access
Optimizing the existing transport capacities through intelligent transport systems
Table 12 Ongoing transport initiatives undertaken by BMC
sectoral approach (Table 12). The actions proposed within the CAP will help integrate the climate lens in these initiatives
and further accelerate the efforts.
CleanOptimize
• BEST has plans to ply 340 electric buses in Mumbai by
2022 (Ahmed, 2020), and electrify 100% of fleet by
2028.
• Initiatives have been taken to promote EV transition
in line with the Maharashtra EV policy.
• Mobile application for passenger information on bus arrival and routes with GPS tracking (Tiwari, 2019)
ManageIntegrate
• Expanding metro network (Saxena, 2019).
• 257-km-long exclusive bus lane corridors and 4
intercity bus terminals by 2034.
• Ropeways proposed from Malad to Marve and from
Gorai to Borivali (The TomTom Traffic Index, 2020)
• ROPAX services on four routes and water taxis on 12
routes by December 2021 (Ministry of Ports, Shipping
and Waterways, 2021).
• Parking cell within BMC, 77 locations for pay-and-
park scheme (MPCB, 2019).
• MMRDA is designing and implementing multi modal
integration (MMI) for improved last mile access to
metros (The TomTom Traffic Index, 2020).
• BMC, in collaboration with WRI India, is creating
super footpaths (Joshi, 2019), connecting railway
and metro lines.
• The city is reviving Bellasis Road, with pedestrian-
friendly features (Tak & Hirandas, 2021).
• The CMP1proposes 240 km of cycle tracks by 2024
(LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd, 2016).
Sectoral Priority
Promoting low carbon mobility solutions, with a strong
focus on non-motorized transport infrastructure and zero
emission fuels
The sectoral priority, action tracks and associated
actions were developed on the basis of the city-level
barrier analysis, the ongoing city initiatives, inputs from
external and internal stakeholder consultations and zonal
consultations along with citizens’ inputs received on the
website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the
process are listed in Annexure 3.
Building upon Mumbai’s extensive public transport
network, multimodal integration and equitable access
and affordability for women, children and low income
groups were identified as key priorities. As Mumbai
is highly congested, parking management and safer
intersections need to be prioritized along with inclusive
pedestrian and cycling infrastructure for reduced
congestion, commuter safety and better air quality. With
less than 1% electric vehicles in the mix, incentives and
policies to shift towards 100% zero-emission vehicles by
2050 for passenger and freight modes is a key priority for
reducing GHG emissions as well as improving air quality.
The priority climate action tracks and actions based on
these considerations are presented in Table 13.
Track-wise Actions
Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Indicators2
Sectoral Action Track 1: Shifting demand away from private vehicles and ensuring inclusive public transport access
and multimodal connectivity
Priority Actions
Develop integrated ticketing
and pass options with clear
pricing systems and finance
distribution.
Timeframe:2026
Integrated fare structures
(2040)
Lead:MMRDA
Supporting: BEST,
Western and Central
Railways, Dept of
Transport-Government
of Maharashtra
INR 150 crores
were allocated in
the MMRDA budget
(Chacko, 2018)
(2018-19)
Output:No. of integrated passes,
no. of passes for low income
groups, women and elderly
Outcome:% mode share of
public transport, ridership
(disaggregated by gender, income
level), waiting time, % of monthly
income spent on transport
Develop a comprehensive
open data strategy for real-
time communication of data
(fares, routes, timing, etc.).
Time frame:2026
Lead:BMC-Roads &
Transport, Traffic)
Supporting: MMRDA,
BEST, Railways, MMRC,
Mumbai Maritime
Board, ferry operators
BMC budget, Smart
Cities Mission (Data
on Smart Cities)
Output:Strategy, public data
platform, no. of bus stops with
passenger information systems
Outcome:% mode share of
public transport, ridership
(disaggregated by gender and
income), waiting time, Level of
perceived comfort and quality of
public transport service (safety,
reliability, frequency, crowding,
availability of seats)
Track 1Improving public transport ridership through multimodal integration and demand management
away from private vehicles
Track 2Improving NMT access and infrastructure for a healthier and safer city
Track 3Transitioning towards 100% zero emission vehicles by 2050, with increased access to finance, policy
enablers and incentives
Track 4Transitioning towards zero emission freight through policies, route management and incentives
Table 13 Sustainable Transport: Sectoral action tracks
Table 14 Sustainable Transport: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Sectoral Action Track 1: Shifting demand away from private vehicles and ensuring inclusive public transport access
and multimodal connectivity
Priority Actions
Formulate a parking policy
focusing on off street
parking, technology-driven
parking management, paid
parking, etc. for reduced
congestion and air quality
improvement.
Time frame:2024
Lead:Mumbai Parking
Authority-BMC
Supporting:BEST,
MMRDA, research
organizations, housing
societies
BMC budget
Output:Parking policy, % paid
parking spots,
Outcome:Reduced congestion
(Tomtom index), increase in
average travel speeds, PM10 and
PM2.5 concentrations
Facilitate bus lane markings
and signal prioritization for
smooth bus movement.
Time frame:2026
Lead:MMRDA, BMC
Supporting:BEST,
Maharashtra State
Road Development
Corporation (MSRDC),
Traffic police, Navi
Mumbai Municipal
Transport (NMMT),
Thane Municipal
Transport (TMT),
Kalyan Dombivli
Municipal Transport
(KDMT)
BMC budget
Output:Km of bus markings,
approved framework, % of
buses with ramps, special seats
for women and the elderly and
other special groups, routes
in low income areas, level of
perceived comfort and quality of
public transport service (safety,
reliability, frequency, crowding,
availability of seats) on services
and routes used
Outcome:Reduced fuel
consumption, average travel
speeds (kmph), % of bus mode
share, ridership (disaggregated
by gender and income level)
Develop a sustainable bus
framework across MMRDA,
with mandates for optimizing
capacities, energy efficiency,
commuter comfort and
infrastructure with universal
access.
Timeframe:2026
Offer incentives such as
green credits, tax rebates
to companies to encourage
public transport.
Timeframe:2023
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Private
organizations, MMRDA,
financial institutions
BMC budget
Output:No. of companies with
public transport incentives, %
employees shifting to public
transport
Outcome:% mode share of
public transport, ridership
(disaggregated by gender and
income level)
Establish commuter helpline
to address grievances around
public transport safety,
access, reliability, etc.
Timeframe:2024
Lead:BMC
Supporting:BEST,
MMRDA, Railways
BMC budget
Output:Common helpline desk
Outcome:Increased commuter
safety, % mode share of
public transport, ridership
(disaggregated by gender and
income level)
Sectoral Action Track 1: Shifting demand away from private vehicles and ensuring inclusive public transport access
and multimodal connectivity
Medium- and Long-Term Actions
Develop walking corridors
with climate-resilient
components, based on an
assessment of transit routes.
Time frame:2035
Lead:MMRDA
Supporting:BMC
(Roads & Traffic Dept),
Research
organizations,
BEST, Western and
Central Railways, cab
aggregators, Mumbai
autorickshaw drivers’
union
Tender costs of
around INR 85-90
crores per station
(MMRDA 2020)3
Output:No. of transit stations
with last mile connectivity
within 500m station radius, %
commuters walking/cycling to
and from stations (disaggregated
by gender and income),
Outcome:% mode share of
public transport, job density
around new metro lines, no. of
low income areas within 1km
from transit stations
Plan for last-mile access for
metros (public bike rentals,
cabs and autos near stations,
feeder buses, etc.).
Time frame:2035
Create dedicated bus lanes,
where feasible
Time frame:2040
Lead:MMRDA, BMC
Supporting:BEST,
MSRDC
INR 5,397 crores
allocated between
2016-2034 for
257km of exclusive
bus lanes (BMC,
2016)
Output:Km of exclusive bus
lanes,
Outcome:Average travel speeds
for public transport,% bus mode
share
Study the areas with high
congestion, and develop
curated pricing mechanisms.
Timeframe:2045
Lead:BMC (Roads &
Traffic)
Supporting:MMRDA,
public transport
operators, resident
welfare associations,
NGOs BMC budget
Output:No. Congestion pricing,
Outcome:TomTom index
ranking, average speed of vehicle,
PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations
Conduct a study on policy
levers to encourage the
practice of owning one
vehicle per household.
Timeframe:2050
Output:No. of vehicles per
household
Outcome:Reduced
congestion, PM10 and PM 2.5
concentrations, no. of road
fatalities
Adopt a science-based
approach to tackle station
crowding.
Timeframe:2050
Lead:MMRDA
Supporting:BMC,
Railways, BEST,
third party research
organizations
Output:Reduced transfer time
at stations, reduced rate of
fatalities
Outcome:Level of commuter
satisfaction, ridership, no. of
fatalities in stations
Sectoral Action Track 2: Retain the mode share of non-motorized trips and improve NMT infrastructure while
ensuring increased pedestrian safety, inclusive access and last mile connectivity
Priority Actions
Conduct an audit of
the existing pedestrian
infrastructure (coverage,
encroachments, lighting, etc.)
Time frame:2023
Lead:MMRDA
Supporting:BMC-
Roads & Traffic Dept,
MSRDC
INR 2 crores
budgeted per
intersection, INR 0.15
crore for installing 1
traffic signal, INR 0.33
crore per km of cycle
track (BMC, 2016)
Output:% of roads with usable,
accessible walkways, % of roads
with street furniture, play areas,
good lighting and ramps
Outcome:NMT mode share, %
of safe intersections, PM2.5 and
PM10 concentrations, reduction
in fatality rates for pedestrians,
km of pedestrian walkways in
low-income areas
Implement pilot
pedestrianization projects
in high footfall areas,such
as Central Kala Ghoda, with
age-friendly, gender-neutral
and universally accessible
components, such as ramps
on curbs, street furniture and
lighting, play areas.
Time frame:2025
Redesign traffic signals
and infrastructure such as
underpasses near tourist
spots.
Timeframe:2030
Fix signs near pedestrian
crossings, and increase signal
timings for pedestrians.
Timeframe:2030
Create a multistakeholder
NMT cell within the
Transport Department.
Timeframe:2024Lead:BMC
Supporting:MMRDA,
MSRDC, NGOs, RTO
AMRUT
Output:Functioning NMT cell,
no. of trainings,
Outcome:Reduced fatalities, %
of roads with NMT infrastructureMandate defensive driving
training for new licenses.
Timeframe:2024
Medium and long term actions
Develop NMT street design
guidelines, a cycle master
plan and an NMT policy for
Mumbai.
Timeframe: 2035
Lead:BMC (NMT cell)
Supporting:MMRDA,
MSRD, MYBYK and
other organizations
AMRUT, BMC budget
Output:Cycle master plan, street
design guidelines and NMT policy
Outcome:Fatality rates for
pedestrians, % of road length
with NMT (in low income and
high income areas), mode share
Sectoral Action Track 3: Transition to zero emission vehicles and vehicles with more efficient engines by 2050
(electrification of all buses by 2027, electrification of all two-wheelers, taxis and autorickshaws by 2050,
electrification of 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050) for reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality
Priority Actions
Offer incentives for BSVI
vehicles, such as road tax and
registration fee reductions
and scrapping.
Time frame:2025Lead:Department
of Transport-Govt of
Maharasthra
Supporting:BMC,
MMRDA, RTOs,
EV manufacturers,
charging infrastructure
companies such as
Magenta Power,
Mumbai autorickshaw
drivers’ union, Mumbai
Parking Authority,
banks
Phase-II of FAME
scheme, Maharashtra
EV Policy 2021, low
interest loans
Output:No. of incentives,
reduction in average TCO for
EVs, EV cell, no. of incentives for
low income drivers
Outcome:Increase in EV vehicle
sales and registrations by vehicle
type for Mumbai, no. of BS VI
vehicles out of total registrations,
PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations
Offer incentives for EVs such
as reduced parking fee and
toll charges, waiver on fitness
certificates and metering for
3-wheelers up until 2028.
Time frame:2025
Make access to finance easier
through strategies such as
better communication of
MUDRA loans.
Timeframe:2025
EV cell
Timeframe:2025
Pilot EV chargers integrated
with urban infrastructure,
such as streetlights.
Timeframe:Pilot: 2026
Scale up based on learnings:
2040
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Magenta
Power, HPCL, MMRDA,
BEST, Mumbai Parking
Authority, OEMs,
energy utilities, private
companies
Average CAPEX
for installing public
charging stations: INR
10-40 lakhs, based
on charging type,
average OPEX- INR
9-10 lakhs (Shah,
2019)
Output:of charging stations
in a 3x3km grid, or per million
population, % street lights with
charging infrastructure
Outcome:No. of EVs registered
Develop common charging
infrastructure standards
across vehicle types and
OEMs.
Timeframe:2026
Common standards
Conduct a study on the
existing battery recycling
infrastructure (formal
and informal), rates and
locations.
Timeframe:2024
Development of battery
recycling guidelines (2030)
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Research
organizations, NGOs
working on waste
management, OEMs
BMC budget
Output:Comprehensive study
Outcome:Reduced EV waste
(kg), no. of low income livelihoods
supported
Sectoral Action Track 3: Transition to zero emission vehicles and vehicles with more efficient engines by 2050
(electrification of all buses by 2027, electrification of all two-wheelers, taxis and autorickshaws by 2050,
electrification of 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050) for reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality
Priority Actions
Implement a pilot on the
conversion of CNG buses to
buses that run on bio-CNG
from mandi waste
Time frame:2025
Lead:BMC (SWM)
Supporting:MPPCB,
BEST, MMRDA, local
mandi vendors, financial
institutions, private
organizations
INR 15 crores capital
cost for 25 TPD
capacity, generating
115 ton per day
biogas, in the case of
Indore (Warsi, 2019),
carbon credits
Output:Kg of waste treated
in the plant, kl of bio-CNG
produced per day, no. of bio-CNG
buses in the city,
Outcome:Reduction in AQI
Promote fuel efficiency
and conduct training on
driving techniques for bus
drivers and workshops on EV
benefits and infrastructure
for households.
Timeframe:2024
Lead:BMC
Supporting:RTOs,
resident welfare
associations, NGOs,
charging companies
such as Magenta Power
BMC budget
Output:No. of trainings
conducted, no. of workshops in
households (disaggregated by
income level) % increase in fuel
savings at post training sessions
Outcome:% of EV-ready parking
lots in residential buildings
Medium and long term Actions
Increase the CNG stations
network in a phased manner,
with the long-term objective
of a shift to EV.
Timeframe:Commencement
(2023), continuation in the
medium term (2030)
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Fuel
companies such as
HPCL, BPCL, IOCL
and Mahanagar Gas,
Mumbai autorickshaw
drivers’ union, financial
institutions
BMC budget, PPP
Output:No. of CNG stations
in the city, waiting time for
refuelling autos
Outcome:PM2.5 and PM10
concentrations
Sectoral Action Track 4: Developing a sustainable freight policy for Mumbai with the aim to electrify 100% of light
duty trucks and 2W freight and 46% of medium and heavy duty trucks by 2050, along with shifting to low-carbon
modes (rail and water)
Priority Actions
Offer incentives for
electric freight (parking
fees reduction, road tax
exemptions, flexible timings),
relaxations in approvals
or rebates for EV-ready
warehouses.
Time frame:2025
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Freight
operators, mandi
vendors, charging
companies such as
Magenta Power,
organizations such
as Bombay Goods
Transport Association
Phase-II of FAME
scheme, Maharashtra
EV Policy 2021
Output:No. of incentives, %
electric 2W, 3W and 4W freight,
no. of warehouses with EV
charging infrastructure
Outcome:PM10 and PM2.5
levels reduced
Pilot the electrification of
SWM management vehicles
or mandi vehicles.
Time frame:2025
Study freight movement and
fuel composition.
Timeframe:2025
Collaborate with ferry
operators, railways,
e-commerce companies
and government agencies
to understand the gaps in
infrastructure, finance and
data gaps for improved
multimodal integration.
Develop incentives for
companies to shift to low
-carbon freight modes.
Timeframe:2025
(continuous process)
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Fleet
operators, Western
and Central Railways,
Mumbai Railway Vikas
Corporation (MRVC),
Traffic Department,
Mumbai Port Trust,
MMB
Railways budget,
MCGM budget,
National Investment
and Infrastructure
Fund (NIIF)
Output:% of freight transported
by waterways or railways for
each fleet operator, modal share
of rail, road and water freight,
common standards
Outcome:Improved PM levels,
reduced GHG emissions from
freightPilot the shift of non-bulk
freight to railways and water.
(There is an ongoing pilot
between Central Railways
and Amazon.)
Timeframe:2026
Develop roadside remote
sensing to identify freight
emission hotspots and
contribute towards GHG
inventory.
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Private
companies for
technology and data
assistance, Traffic
One remote
sensing device
could cost around
INR 2.5 crores,
depending on models
(Roychowdhury,
Output:Emissions inventory for
freight, no. of remote sensors
installed
Outcome:Reduced GHG
emissions from freight, improved
Sectoral Action Track 4: Transition to zero emission vehicles and vehicles with more efficient engines by 2050
(electrification of all buses by 2027, electrification of all two-wheelers, taxis and autorickshaws by 2050,
electrification of 96% of all private four-wheelers by 2050) for reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality
Medium and Long Term Actions
Give preference to agencies
with low-carbon fleets when
contracting for municipal
services or mandatorily
include the requirement in
new tenders.
Time frame:Contract
preference and inclusion in
tenders: 2030 onward (or
when current lease expires)
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Private
agencies, freight
operatorsOutput:Increase in low carbon
freight, reduction in number
of HDVs plying within city
boundaries
Outcome:PM2.5 and PM10
concentrationsLimit HDV freight vehicles
based on age/efficiency/size
in terminals outside the city
and allow only EV-powered
LDVs in the city
Timeframe:Start: 2030
Implementation by 2040,
with regular monitoring
Lead:BMC
Supporting:Transport
Dept- Government of
Maharashtra, freight
operators
Sector-specific Inclusivity Considerations
Incorporating age-friendly, disability-friendly and women-friendly policies for public
transport accessibility and non-motorized transport (NMT) planning would enable an
inclusive and equitable mobility approach. This is important since 46% of population
prefers walking, with a large share being women, children and the elderly
Increasing the uptake of public transport through fare integration, improved
infrastructure and feeder services, particularly in low income areas
Providing low-income drivers and small businesses with easy loans to reduce the upfront
costs of EVs
Training women drivers and incorporating components such as panic buttons and women
only compartments, to improve women’s safety
Designing junctions with signal management to ensure safety for commuters, especially
pedestrians and children.
The BMC, on average, manages 5,500 MT of municipal
solid waste per day, excluding approximately 800 TPD
of C&D waste13. The composition is depicted in Figure
34. The waste sector accounts for 8.2% of the total GHG
emissions in the city.
Although waste is responsible for a relatively smaller
proportion of emissions as compared with the stationary
energy and transportation sectors, it is intricately linked
to public health, hygiene and livelihoods of workers
handling waste (BMC, 2021).
Mumbai currently has three waste disposal sites, one
each in Deonar, Mulund and Kanjurmarg, with only the
latter two being operational. A dumpsite at Gorai was
scientifically closed in 2009. In 2020-21, about 85% of
Mumbai’s waste was transported to Kanjurmarg, a
five-year-old disposal site, and treated using the
bioreactor technology and windrow composting, while
the remaining 15% was disposed of by dumping and
levelling at Deonar.
The Deonar site is the oldest dumping ground in the city
and has exhausted its capacity to receive more garbage,
with BMC planning its closure. Meanwhile, the 24-year
-old Mulund dumpsite stopped receiving waste in 2019
and is currently under remediation through biomining
(BMC, 2021). Figure 35 presents a map of the disposal
sites in the city and their current status.
Sustainable Waste Management5.3
Figure 34: Municipal Solid Waste Composition
Food (Organic - Wet)
Sand, Stone & Fine Earth
Paper & Recyclables (including metals)
Wood, Cloth (Organic - dry)
Plastic
73%
4%
17%
3% 3%
Figure 35: Waste disposal sites in Mumbai
No. of SMPAs
L wardR/S wardP/N WardK/W wardM/EP/N
Segregated waste collected (kg/day)
The implementation of the Solid Waste Management
(SWM) Rules 2016 encouraged source-level segregation
and treatment, resulting in a 40% decrease in waste
reported by BMC in the last five years. The use and
manufacturing of plastic carry bags less than 50 microns
in thickness was banned in 2016. Around 325 MT of
plastic waste has been collected since the ban came into
effect, and Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB)
is the monitoring authority for ensuring compliance.
The following are some key gaps and opportunities in
this sector:
Waste minimization and segregation
In Mumbai, ‘segregation at source’ received the lowest
score among the mandatory parameters in the
Garbage-free City Report under Swachh Survekshan
201914. The Environment Status Report 2020-21
for Mumbai city reports that 82% of waste is being
segregated; however, this segregation is not taking place
at source. Mumbai currently does not have a city-level
SWM plan that can enable decentralization at the ward
level. Centralized response strategies often tend to
be resource-heavy and do not lead to reduction and
segregation of waste. With the city’s population and
economy growing, there would be inadequate landfill
space in the coming years. Thus, waste minimization
along with segregation is essential.
Collection and transportation
While the BMC is actively working towards a 100% D2D
collection service, this is a challenge in some areas in the
city, especially in slum settlements. For example, 34% of
the complaints in 2020 were related to garbage collection
and were from predominantly low-income wards, such as
F-North, P-North, P-South, R-North, R-South, M-West,
N, L and S. However, community-based organizations
such as Stree Mukti Sanghatana and initiatives such as
the Swach Mumbai Prabodhan Abhiyan have been able to
close this gap in some areas and achieve zero-waste slum
certification. These learnings can be integrated with the
soon to be launched SWM plan.
Dry waste recovery through recycling and reprocessing
Waste recovery in the city is low despite the presence of
Advanced Local Management Committees, guidelines
for bulk generators and the Swach Mumbai Prabodhan
Abhiyan (SMPA) scheme. According to SWM rules 2016,
at least 80% of the waste generated by local bodies needs
to be recovered. However, Mumbai has only been able
to recover 35%, over the last five years (Praja, 2021).
There is a need for community engagement to promote
recycling and waste recovery and integrate informal
waste pickers with the system. The Praja report also
states that 11 wards are not processing wet waste on-site
and 12 wards (A, B, C, E, F/S, F/N, G/S, H/E, K/E, L, M/W
and T) do not have waste composting units. The wards
with the highest number of SMPAs and highest quantities
of segregated waste are depicted in Figure 36.
Figure 36: Wards with the highest number of SMPAs (left) and highest quantities of segregated waste (right)
10855250
9534600
8323488
Approach: Sustainable Waste Management Hierarchy
To overcome the above barriers in waste management,
the approach for the waste sector is modelled along the
sustainable waste management hierarchy, which places
an emphasis on reducing, reusing and recycling as the key
to sustainable materials management.
Most Preferred
Least Preferred
Although 73% of the city’s waste is biodegradable, the
city has not been able to successfully recover it through
composting. On-site wet waste processing was given the
lowest score of 25 in the Swachh Survekshan survey.
Restore: Remediation of dumpsites
Severe environmental and social hazards that are
affecting the quality of marine life and surrounding
properties in the area has also reduced, leading to lower
property taxes. Fishermen’s incomes and livelihoods have
been negatively impacted as leachate flowing into the
waterbodies leads to water pollution and loss of marine
life, biodiversity and livelihood. There are additional
problems of foul odour, fires, health hazards and breeding
of flies and rodents around dumping and landfill sites
(BMC, 2010). Hence, serious efforts are needed to
remediate dumpsites and reduce landfilled waste.
Figure 37: Approach for the waste sector
Reduce: Segregation at Source & Reuse
Repair & Recycle
Composting (Recover)
Waste to Energy (Recover)
Landfill
Mumbai is currently implementing certain initiatives in
this sector, which can be broadly categorized using the
sectoral approach, as presented in Table 15. The actions
proposed in the MCAP will help integrate the climate lens
within these initiatives and enhance the city’s efforts in
sustainable waste management.
Table 15 Ongoing initiatives in the waste sector
ReduceRestore
• The BMC is currently developing a city-level SWM
plan and has launched an online citizen survey under
its Vision 2030 initiative.
• Property tax relief of 5-10% is provided to residential
societies that segregate and compost waste.
• A total of 19 organic waste convertors has been
proposed for vegetable and fruit markets.
• In 2018, BMC issued an order, mandating bulk
waste generators to set up biodegradable waste
composting units. A total of 3,367 additional bulk
waste generators have been notified, and 50% of
the bulk generators identified by BMC are currently
composting waste at source.
• Dumpsite reclamation is taking place at Mulund, with
3,35,150 MT of legacy waste having been disposed
till 2021.  
• Waste-to-energy projects having a total capacity of
600 TPD and 4MW energy generation have been
proposed for Deonar. A total of 1,200 TPD of W2E
projects are in the pipeline.
• A total of INR 5,600 per unit per month has been
allocated for waste management in slums under
SMPA. An eligible organization is awarded an area
between 5 and 18 units. The contract for this work is
renewed annually.
RecoverRecycle
• A total of 85 hectares of land has been allotted for
scientific waste.
• The BMC has tied up with recyclers, and a rebate of
up to 10% on property tax is being offered to housing
societies that segregate waste.
• Decentralized community-level composting and
biomethanation is being promoted.
• M/s. Godrej Industries has begun 10 TPD green
waste processing pelletisation in Ghatkopar (N ward)
through its CSR division and processes 3-4 MT of
green waste per day.
• A total of 32 parks in the city have compost pits
across all wards; In the last quarter of 2017, 3,285 kg
of compost was generated here.
• Currently, the city has 46 dry waste segregation
centers handled by waste and ragpickers
associations. In 2019, 188.5 TPD of dry waste was
managed. Plastic shredding machines are installed at
a few of these centers.
• BMC is planning to undertake collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of 1,200 TPD
of C&D waste (BMC, 2021).
• Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR),
companies such as Bisleri and Coca Cola are setting
up plastic processing units in the city.
• BMC has proposed that MPCB be appointed the
authorized e-waste recycling agency to set up
e-waste collection centers in wards.
Adopting an inclusive and zero landfill waste
management strategy
The sectoral priority, action tracks and associated
actions were developed on the basis of the city-level
barrier analysis, ongoing city initiatives, inputs from
external and internal stakeholder consultations and zonal
consultations along with citizens’ inputs received on the
website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the
process are listed in Annexure 3.
The city must work towards improving efficiency for
recycling and recovery. Actions in the SWM sector
include initiating extensive awareness and infrastructure
and capacity building to ensure waste processing at
the local/unit-level, discouraging waste-to-energy as a
long-term solution and expediting the remediation of the
Deonar dumpsite. Since over 70% of the city’s waste is
organic, the goal to increase segregation and treatment
of organic waste and reduce its disposal to landfills is
key to achieving all three waste-relevant climate targets
for the city. Additionally, the climate goals and action
tracks for Mumbai for the period 2020-2050 are aligned
with Majhi Vasundhara Abhiyan’s (MVA) action groups,
enhancement of Akash (environmental awareness),
Dharti (the Earth) and Vayu (clean air), as well as the
SDGs. With the aim to move towards zero landfill waste
by 2050, the sectoral action tracks promote waste
minimization, decentralized waste management for
enhanced segregation and recycling as well as
dumpsite remediation.
Track 1Reduce waste disposed to landfill sites by 40% by 2030
Track 2Decentralized waste management for recovery and recycle
Track 3Scientific dumpsite remediation for healthier ecosystems and communities
Sectoral Action Tracks
Aerial shot of Parel | By Hardik Joshi
Table 16 Sustainable Waste Management: Sectoral action tracks
Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/FinancingMonitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 1:Reduce waste disposed to landfills by 40% by 2030
Priority Actions
Develop litter-free/single use
plastic-free zones/campuses
in the city, thereby creating
demonstrative examples in the
city and increasing awareness
among citizens.
Timeframe:2024
Lead:SWM Dept,
BMC
Supporting:
MPCB, ward-level
authorities, CSOs/
NGOs
Swachh Bharat Mission
- Urban
City-level SWM plan
CSR
MVA
Green bonds
Output: No. of litter-free
zones
Outcome:Volume of waste
collected from littering, % of
waste recycled, single-use
waste generation per capita
(kg/person/year)
Conduct an analysis of the
barriers in the compliance of
single-use plastic ban.
Timeframe:2023
Organize mass door-to-door
awareness campaigns for
segregation and phasing out
of single-use waste, thereby
reducing plastic pollution in the
city.
Timeframe:2024/2025
Conduct an assessment of waste
characteristics and consumption
patterns across different income
groups and public utilities to
create strategies for formal
and informal housing and
establishments.
Timeframe: 2023/2024
Lead:SWM Dept
Supporting: CSOs/
NGOs, research/
academic institutions
Swachh Bharat Mission
- Urban
City-level SWM plan
Output: Assessment study
Outcome: % of city solid
waste regularly collected
with adequate final discharge
Table 17: Sustainable Waste Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Sectoral Action Track 1:Reduce waste disposed to landfills by 40% by 2030
Priority Actions
Establish designated ward-level
waste management units/cells to
strengthen coordination between
Advanced Locality Management
(ALM) groups, SMPA, bulk waste
generators, etc. and different city
departments (market, gardens,
etc.) and create mechanisms to
manage waste at the household
level.
Timeframe: 2023
Lead:Ward-level
authorities
Supporting:SWM
Dept, SMPAs
Swachh Bharat Mission
- Urban
BMC Budget – SWM
Dept
Output: Guidelines
and approval for waste
management cells, % of wards
with cells, no. of functional
cells
Outcome:% of monthly
income spent on solid waste
collection/processing, % of
population with regular solid
waste collection at home,
waste generated per capita
(kg/person/year), % of waste
recycled ward-wise, revenue
recovered from recyclables
(INR/year)
Route the rationalization and
collection system optimization
to reduce fuel consumption for
waste collection.
Timeframe:2024/2025Lead: SWM Dept of
BMC
Supporting: IT Dept
of BMC, waste CSOs/
NGOs
Output: Fuel consumption to
operate the collection fleet,
coverage of HHs (tons)
Outcome:Reduced fuel
use from waste sector, % of
population with regular solid
waste collection at home
Develop waste management
guidelines for public and religious
functions to improve hygiene,
reduce littering and influence
behaviors.
Timeframe:2025
Output: Guidelines at the city
level
Outcome: Waste generated
per capita (kg/person/year)
Discourage the dependence on
landfills and waste-to
-energy plants by setting up new
centralized waste processing
units (in Taloja and Mulund
East) to reduce water and soil
pollution.
Timeframe:2030/2032
Lead: SWM Dept,
BMC
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
MVA
Output:% of waste diverted
from landfills
Outcome:Mortality rate and
livelihoods lost due to air,
water and soil pollution and
contamination
Sectoral Action Track 1:Reduce waste disposed to landfills by 40% by 2030
Priority Actions
Develop a waste dashboard on
consolidated ward-level data
(daily generation, segregation,
waste recycled, % of segregation,
location of community collection/
recycling centers/vendors),
thereby making information
publicly available and increasing
accountability.
Timeframe:2024
Lead: Ward-level
authority, SWM Dept
of BMC
Supporting: SMPAs,
ALMs, waste startups
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Swachh Bharat Mission
- Urban
MVA
Output: Public dashboard
Outcome:Ward-level waste
generation per capita (kg/
person/year), % of solid waste
that is recycled ward-wise,
revenue recovered from
recyclables (INR/year), % of
population with regular solid
waste collection at home,
number of green enterprises/
jobs created
Establish a central control and
command center for Integrated
Solid Waste Management
(ISWM) monitoring, GPS tracking
of vehicles, geotagging of bins,
geo location of waste collection
points, digital storage, Cloud
linking of data and automation of
transfer stations to ensure waste
collection services for all.
Timeframe:2024
Lead:SWM Dept of
BMC
Supporting:IT Dept
of BMC, Contractor
Output:Integrated command
and control center
Outcome:% of solid waste
that is recycled ward-wise, ,
% of city solid waste regularly
collected with adequate final
discharge, % of population
with regular solid waste
collection at home
Implement a pilot program on
zero waste wards.
Timeframe:2025/2027
Lead: SWM Dept of
BMC
Supporting: Ward
authorities, research
institutes, NGOs
Output: No. of wards
Outcome:Ward-level waste
generation per capita (kg/
person/year), % of solid waste
that is recycled ward-wise,
jobs created for informal
workers, % of monthly
income spent on solid waste
collection
Develop a strategy, rules and
framework to strengthen
implementation and reporting of
extended producer responsibility
(EPR).
Timeframe:2025
Lead: MPCB
Supporting: Private
companies, SWM
dept, BMC
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Swachh Bharat Mission
– Urban
Output: City-level mandate/
strategy
Outcome:% of e-waste
or plastic waste recycled,
number of green enterprises/
jobs created
Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling
and composting by 2050
Priority Actions
Initial perception survey and
subsequently decentralizing
Mumbai’s SWM plan with ward
-level strategies for residential,
commercial and public sectors
Timeframe:2023
Lead:SWM Dept of
BMC
Supporting:CSOs/
NGOs, Consultant
agency
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Swachh Bharat Mission
– Urban
MVA
CSR
Output:Perception survey,
% of wards covered in survey,
no. of ward-level waste
management recycling/
composting units
Outcome:Waste generated
per capita (kg/person/year),
% of population with regular
solid waste collection at
home
Levy on non-compliance of waste
segregation at households
Timeframe:2023
Lead:Ward-level
authorities
Supporting: SWM
Dept, Contractor
- agency
Output:Levy by waste type
(INR/kg), revenue collected
annually
Outcome:% of monthly
income spent on solid waste
collection, % of segregation
ward wise
Household infrastructure,
training for workers and
retrofitting collection vehicles for
waste segregation
Timeframe:2025
Lead:SWM Dept of
BMC
Supporting: Contractor, MPCB,
NGOs.
Output:No. of trainings
conducted, % of vehicles
retrofitted, no. of households
with waste segregation
infrastructure
Outcome:% of population
with regular solid waste
collection at home or
in-situ waste management
infrastructure
Promote decentralized
composting through citizen
participation, biogas plants
in mandis and hotels, and
compositing in all parks and
gardens
Timeframe:2024
Lead:SWM Dept
of BMC, ward-level
authorities
Supporting:Market
Dept of BMC,
Gardens Dept of
BMC
Output:No. of biogas/
composting units set up, % of
wards with biogas plants
Outcome:% of monthly
income spent on waste
collection, % of wet waste
composted,
Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling
and composting by 2050
Priority Actions
Strengthened enforcement
of C&D rules 2016 through
amendment of building byelaws
to include rules on segregated
collection systems, disposal sites,
tipping fees, use of waste in roads
and landfilling, etc.
Timeframe: 2024
Lead: SWM Dept
of BMC, Urban
Development Dept
GoM
Supporting:Buildings
Dept of BMC
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Swachh Bharat Mission
– Urban
MVA
CSR
Output: Approved building
bylaws, % of C&D waste
segregated and recycled,
revenue recovered from C&D
waste
Outcome: Reduced emissions
and pollution due to C&D
waste, % of income spent
on C&D waste collection/
processing
Analysis of current and projected
C&D waste in the city and
feasibility of using recycled
aggregates in construction/roads
Timeframe: 2024
Lead:SWM Dept
Supporting:Technical/academic
institution, Buildings
Dept
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Swachh Bharat Mission
-urban
MVA
Output: Waste from
construction sites (kg), % of
C&D waste segregated and
recycled
Outcome:Reduced emissions
and pollution due to C&D
waste, % of population with
on-call C&D waste collection
at home
Quantification of waste
generation in construction sites
and mandating reuse
Timeframe:2024
Lead: MMRDA,
Buildings Dept BMC
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Monthly e-waste collection
drives
Timeframe:2024
Lead:MPCB, SWM
Dept
Supporting: Zone/ward-level
authorities
BMC budget – SWM
DeptOutput:% of e-waste
recycled
Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling
and composting by 2050
Medium- and Long-term Actions
100% source segregation and
collection in slums (waste
exchange for services like bus
ticket, books, etc.)
Timeframe:2027
Lead: SMPA, SWM
Dept
Supporting: BMC
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Swachh Bharat Mission
-urban
MVA
CSR
Output: Segregation rate in
slums
Outcome: % of waste
recycled ward-wise, % of
monthly income spent on
waste collection
Promote self-help groups to
manufacture cloth bags, leaf
plates, etc. through market
creation and finance.
Timeframe: 2027Lead: SWM Dept,
BMC
Supporting: CSO/
NGOs, SMPA
Output: No. of groups
supported, no. of incentives
provided (e.g., loans)
Outcome:% of waste
recycled, no. of new green
jobs created and individuals
participated in green skills
training
Robust recycling across 16-
24 categories through market
creation and infrastructure
Timeframe: 2028
Output: % of city’s solid
waste that is segregated into
X number of categories
Outcome: Emissions from
waste, no. of green jobs
created and new green
startups
Biodegradable waste processing
units in each ward based on land
and resource availability with
market creation and subsidies for
compost (e.g.: coupons, manure,
subsidies for home compost kits,
etc.)
Timeframe:2027
Lead: SWM Dept,
Marketing
Dept – BMC
Supporting:MPCB
Output:No. of ward-level
waste management units for
recycling, composting etc.
Outcome:% of city’s organic
wet waste that is composted/
recovered, % of income
spent on waste processing,
% of population with waste
processing units accessible
within 500m of home
Sectoral Action Track 2:Decentralized waste management to ensure 80% recovery through segregation, recycling
and composting by 2050
Medium- and Long-term Actions
Setting up MRF units and waste
collection centers in each ward
along with local network of
buyers for glass, paper, etc.
Financial support for waste
sector enterprises can be
provided.
Timeframe:2027
Lead: SWM Dept
Supporting:Ward-level
authorities, Buildings
Dept, Development
Planning (DP) Dept,
start-ups
CSR
BMC Budget
MVA
Output: No. of Material
Recovery Facilities (MRF)
units/collection centers
ward wise, no. of enterprises
supported
Outcome: % of waste
recycled
Waste pickers program with
existing ragpickers associations
Timeframe:2024/2025
Lead:BMC, SWM
Dept
Supporting:NGOs
CSR, philanthropic
funding, BMC budgetOutcome:No. of jobs created
for informal workers
Sectoral Action Track 3:Remediation of all existing dumpsites and 100% scientific disposal of waste by 2030
Priority Actions
Divert daily waste dumped at
the Deonar dumpsite to the
Kanjurmarg site and mandate
remediation at Deonar after
scoping study including NCV,
emissions and environmental
impacts
Timeframe: Scoping study
(2023), implementation (2025)
Lead:SWM Dept,
BMC
Supporting: MPCB,
contractor, academic/
technical institution
Green bonds – IFC
investment
SBM – Urban
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Output:% of waste that is
diverted away from landfills,
area of waste disposal site
recovered/reclaimed (m2)
Outcome:Surface of urban
land that is contaminated
Discourage waste to energy due
to the high investment require for
W2E infrastructure and the NCV
potential (high organic waste
content) of MSW in the Indian
context
Timeframe: 2024
Lead: SWM Dept
Supporting:Technical
institution/experts,
Energy Dept, MEDA
City-level SWM plan
– BMC budget
Output: Study conducted
Outcome: Volume of waste
generated per person/HH, %
of HH waste that is recycled,
% of waste being managed at
central processing sites
Medium- and Long-term Actions
Monitoring of remediation and
converting the landfill into a
green space/park
Timeframe: 2030-2035
Lead:SWM Dept
Supporting: Gardens
Dept, Development
Planning (DP) DeptGreen bonds – IFC
investment
SBM – Urban
BMC budget – SWM
Dept
Output: Progress reports, no.
of saplings planted, survival
rate, green cover or park area
(m2)
Outcome:, % of landfill area
converted to green space
Capture landfill gas and collect
leachate at existing and new
waste disposal sites and convert
to electricity/piped gas
Timeframe: 2027
Lead:SWM Dept
Supporting:Technical
expertise, MEDA,
Energy Dept
Output:Volume of gas
captured, capture rate,
amount of gas generated
Outcome: GHG emissions
from waste, incidence of
diseases, injuries and sickness
due to pollution caused by
landfills
Sector-specific inclusive benefits
Introducing legality and licensing mechanism for ragpickers and waste workers would
facilitate the transition of informal labor to a formalized and secure system, thereby
ensuring equity in the job market within the waste sector. This would also improve wages
and ensure stability for workers, a majority of whom belong to vulnerable low-income
backgrounds or are migrants.
Decentralized waste management would create accountability within the community to
reduce waste at source and create opportunities for new green businesses.
Although Mumbai is rich in ecological assets (refer to
Chapter 2 of this plan), a mere 3.7% is accessible open
space for the citizens. Mumbai is the least green metro
(Devulapalli & Padmanabhan, 2019), with the lowest per
capita green cover of 1.8 square meters (Jha, 2021), as
compared with 10-12 square meters prescribed in the
Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation (URDPFI) guidelines.
The vegetation cover has reduced, from 46.42% in
1988 to 26.67% in 2018, mostly in the low-income
areas. During the same period, the area having a mean
land surface temperature (LST) of around 30.5°C has
increased, from 5232 ha in 1988 to 14,339 ha in 2018
(Rahaman et al., 2021). The shrinking green cover, the
increasing concretization of the urban landscape in the
form of buildings and infrastructure, the expansion of
high-density informal settlements having no trees and
the excessive use of temporary metal roofs have resulted
in urban heat islands with temperatures up to 5 to 6
degrees higher than in well-shaded and green residential
areas of the neighborhood. Mumbai is experiencing a
warming trend, with increasing frequency of heatwaves.
According to an IPCC report, the city is expected to
experience high mean temperatures of up to 35°C for
almost 117 days in a year by the end of the century, an
increase in total rainfall by almost 32% by 2060 (Basu,
2021) and sea level rise with increasing frequencies of
cyclones (refer to Chapter 3.1 of this plan).
Urban Greening and Biodiversity5.4
Key Gaps
The landscape of the city would be a major factor in addressing the increasing heat- and flood-related risks.
Gap in demand and availability of green public spaces
A spatial survey by P.K. Das & Associates (2011)
highlighted that of 2152 open spaces in city, 600 were
encroached upon and the remaining were unaccounted
for. In order to safeguard and conserve open spaces, it
is necessary to create an inventory. Moreover, there are
areas, such as Mankhurd, that have a higher vegetation
cover; however, most of these are inaccessible as these
are mangroves and wetlands. Meanwhile, Bandra has a
relatively low vegetation cover, but its per capita green
public spaces is high.
Lack of holistic landscape framework
The green and blue natural ecosystems in Mumbai are
in the jurisdiction of BMC, MMRDA and Government
of Maharashtra. This calls for coordination between
different authorities to develop policies for maintenance,
ecological zone identification, conservation and
safeguarding of these natural ecosystems.
Poor enforcement of regulations for protection and
conservation of ecological assets
Mangroves act as a natural coastal flood protection
system. However, there have been around 350 cases
of destruction since 2013. There is a need for a strong
enforcement mechanism to protect mangroves from
the hazards of rising sea levels and increasing storm
surges. Despite CRZ regulations, there is uncontrolled
construction, garbage dumping and sewage disposal,
leading to pollution and the shrinking of beaches. The
development plan lacks a clear demarcation of hills and
forests, thus failing to protect these from illegal quarrying
and deforestation.
Lack of data-driven and scientific methods
BMC intends to increase the green cover of the city by
planting and introducing dense groves of trees through
the urban thickets program. However, a scientific
approach and data-driven method is necessary to
ensure the selection of native species with high carbon
sequestration potential, an equitable distribution as per
demand-supply gaps and the integration of nature-based
solutions against any biodiversity loss. Moreover, there
is a need for capacity building on scientific methods of
tree planting, pruning and maintenance. This applies to
mangroves and wetlands as well.
for open space maintenance, and reduce it to 0.7% in
the 2020-21 budget. In order to improve the urban
green cover and biodiversity, the percent share must be
increased. Mainstreaming climate actions would require
a sufficient allocation of funding and would need to be
accounted for in every term budget of the city. Moreover,
space is a huge challenge in Mumbai. Mechanisms to
encourage the private sector and citizen participation in
policies and strategies for urban greening in private plots
will help address this and accelerate action.
Integrated approach
There is a lack of infrastructure related to water provision
and sanitation, especially in the low-income areas, which
leads to increased vulnerabilities during climate-induced
gray infrastructure to address heat and flood resilience as
well as water security for vulnerable communities.
Data, Information and Communication
There is a need to develop a Biodiversity Index and a
Biodiversity Register at ward level, thereby making it
accessible to citizens and to get them to be involved in
and informed about the city’s flora and fauna. Moreover,
the city census data indicates that the population
accessible to cell phones, radio/transistors and the
Internet is 60%, 36% and 20%, respectively. This calls
for innovative methods of communicating important
information to a larger population, which would induce
better adaptive capacity and reduce shocks and stress
(Refer Chapter 3.1 of this report).
Approach for Urban Greening and Biodiversity
Based on the vulnerability assessment, the MCAP emphasizes the need to increase the green cover and biodiversity in
the city in a planned and inclusive manner. When integrated with urban development, it offers several co-benefits.
Increasing the vegetation cover in the city in a planned
and scientific manner not only reduces urban heat islands
but also creates carbon sinks. Such enhanced greening
also improves the liveability and biodiversity of the city
as well as health of the city dwellers. The matrix in of
Table 18 presents the co-benefits of the green spaces in
the city with respect to accessibility, ownership, and the
co-benefits it offers.
Heat and FloodCarbon SequestrationOpen space Accessibility Biodiversity
Increasing the vegetation cover and permeability of the city in a planned manner to tackle heat and flood risks
Scientific method for species selection, planting, pruning and maintenance, thereby increasing the city’s carbon sinks
Managing the demand and availability gap of green open spaces through a data-driven and inclusive approach.
Documenting, conserving and enhancing city biodiversity in an inclusive way
Table 18 Approach for urban greening and biodiversity 
Parks Gardens
Tree lined avenues
Mangroves
Wetlands
Beach
Promenade
Mudflats
Saltpans
Residential township parks
grounds, Golf course
Stadium
creeks
Tanks, ponds and lakes
Public green accessiblePublic green inaccessiblePublic brown accessible
Public brown inaccessible
Public green inaccessiblePublic brown inaccessiblePublic blue accessible
Biodiversity
Flood mitigation
Carbon sequestration
Heat resilience
Daily urban recreation space
Table 19 Ongoing greening initiatives undertaken by BMC
Ongoing initiatives in city
Mumbai city is currently taking up certain initiatives within this sector, which can be broadly categorized as
presented in Table 19.
Urban Greening and Open Spaces Coastal ResilienceBiodiversity Management
• Signatory to C40 Cities Urban
Nature Declaration (C40Cities,
2021)
• Developing a new gardens policy,
with the aim to convert 1,068
plots into gardens/playgrounds
through multi-stakeholder
engagement (Mumbai Mirror,
2019)
• Amendment to the Maharashtra
(Urban Areas) Tree Protection
and Conservation Act, 1975, for
protecting heritage trees (Singh,
2021)
• Planting 3,77,416 trees at a cost
of INR 35 crores across 100
locations (Deshpande, 2019)
• Waterbody inventory with
external consultant (Terracon,
2020)
• Construction of 10 feet of walls
for mangrove and wetland
protection (Chatterjee, 2018)15
• Beach nourishment project
being implemented in Dadar-
Chowpatty (Mumbai Waterfronts
Centre & P.K.Das & Associates,
2012)
• Chimbai village waterfront
project
• Mithi river restoration
(Maharashtra Pollution Control
Board, 2019) with the aim of
100% sewage collection and
treatment and 100% MSW
collection by 2023.
• Established a biodiversity
committee as per directives
of State Government under
the chairmanship of Joint
Municipal Commissioner
(Disaster Management) /
Deputy Municipal Commissioner
(Garden).
• Developing parks near
biodiversity hotspots and
reclaiming un-used quarry
sites and landfills into urban
green areas, such as Parsik
Hill, Ambernath and Kalyan
(MMRDA, 2016)
Increasing the urban green cover to reduce heat risk and
increase the city’s resilience to flood events
The priority action tracks were developed on the basis of
the gaps and barriers observed in the landscape analysis,
the ongoing city initiatives, inputs from external and
internal stakeholder consultations, zonal consultations
as well as citizens’ inputs received on the MCAP website
[Refer to Annexure 3]
The gap in demand and availability of green public spaces,
the poor enforcement of protection and conservation of
ecology, the lack of a scientific and data-driven approach
and financial and spatial constraints are factors that need
to be considered in formulating actions and setting goals.
Mumbai city has partnered in the Cities4Forest initiative
and has signed the Call to Action for Forest and Climate
and the C40 cities Urban Nature Declaration to protect,
conserve and manage its natural ecosystems. Sector
specific goals and actions have been developed on the
basis of the baseline assessment, SDGs and the principles
of MVA.
Track 1Increase the vegetation cover and permeable surface of the city to tackle heat and flood risks
Track 2Ensure equitable access to green open spaces for higher per capita green cover
Track 3Restore and enhance the biodiversity of the city
Sectoral Action Tracks
Table 20 Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Sectoral action tracks
Shot in Dadar | By Aaran Patel
Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030
to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk
Priority Actions
Undertake scientific
identification of land
parcels and brownfields,
especially in areas
exposed to high heat, for
increasing vegetation
cover.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Development Plan
(DP) Department, Garden
Department, Estate
Dept of BMC Assistant
Commissioners
Support – Storm Water
Drains (SWD)- BMC, Mumbai
Sewage Disposal Project
(MSDP)-BMC, Advance
Locality Management
(ALMs), co-operative housing
societies, developers, private
sector, field experts, BEST,
MbPT, MMRDA, Western
Railways
Based on Garden
Department’s
estimate of urban
forests of INR 20
million per hectare;
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, CSR funds,
green bonds scheme,
AMRUT
Output:Area of canopy cover
created (m2), area of (shaded)
cover created (m2),
volume of water retention
capacity created(m3), area of
permeable surfaces (m2)
Outcome:difference in
temperatures in shaded and
non-shaded areas,
% of heavy rainfall leading
to flooding, difference in
temperatures in permeable
and non-permeable areas (in
°C or °F)
Prepare a heat action plan
for the city, with a strong
focus on precautionary
measures, early warning
systems and urban
greening measures,
to maintain ambient
temperatures.
Time frame:2022-2023
Lead:Disaster Management
Cell, Health Department
Support – Garden
Department, public and
private hospitals
Part of BMC budget
Output:% city covered under
the plan, number of early
warning systems in place for
each hazard
Outcome:% emergency
situations where emergency
services responded safely
and on time, % of population
reached through early warning
systems for each hazard
Organize capacity
building of health workers
in identifying and treating
heat-related illness.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Public Health
Department
Support – Disaster
Management Cell
Annually between
INR 0.5 and 1 million
as part of BMC
budget
Output:Number of workshops
conducted
Outcome:% population
trained to respond to the
hazard risk
Table 21 Urban Greening and Biodiversity: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030
to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk
Priority Actions
Establish cooling centres
and health care provisions
within heat stressed
areas of the city with high
vulnerable population.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Disaster Management
Cell
Support – Public Health
Department, Garden
Department
Part of BMC budget
Output:Number of cooling
centres/shelters created
per capita within
vulnerable and low-income
neighbourhoods,
distance of cooling routes
established from these
neighbourhoods (km)
Outcome:% of population
residing at a distance of
15 minutes from a
Cooling centre (disaggregated
by income and vulnerability)
% of population using
cooling centres (disaggregated
by income and vulnerability)
Develop low-cost nature-
based solutions to reduce
heat stress in low-income
neighbourhoods
Time frame:2022
Lead:BMC
Support - MMRDA, TISSPart of BMC budget
Output:% of areas under
Nature Based Solutions (NBS)
Outcome:% of vulnerable
area covered by NBS,
temperature difference (in °C
or °F)
Increase budget
allocation for urban
green development and
maintenance to tackle
heat and flood risks.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department
Support – Disaster
Management Cell, SWD,
MSDP
Additional sources
through MVA, CSR
funds, green bonds,
AMRUT
Output:Finance committed
Outcome:% target achieved
for urban greening sector
Offer incentives in the
form of property tax
rebates and fast-track
procedures for individuals
and housing corporations
showing initiative in urban
greening.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Assessment and
Collection Department,
Garden Department
Support – Building proposals
dept, DP Department
N/A
Output:Area of canopy cover
created (m2), area of shaded
cover created (m2),
Volume of water retention
capacity created (m3), area of
permeable surfaces (m2)
Outcome:Difference in
temperatures in shaded and
non-shaded areas (in °C or °F),
% of heavy rainfall leading
to flooding, difference in
temperatures in permeable
and non-permeable areas (in
Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030
to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk
Priority Actions
Ensure strict enforcement
of reservations, especially
for hills and forests,
to protect these from
illegal quarrying and
deforestation.
Timeframe:2022
Lead:DP department
Support – Forest
Department-State govt,
Planning Department
(MMRDA)
N/A
Output:Area demarcation in
development for forest and
hill, area of slopes stabilized
(m2 / km2)
Outcome:% change from the
demarcated area for forest
and hills, % of heavy rainfall
leading to landslides/erosion
Undertake capacity
building on applying
scientific approach
towards tree species
selection, planting,
maintenance and pruning
with respect to time
of year, method and
sensitivity to social and
ecological aspects.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department
Support – Training and
research institute, technical
consultants
Annually between
INR 0.5 and 1 million
as part of BMC
budget
Output:Number of workshops
conducted
Outcome:% population
trained to respond to the
hazard risk
Establish Tree Helpline to
file grievances and illegal
activities.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department
Support – IT Department
Between INR 0.5 and
1 million as part of
BMC budget based on
previous budgets
Output:No. of grievances filed
Outcome:% of grievances
addressed, % reduction in
grievances
Develop a city dashboard
to access information
regarding urban greening
and heat island to monitor
at city and ward levels.
Time frame:2023
Lead:Garden and IT
Departments, Disaster
Management Cell
Support – Public Health
Department
Around INR 1.5
million as part of BMC
budget, based on
previous budgets
Output:City-level dashboard
Outcome:% target achieved
for green cover, % reduction
in heat prone areas, difference
in temperatures in shaded and
non-shaded areas
Promote CSR funding
or public private
partnerships for initiatives
towards increasing
vegetation cover and
permeable surface.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department,
Assessment and Collection
Department
Support – Accounts, Auditors
Dept
N/AOutput:Finance committed
Outcome:% target achieved
for urban greening sector
Sectoral Action Track 1: Increase vegetation cover and permeable surface to 30-40% of the city surface area by 2030
to tackle flood- and heat-related disaster risk
Priority Actions
Introduce green bonds
for financing municipal
greening initiatives.
Timeframe:2023
Lead:Garden Department,
Assessment and Collection
Department
Support – Accounts, Auditors
Dept
N/A
Output:Number of jobs
created and number of bonds
issued
Outcome:% target achieved
for urban greening sector
Integrate public open
spaces with storm water
drainage to create
retention areas as part of
nature-based solutions.
Time frame:2023
Lead:Garden and SWD
Departments
Support – DP Department,
Road and Traffic Department,
MSDP
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, CSR funds,
green bonds scheme,
AMRUT
Output:Volume of water
retention capacity created
(m3), Volume of increased
storage capacity (m3) / flow
capacity
Outcome:% of heavy rainfall
leading to flooding
Integrate green
roofs, green walls and
community gardens with
the Development Control
Regulations (DCRs) and
incentivize these.
Time frame:2023
Lead:Garden Department,
building proposal Dept,
DP Department, building
maintenance dept
Support – SWD, MSDP, Estate
and Land Management,
Assessment and Collection
Department
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, CSR funds,
green bonds scheme,
AMRUT
Output:Area of vegetated
area created (m2)
Outcome:% of heavy rainfall
leading to flooding, difference
in temperatures in vegetated
and non-vegetated areas (°C
or °F)
Action descriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 2: Reduce heating effect and increase permeable surface to 100% by 2050 along the city
streetscape
Priority Actions
Establish guidelines for
street-side landscape
to tackle heat and flood
risks.
Timeframe:2022
Lead:Garden Department
Support – SWD, Road &
Traffic Department, MSDP
Part of BMC budget
Output:City-level guidelines
Outcome:%Reduced
vulnerability to heat and
floods, % of heavy rainfall
leading to flooding
Sectoral Action Track 2: Reduce heating effect and increase permeable surface to 100% by 2050 along the city
streetscape
Priority Actions
Lead:Garden Department
Support – SWD, Road &
Traffic Department, License
Dept, Legal Dept
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, CSR funds,
green bonds scheme,
AMRUT
Output:Area of vegetated
area created (m2), area of
canopy cover created (m2),
area of shaded cover created
(m2)
Outcome:% of heavy rainfall
leading to flooding, difference
in temperatures in vegetated
and non-vegetated areas
(°C or °F), difference in
temperatures in shaded and
non-shaded areas (°C or °F)
Lead:AMC, Garden
Department
Support – All departments
with infrastructure related
projects
Should be part of the
project budget
Output:Vegetated area in
the city (m2), increase in tree
count
Outcome:% target achieved
for urban greening sector
Medium- and Long-term Actions
Introduce tree banking
systems to encourage
citizens to adopt a tree
and receive financial aid in
return.
Time frame:2030
Lead:Garden Department
Support – Assessment and
Collection Department, legal
dept, auditors dept, Road &
Traffic Department
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, CSR funds,
green bonds scheme,
AMRUT
Output:% of trees adopted
Outcome:Difference in
temperatures in shaded and
non-shaded areas (°C or °F),
% of heavy rainfall leading to
flooding, % of healthy trees
Undertake 100%
conversion of footpaths
and on-street parking
to permeable surface
material.
Time frame:2030
Lead:Garden Department,
Roads & Traffic Department,
SWD Department
Support – MnE, MSDP
Based on previous
BMC budget INR 200
crore
Output:Volume of water
retention capacity created
(m3), area of permeable
surfaces (m2)
Outcome:% of heavy rainfall
leading to flooding, °C °F
Difference in temperatures in
permeable and non-permeable
areas (°C or °F)
Undertake the
standardization of asphalt
and concrete color to
cool/light gray to reduce
land surface temperature.
Time frame:2023
Lead:Road & Traffic
Department Part of BMC budget
Output:Area of cool/white
surfaces (m2)
Outcome:Difference in
temperatures in cool/ white
spaces and non-cool/ white
spaces (°C or °F)
Sectoral Action Track 2: Reduce heating effect and increase permeable surface to 100% by 2050 along the city
streetscape
Medium- and Long-Term Actions
Integrate street-side
landscape with storm
water drainage network
as a nature-based
solution.
Time frame:2023
Lead:Garden Department,
Sewage Operations Dept,
Road & Traffic Department
Support – MSDP, Mechanical
and Electrical
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, CSR funds,
green bonds scheme,
AMRUT
Output:Vegetated area
created (m2), Volume of water
retention capacity created
(m3), Volume of increased
storage capacity (m3)/ flow
capacity
Outcome:% of heavy rainfall
leading to flooding
Integrate street-side
landscape with storm
water drainage network
as a nature-based
solution.
Time frame:2022
N/A
Action Description
Sectoral Action Track 3: Equitable distribution of open spaces and increase per capita open space to 6 square meters
by 2040
Priority Actions
Integrate street-side
landscape with storm
water drainage network
as a nature-based
solution.
Time frame:2023
Lead:Garden DepartmentPart of BMC budget
Output:Guidelines for
inclusive open space design
and ecosystem services
Outcome:% increase per
capita green open space in low
income areas, % of population
residing at a distance of 15
minutes from open spaces
(disaggregated by income
level)
Part of BMC budget
Output:Number of workshop
sessions conducted
Outcome:% increase in per
capita green open space in low
income areas, % of population
residing at a distance of 15
minutes from open spaces
(disaggregated by income
level)
Sectoral Action Track 3: Equitable distribution of open spaces and increase per capita open space to 6 square meters
by 2040
Medium- and Long-term Actions
Plan and provide new
open spaces based on the
demand and availability
gap analysis for equitable
distribution of open
spaces.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department
Support – DP Department,
SWD, MSDP, Road & Traffic
Department, Estate and
Land Management, Disaster
Management Cell, citizen
groups, Planning Department
(MMRDA), field expertst
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, CSR funds,
green bonds scheme,
AMRUT
Output:Number of new open
spaces developed as per
guidelines
Outcome:% increase in per
capita green open space in low
income areas, % of population
residing at a distance of 15
minutes from open spaces
(disaggregated by income
level)
Action Description
Sectoral Action Track 4: Restore, maintain and enhance city biodiversity and eco-system
Priority Actions
Mandate the use of native
plant species as per BMC
guidelines.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden DepartmentN/A
Output:% of new plantation
as per the native species,
captured through tree census
Outcome:% increase in
biodiversity and conservation,
% reduction in non-native
species
Update tree census
parameters to capture
carbon sequestration and
biodiversity aspect.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden DepartmentPart of BMC budget
Output:Number of
parameters increased in tree
census data collection
Outcome:% change in carbon
sink and native species
Prepare a biodiversity
index and place it in the
public domain.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department,
Biodiversity Committee
Part of BMC budget,
generally, between
INR 15 and 25 lakh
Output:Documentation and
data collection for biodiversity
Outcome:Active involvement
of citizens
Coordinate a
participatory biodiversity
register at the census
ward level.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department,
Biodiversity Committee Part of BMC budget
Output:Documentation and
data collection for biodiversity
Outcome:Active involvement
of citizens
Sectoral Action Track 4: Restore, maintain and enhance city biodiversity and eco-system
Priority Actions
Develop a local
biodiversity strategy and
action plan (LBSAP)
Time frame:2024
Lead:Biodiversity
Committee, Garden
Department
Support – Forest
Department-State govt,
Mangrove Cell-State govt,
Planning Department
(MMRDA)
Part of Environment
and Climate Change
Department of
State Government
of Maharashtra and
BMC
Output:Policy document/
framework for biodiversity
conservation
Outcome:Biodiversity index
Conduct GIS mapping
of habitat degradation
and demarcation of
biodiversity hotspots.
Develop a mobile
application and QR
code-based toolkit for
interactive biodiversity
conservation and
management.
Time frame:2022
Lead:Garden Department,
Biodiversity Committee
Support – IT Department
Part of BMC budget
Generally, around INR
25 lakh
Output:Documentation and
data collection for biodiversity
Outcome:Active involvement
of citizens
Lead:DP Department,
Garden Department
Support – SWD, MSDP, Road
& Traffic Department, Public
Health Department, Planning
Department (MMRDA),
Mangrove Cell-State govt,
Forest Department-State
N/A
Output:% of areas under NBS
Outcome:A% floods that
lead to river bank collapse/
erosion, % of heavy rainfall
leading to flooding, % of heavy
rainfall leading to landslides/
erosion, Volume of collected
rainwater available (m3), % of
vulnerable area covered by
NBS, temperature difference
(°C or °F)
Sectoral Action Track 4: Restore, maintain and enhance city biodiversity and eco-system
Priority Actions
Lead:Municipal
Commissioner, Additional
Municipal Commissioner
(all five)
Support – Garden
Department, Environment
Department, Public health
Department, SWD, MSDP, DP
Department, Road & Traffic
Department, Department
of Environment and Climate
Change-State govt, Forest
Department-State govt,
Mangrove Cell-State govt),
Planning Department
(MMRDA)
Part of BMC budget,
around INR 1 crore
Output:Comprehensive
landscape management and
development
Outcome:% change in
area under natural open
spaces, number of types of
natural assets conserved and
restored, % change in public
green spaces, city biodiversity
index
Medium- and Long-term Actions
Develop Landscape
Framework to demarcate
and conserve biodiversity
hotspot areas and
corridors.
Time frame:2024
Lead:Garden department,
Environment department,
Landscape cell, Biodiversity
committee
Support – Planning
(MMRDA), Forest (state),
Mangrove cell (state)
Part of BMC budget
Output:Comprehensive
landscape framework
Outcome:City biodiversity
index
Integrate recreation
networks, such as
hiking trails and NMT
connections, using the
landscape framework.
Time frame:2025
Lead:BMC
Support - MMRDA,
Department of Environment
and Climate Change-State
govt
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, green bonds
scheme, AMRUT
Output:Km of trails,
vegetated area in the city, area
of canopy cover created (m2),
area of shaded cover created
(m2)
Outcome:% of population
residing at a distance of 15
minutes from green cover
(disaggregated)
Integrate nature-based
solutions with disaster
risk management and
prevention protocol.
Time frame:2025
Lead:BMC
Support - Disaster
Management department,
MMRDA, Department of
Environment and Climate
Change
Part of BMC budget,
MVA, green bonds
scheme, AMRUT
Outcome:Reduced frequency
of flooding, % of rainfall
leading to floods, reduced heat
vulnerability and heatwaves
Increasing green cover in areas exposed to high heat would decrease the sensitivity
especially amongst the vulnerable population within low-income areas with poor
ventilation, dense housing and compromised access to affordable cooling options.
Programs such as urban or rooftop farming can create employment opportunities as well.
Developing low-cost affordable greening or nature-based solutions would reduce
vulnerability amongst the low-income population living in flood or landslide prone areas.
Increasing per capita green cover would increase accessibility to open spaces, especially
for women, children and the elderly, thereby improving health and liveability.
Shot in Aarey Colony | By Aaran Patel
The air pollution in Mumbai has worsened over the years,
taking a toll on the health of the citizens due to prolonged
exposure to vehicular and industrial emissions, burning
of landfill waste and indoor air pollution from burning of
firewood. The city was ranked the fourth-most polluted
megacity in the world for the year 2016 by the global air
pollution database of World Health Organization (WHO),
which was published in 2018 (Chatterjee, 2018). In 2018,
Greenpeace India too ranked Mumbai as the 37th
most polluted city in India in a report called
Airpocalypse-IV. However, in recent times the
concentration of the pollutants has mildly stabilized due
to the COVID-19 related lockdown and curbs and some
stringent control measures.
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Concentration of Air Pollutants
The vulnerability assessment (Refer Chapter 2)
undertaken as part of the MCAP identifies particulate
matter (PM) PM2.5 and PM10 and nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) as the critical pollutants in the city, which were
generated primarily from vehicular emissions, dust from
construction sites, industrial units and power plants1.
Have shown There has been a very nominal decrease in
the trend of concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 during
the period 2015-2021, though these are much higher
than the CPCB permissible limit of 40 μg/m3 (for PM 2.5)
and 60 μg/m3 (for PM10). On the other hand, NO2has
shown a steady upward trend during the period 2010-
2018, much higher than the CPCB permissible limit of 40
μg/m3, with a steep decline in 2019 and 2020, possibly
owing to the COVID-19 lockdown.
Pollution concentration also varies in different months
of the year and time of the day, with winter months (late
November to February) and morning and evening peak
hours of the days having the maximum concentration
of the pollutants. (Refer Annex A 3.1) A recent study by
SAFAR under Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology,
Pune, has revealed the share of PM2.5 emissions from
vehicles was 30.5% in 2019-20 as compared with 16% in
2016-17 (Tembhekar, 2021).
Spatially also, (during the pre-pandemic year of 2019)
the critical pollutants NO2, PM2.5, CO and SO2are
concentrated predominantly in the central and south
-eastern parts of the city, which are devoid of the
influence of sea breeze and corresponding dispersion of
pollutants. A ward-wise analysis characterizes wards M/E
(Deonar, Govandi, Mankhurd, Trombay) M/W (Mahul,
Chembur) F/N (Antop Hill, Sion) and N (Ghatkopar,
Vikhroli) as very critical. Amongst these, M/E ward
consistently records the highest level of pollution in the
city. The other hotspots include the airport area, Andheri,
Kurla, and traces in South Mumbai in Worli and Colaba.
(Refer Annex A 3.2) Similarly areas such as Mahul,
Ambapada and Chembur have been identified as “gas
chambers”, owing to the petroleum industries, through
emissions from logistic services, gas and chemical
items and volatile organic compounds (Saigal, 2020)2.
Accordingly, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
(MPCB) was directed to prepare a comprehensive action
plan to control air pollution. (Refer Chapter 2)
Indoor Air Pollution
Indoor air pollution is a significant threat for low income
settlements, resulting in high PM2.5 concentration.
Based on a WRI analysis conducted as part of the MCAP
study, 2% of the households that use firewood as cooking
fuel are exposed to maximum indoor concentration of
PM2.5 from kitchen areas, which is almost two times
higher than the households exposed to indoor PM2.5
concentration from kitchen areas due to the usage of
kerosene and LPG. (Refer Chapter 2)
Sources of Pollutants
Studies on source apportionment (MPCB, 2010;
MPCB, 2020) reveal that paved and unpaved road dust,
construction activities, heavy duty diesel vehicles and
open and landfill burning are the primary sources of PM.
NO2is emitted most by large-scale industries, heavy duty
diesel vehicles, domestic sectors, railway locomotives and
TATA Thermal Power Plant Ltd.
Air Quality 5.5
are due to large-scale landfill burning from the Deonar
dumping ground and indiscriminate burning of waste at
isolated places. The presence of the airport and
corresponding traffic movement and prevalence of
small- and medium-scale industries, service centres and
commercial activities have resulted in a high
concentration of SO2in M/E ward and Bandra and
Bandra Kurla Complex in H/E and H/W wards.
Bakeries are also a significant source of pollutants in the
city. As per estimates, in 2018, over 2,800 bakeries were
operational, of which only 400 were registered while the
remaining functioned without licenses and mainly used
wood for cooking (MPCB, 2010). Bakeries contribute
varied types of pollutants, such as 6.7% of PM 2.5,
0.089% of SOx, 0.58% of NOx, 44.05% of hydrocarbon
of CO, 43.71% of HC, 6.59% of PM, 0.99% of NOx and
0.17% of SOx.
Exposure and Sensitivity of People
Socio-economic conditions, such as housing condition,
poor ventilation and usage of non-LPG cooking fuel,
aggravates the risks and vulnerability to air pollution.
Usually, people living in low-income informal settlements
are more vulnerable to indoor air pollution caused by
high concentration of PM. In addition, those working
in close proximity to pollution sources and exposed to
emissions through occupational risks, such as traffic
operators, traffic police and construction workers, are
more vulnerable to air pollution-related health hazards.
Congestion and large-scale fuel emission
In 2020, Mumbai was ranked the second-most congested
city in the world by The TomTom Index, with a high
congestion level of 53% mainly owing to large-scale
on-street parking and construction activities creating
roadblocks. The total number of motor vehicles on the
roads has increased 2.47 times, from 2001 to 2015, with
private vehicles increasing 2.89 times (BMC, 2016).
This has resulted in a high annual concentration of PM
and NOX.
Increased Suspension Dust
Construction activities in Mumbai contribute 8% to the
total PM emitted. The Mumbai Metro project alone is
responsible for 3.2% of the suspension dust in the city.
There is also a lack of enforcement and regulation in the
implementation of C&D Rules, 2016.
Waste Management
Frequent fires at landfill sites and indiscriminate burning
of waste in isolated places causes the emission of PM,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and traces
of CO, thereby adding to air pollution. The extensive
burning of firewood in low-income settlements also
aggravates PM2.5 concentration and indoor air pollution.
Data inventorization
There is a lack of data granularity as well as publicly
available published data on monitoring stations. The lack
of detailed data on personal exposure levels from indoor
air pollution and occupational hazards exacerbates the
risk. There is also a lack of robust database management
system for systematic data dissemination. The air
pollution emission inventory that was last published in
2010 is yet to be revised and updated.
Monitoring, Institutional Co-ordination and Capacity
Building
An insufficient number of air pollution monitoring
stations in the city is a hindrance in capturing variations
in the air pollutant concentration at the local level.
An inefficient co-ordination mechanism amongst
the institutions involved in data monitoring and data
dissemination along with a lack of awareness and absence
of capacity building programs for improving the health
resilience of communities worsens the situation.
Key Gaps
The current air quality landscape of the city highlights several multi-pronged sectoral challenges related to data
monitoring, inventorization, collection and archiving, institutional co-ordination, awareness and capacity building,
congestion and large-scale fuel emissions, increased suspension dust and waste management.
Ongoing Initiatives in the City
The assessment of the air quality landscape, including
the barriers and sectoral gaps, has helped develop a
two-stage approach for moving towards low-emission,
cleaner air for Mumbai. The key components of this
approach are a robust monitoring, forecasting and
information dissemination system, decentralized
planning for improved health resilience at the
grassroots and defined targets for the reduction of air
pollutant concentration in alignment with national and
state goals. Sector-specific strategies and Ward Action
Plans, which lower the emissions of air pollutants
and address health issues, would in turn reduce the
exposure of the vulnerable population and improve
their resilience.
In order to improve air quality and reduce the threat
from air pollution, a few initiatives are being undertaken.
These are related to data monitoring, policy and program
formulation and development of projects for waste
management and reduction of emission from transport
and industrial sectors.
Asses
Forecasting
Reduce Personal Exposure
Ward level Plans
STAGE 2
STAGE 1Sector Specific Actions
Implement Policies and Plans
Table 22 Air Quality: Ongoing initiatives by BMC
Data MonitoringPolicy and Programs
• 11 MPCB CAAQMS and 9 SAFAR CAAQMS
stations have been installed, and 5 SAFAR CAAQMS
stations have been proposed. In addition, 1 MPCB
Manual station and 4 BMC Manual stations have
been installed.
• Wind Augmentation and Purifying Units (WAPU)
has been installed at five traffic junctions in Mumbai
to purify the ambient air quality.
• Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollutionin
Mumbai was prepared in September 2019 by MPCB
under the NCAP program.
• The Draft Interim Report on Air Quality and Emission
Source Apportionment Studies for Mumbai City was
prepared in January 2020 by MPCB and would be
finalized soon.
Projects Related to other Sectors (Transport, Waste and Energy
• BEST is checking and installing PUC for buses every six months.
• Transition to BS VI fuel standard is underway from April 2020.
• Entry of heavy vehicles into the city during peak hours is banned.
• As per the policy of BEST Undertaking, buses attaining 15 years are scrapped.
• A total of 70 traffic signal junctions are in the process of being converted into Fully Adaptive Traffic Control
System under Synchronize Traffic Movement, which would reduce congestion.
• Enforcement Marshals have been appointed in several wards to control widespread open burning of waste.
• Dumpsite reclamation at the Mulund dumping ground is being conducted to process and dispose legacy waste.
• BMC is implementing C&D (M&H) Rules, 2016 in the city.
• LPG access is being increased amongst the low-income groups through Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.
• Sulphur content in fuel is being
reduced in M/S. TATA Power Ltd. through the flue-gas desulphurization technique.
• MPCB has directed the industries in the Mahul area to provide continuous VOC monitoring stations and advance
Table 23 Air Quality: Sectoral action tracks
Reducing air pollution by improved monitoring, effective
regulations and a shift to cleaner technologies
The sectoral priority, action tracks and associated actions
were developed on the basis of the city-level barrier
analysis, ongoing city initiatives, inputs from external
and internal stakeholder consultations, and zonal
consultations along with citizen inputs received on the
website. The stakeholders who were consulted in the
process are listed in Annexure 3.
As the key sectoral priority for the next 10-20 years for
efficient air quality management in Mumbai, emphasis
has been placed on shifting to cleaner fuels, fuel
efficiency and adoption of electric vehicles to reduce
vehicular and industrial emissions, indoor air pollution
and emissions from bakeries and crematoria. Strict
regulation and an appropriate enforcement mechanism
of policies and rules have also been prioritized, to
minimize the indiscriminate burning of waste, burning
at landfill sites and release of suspension dust due to
construction and demolition activities. There is also an
emphasis on and prioritization of increased availability of
data and information by strengthening and decentralizing
the pollution monitoring and forecasting mechanism
and enhancing the health resilience of the vulnerable
communities. This sectoral priority is based on the SDGs
and the corresponding thematic action tracks of the
MVA, Government of Maharashtra.
Track 1Improving air quality by curbing the pollution concentration level by 20%-30% by 2030
Track 2Increasing information availability through improved monitoring and forecasting and awareness
programs
Track 3Ensuring community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness programs
Sectoral Action Tracks
By Adam Cohn
Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/FinancingMonitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the
base year
Priority Actions
Increase citywide network
of PUC centers for efficient
monitoring of emissions through
vehicles and monitor the
functioning of PUC centers.
Time Frame:a) 2022-2027; b)
Continuous activity from 2022
Lead:Regional
Transport Office
(RTO), Traffic Police
Aligned with NCAP
activities, Municipal
Budget
Output: No. of PUC centres
established and fully
operational in the city
Outcome:% change in the
pollutants’ concentration
from vehicular emission
Reduce congestion and traffic
emissions by (a) management
and planning, particularly at
junctions through Intelligent
Traffic Management system and
(b) banning the entry of heavy
vehicles into the city during peak
hours.
Time Frame:a) 2023-2029; b)
Continuous activity starting from
2022
Lead:Road & Traffic
Department, RTO,
MMRDA, MSRDC,
Traffic Police
NCAP Budget and
Maharashtra State
Transport Department
Output: Number/ volume of
heavy commercial vehicles
plying in the roads during
peak working hours
Outcome:% change in the
pollutants’ concentration
from vehicular emission from
heavy commercial vehicles.
average exposure of people
to pollutants from traffic
emission
Retrofit particulate filters in
diesel vehicles, and transition 30-
40% vehicles to cleaner fuels and
EV-powered by RE and provide
allied infrastructure.
Time Frame:2022-2030
RTO, vehicle
manufacturing
industries, BEST,
MMRDA, State
Transport Ministry,
RTO, OLA, Uber,
Mumbai Bus Malak,
Sanghatana, Cityflo
Vehicle manufacturing
companies, MVA,
Phase-II of FAME, 15th
Finance Commission,
green bonds
Output: No. of diesel vehicles
installing particulate filters
annually, no. of electric
municipal vehicles and
vehicles using cleaner fuels,
no. of passenger capacity
procured per year and
cumulative
Outcome:% change in the
pollutants’ concentration
from vehicular emission,
routes (bus/ other) operated
by zero emission transport
(km), average exposure of
people to pollutants from
traffic emission
Table 24 Air Quality: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the
base year
Priority Actions
Build awareness of and
strengthen enforcement of the
policy on scrapping of older
vehicles.
Time Frame:2022-2026
RTO, State Transport
Ministry, civil society
organization
MVA
Output: No. of vehicles
scrapped
Outcome:% reduction in
number of old vehicles
Ensure stringent regulation and
enforcement of Greater Mumbai
Cleanliness & Sanitation Byelaws,
2006, that ban open burning
BMC (SWM Dept,
Ward Assistant
Commissioners)
Swachh Bharat
Mission, BMC Budget,
MVA
Output:% reduction in
open burning, Outcome:
Emissions (CO, NO2, PM2.5)
in key areas of the city (near
hospitals, schools, care
homes, low
-income neighborhoods),
average exposure of people
to pollutants from waste
burning
Create an online grievance
redressal portal for citizens to log
complaints.
Time Frame: 2022-2023
BMC (IT Dept)NCAP budget
Output: No. of daily online
complaints lodged against
MSW burning
Outcome:% reduction in
burning of waste
Install Material Recovery Facility
(MRF) at ward level for efficient
waste recovery and circularity in
waste management.
Time Frame:2023-2030
SWM, Ward
Assistant
Commissioners
Swachh Bharat
Mission, BMC
Budget, 15thFinance
Commission
Output: No. of wards which
have installed MRF,
no. of MRF installed in each
ward
Outcome:% of waste
recycled
Ensure in-situ management of
waste, where every housing
society has a waste composting
and management facility.
Time Frame: 2022-2030
SWM, Ward
Assistant
Commissioners,
Resident Welfare
Associations (RWAs),
civil society
Swachh Bharat
Mission, BMC Budget
Output: No. of housing
societies having composting
facilities.
Outcome:% of domestic
hazardous waste collected
and disposed daily
Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the
base year
PriorityActions
(a) Develop ward-level action
plans for preventing and reducing
open waste burning along and (b)
organize awareness drives and
campaigns against indiscriminate
burning of garbage, biomass, crop
residues, etc.
Time Frame: a) 2022-2024; b)
Continuous activity starting from
2022
Ward Assistant
Commissioners,
NGOs and SHGs
working on solid
waste management,
rag pickers’
association, SWM
Department, RWAs,
slum dwellers’
association,
private corporates,
performance artistes
BMC Budget, Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan, 15th
Finance Commission,
CSR, MVA
Output: No. of Ward Action
Plans prepared to reduce
open waste burning, no. of
site- or city level awareness
drives/ campaign undertaken
per year
Outcome: % waste collected
and disposed, emissions
in key areas of the city
(near hospitals, schools,
care homes, low-income
settlements), % reduction
in cases of open burning of
waste, average exposure
and incidence of airborne
diseases, injuries and sickness
due to burning of waste
Ensure stringent enforcement
of the implementation of
C&D Rules, 2016, for efficient
undertaking of duties by waste
generators, service providers and
the local authority.
Time Frame:2022- 2025
SWM DepartmentNCAP, Swachh Bharat
Mission
Output: % area affected by
the suspension of dust from
C&D
Outcome:Emissions (CO,
SO2, PM2.5, NO2) in key
areas of the city (near
hospitals, schools, care homes,
low-income neighborhoods).
average exposure and
incidence of airborne diseases
and sickness from suspension
of dusts
Prepare site-specific air quality
data repository for disseminating
information on poor air quality
and corresponding occupational
health hazards at the site.
Time Frame: Continuous
site-specific activity, starting
from 2022
Lead: Construction
companies
Supporting: MPCB
Construction
companies
Output: No. of construction
sites in each ward preparing
Air Quality Data Repository
annually
Outcome: Construction
workers taking precautionary
measures due to poor air
quality, average exposure
and incidence of airborne
diseases, sickness and
injuries amongst construction
Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the
base year
Priority Actions
Ensure 40% transition in the
short term and 100% in the long
term to LPG and PNG as cooking
fuel through Pradhan Mantri
Ujjwala Yojana.
Time Frame:40% transition- by
Year 2025; 100% transition- by
Year 2030
Maharashtra Energy
Development
Agency (MEDA),
Maharashtra Natural
Gas Limited (MNGL),
Mahanagar Gas
Limited (MGL)
MVA
Output: % of HH transitioned
towards LPG and PNG as
cooking fuel by the end of
2030
Outcome: Litres per
household kerosene fuel
consumption per annum,
% change in indoor PM2.5
concentration, no. of cases of
airborne diseases and injuries
from indoor air pollution
Conduct awareness programs to
encourage people for complete
transition towards cleaner
cooking fuel to reduce indoor air
pollution exposure
Time Frame:2022-2030
MEDA, Ward
Assistant
Commissioners,
NGOs, RWAs,
slum dwellers’
associations, medical
practitioners
MVA, CSR
Output: No. of awareness
programs undertaken
towards transition to cleaner
cooking fuel
Outcome: % HH monthly
net income spent on energy,
% change in indoor PM2.5
concentration, average
exposure and incidence
of airborne diseases from
indoor air pollution
Offer monetary incentives to
opt for cleaner cooking fuel and
restrict the burning of wood.
Time Frame: 2022-2030
MEDAMVA
Output:% users using clean
fuels for cooking & heating
Outcome:% change in
indoor PM2.5 concentration,
average exposure and
incidence of airborne
diseases from indoor air
pollution
Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the
base year
Priority Actions
Ensure 30-40% transition of all
industrial units and power plants
within city limits to the usage of
natural gas renewable energy and
low-sulphur fuel
Time Frame: 2022-2030
MPCB, State
Industries
Department, owners
of industrial units
NCAP, loans from
Small Industries
Development Bank of
India (SIDBI), Industrial
Development Bank of
India (IDBI), Industrial
Investment Bank
of India and State
Financial Corporations
Output: % of industrial units
within city transitioned
towards natural gas,
renewable energy and low
-sulphur fuels
Outcome:% change
measured in pollutant
concentration, emission
in key areas of the city
(hospitals, schools, low
-income neighborhoods),
average exposure and
incidence of airborne
diseases and injuries due to
industrial emissions
Develop an action plan and
mitigation strategies for the
existing industrial units within
the city periphery for reducing
industrial pollution.
Time Frame:2022-2026
State Industries
Department, owners
of industrial units/
clusters, MPCB
NCAP, loans from
Small Industries
Development Bank of
India (SIDBI), Industrial
Development Bank of
India (IDBI), Industrial
Investment Bank
of India and State
Financial Corporations,
Output:No. of industrial
units having developed
Action Plan/ Mitigation
strategies for reducing
industrial pollution
Outcome:% change
measured in pollutant
concentration, emission
in key areas of the city
(hospitals, schools, low
-income neighborhoods)
Ensure stringent enforcement of
SO2/ NOX/ PM2.5 standards in
fuel usage.
Time Frame: 2022-2030
MPCBNCAP
Outcome: % reduction
in industrial emissions
containing SO2/NOX/PM2.5;
% reduction in the incidence
of airborne diseases and
injuries
100% reduction in the operation
of Diesel Generators sets through
uninterrupted power supply
Time Frame: 2025
Power generation
and supply
companies, BEST
NCAP
Output:% of reduction in the
operation of DG sets
Outcome:% change in the
concentration of pollutants
from DG sets
Sectoral Action Track 1:Improved air quality by curbing the pollution level by 20%-30% by 2030, keeping 2019 as the
base year
Priority Actions
Ensure 100% conversion of all
crematoria to electric or PNG,
with the installation of chimneys
with filters and
25-30% conversion of all bakeries
to PNG or RE with the installation
of scrubbers in exhaust systems,
mechanized ovens and electric
furnaces.
Time Frame:2030
MEDA, BMC
Mechanical and
Electrical & Executive
Health Officer, BMC,
MPCB, BEST, owners
of bakeries
NCAP, 15thFinance
Commission, loans
from SIDBI, State
Financial Corporations
Output: % of bakeries
transitioned towards PNG
and RE, no. of bakeries
using mechanized ovens
and electric furnaces, no. of
crematoria having installed
chimneys with filters,
no./ % of crematoria
converted to electricity
Outcome:% change in the
emission/ concentration of
pollutants from bakeries and
crematoria, emission in key
areas of the city (hospitals,
schools, low-income
neighborhoods)
Mandate all bakeries to obtain
licenses to move to cleaner fuels
Time Frame:2022-2027
Food Safety and
Standards Authority
of India (FSSAI), BMC
License Dept., BMC,
Bakers’ Association
Bakery owners
Output: No. of new bakeries
being issued licenses
Outcome:Increased usage of
clean fuels by the bakeries
Increase the vegetation cover in
the city through tree plantations
along streetscapes, urban
forestry initiatives and rooftop
farming.
Timeframe:2022
BMC (Development
Planning Dept-BMC,
Garden Dept-BMC,
MMRDA, Mithi
River Development
Authority, Assistant
Commissioner-
Removal of
Encroachments
MVA, BMC Budget,
AMRUT
Output:Areas of green
corridors developed
Outcome:% change
measured in pollutant
concentration, emission
in key areas of the city
(hospitals, schools, low
-income neighborhoods)
Sectoral Action Track 2:Ensure increased information and data availability through improved monitoring and
forecasting and awareness programs
Priority Actions
Increase the number of the
monitoring stations, such as
CAAQMS, equipped with low
-cost indigenous sensors and
real-time monitoring technology,
based on CPCB criterion for site
location.
Time Frame: 2022- 2027
MPCB
Aligned with NCAP,
Majhi Vasundhara
program
Output:No. of monitoring
stations installed per year,
updated annual emissions
inventory % area/population
covered by monitoring
Outcome:Emissions (CO2,
PM2.5, NO2) in key areas
of the city, Funds allocated
for air quality monitoring
stations
Develop a robust data survey
mechanism to address the issue
of varied types of personal
exposure to different air pollution
risks.
Time Frame:3-6 months in 2022
Ward Assistant
Commissioners, BMC
Executive Health
Officer-BMC
BMC Budget
Organize awareness and
outreach programs at ward and
city levels in collaboration with
BMC and the media, for better
dissemination of information
regarding health advisories,
preventive measures and
forecasting.
Time Frame: Continuous activity
starting from 2022
Ward Assistant
Commissioners,
women, children
and the elderly from
slums and low-
income settlements,
NGOs, students,
individual sectoral
experts, SHGs,
performing artists,
representatives
from media
houses, research
organizations,
universities and
schools
CSR, aligned with
Majhi Vasundhara,
BMC Budget
Output: Total no. of outreach
plans developed after 1 year,
no. of ward/ community
-specific awareness programs
undertaken per year,
no. of D2D campaigns
organized per year in each
ward
Outcome:% of area/
population covered by
awareness and outreach
programs
Sectoral Action Track 2:Ensure increased information and data availability through improved monitoring and
forecasting and awareness programs
Priority Actions
Facilitate knowledge exchange
on prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution
through “exposure visits” by
officials of BMC and other state
government departments
Time Frame: 2023, 2025 & 2028
BMC, MPCB,
State Environment
Department,
universities (national
& international),
research
organizations
Aligned with
NCAP, 15thFinance
Commission, Majhi
Vasundhara ,BMC
Budget,
Output:No. of exposure visits
conducted in 2023, 2025 and
2028
Outcomes: New techniques/
innovations being adopted
by BMC towards prevention,
control and abatement of air
pollution
Undertake air pollution hot
spot-based forecasting system,
preferably at the ward/ zonal
level.
Time Frame:Continuous and
regular activity, starting from
2022
MPCB, Ward
Assistant
Commissioners
Aligned with NCAP,
MPCB Budget
Output:Updated annual
emissions inventory,
publicly available air quality
data, no. of air quality
sampling points (as compared
with the recommended
minimum no.) % area/
population covered by
monitoring and modelling
systems
Outcome: Emissions (CO2,
PM2.5, NO²) in key areas of
the city (e.g., near hospitals,
schools, care homes or low
-income neighborhoods)
Strengthen and ensuring timely
air quality data monitoring and
dissemination of information
aligned with NCAP; improved
co-ordination amongst the
relevant departments within
BMC for data dissemination and
proper operation, maintenance
and functioning of the Air Quality
Monitoring Stations
Time Frame:Continuous and
regular activity, starting from
2022
a) BMC Environment
Department and
other relevant
departments-BMC
b) MPCB
a) BMC Budget
b) Aligned with Majhi
Vasundhara, MPCB
Budget
Output:Updated annual
emissions inventory,
publicly available air quality
data, no. of air quality
sampling points (as compared
with the recommended
minimum no.) % area/
population covered by
monitoring and modelling
systems
Outcome:Emissions (CO2,
PM2.5, NO2) in key areas of
the city (e.g., near hospitals,
schools, care homes or low
-income neighborhoods)
Sectoral Action Track 2:Ensure increased information and data availability through improved monitoring and
forecasting and awareness programs
Priority Actions
Undertake source apportionment
studies at a frequent interval of
3-5 years, and update the existing
emission inventory at a resolution
higher than 1kmx1km.
Time Frame:Continuous and
regular activity, starting from
2025 (every five years)
MPCB, SAFAR-
Mumbai, BMC
Environment Dept-
BMC
NCAPNA
Conduct stringent monitoring of
the progress of infrastructural
projects and ensure timely
completion to avoid congestion
on roads.
Time Frame: Continuous and
regular activity, starting from
2022.
BMCBMC Budget
Output:Completion of
infrastructural projects in
prefixed time
Outcome: Congestion on
road due to construction
activities
Medium- and Long-Term Actions
Scale up the ward/ community
-level awareness generation
program for the prevention of
adverse effects of air pollution.
Time Frame:2031- 2040
BMC Environment
Dept-BMC, women,
children and the
elderly from slums
and low-income
settlements, NGOs,
students, individual
sectoral experts,
SHGs, performing
artists, research
organizations,
universities and
schools
CSR, BMC Budget,
MVA
Output:Types and number
of city-level awareness
programs on prevention
of adverse effects of air
pollution
Outcome:People taking
health precautionary
measures when exposed to
air polluting activities
Sectoral Action Track 3:Ensure community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness program
Priority Actions
Identify the local causes of
air pollution and their spatial
concentration within a ward.
Time Frame:Continuous activity
for a period of 6 months, starting
from 2022, to be conducted
annually
Ward Assistant
Commissioners,
research
organizations,
universities,
community
organizations such
as RWAs and slum
dwellers’ association,
local builders, MPCB
MPCB, BMC Budget
Output:Areas identified
within the wards as air
pollution hotspots and
possible causes
Conduct a health risk assessment
through an extensive survey
to identify the community
exposed to air pollution-related
activities and vulnerable to the
corresponding health issues.
Time Frame:Continuous activity
for a period of 6 months, starting
from 2022, to be conducted
annually
Ward Assistant
Commissioners,
research
organizations,
universities,
community
organizations such as
RWAs, slum dwellers
association and rag
pickers association,
local builders,
medical practitioners
from hospitals and
public health centers
BMC, CSR
Output: People identified as
vulnerable to air pollution
risk in each ward,
types of health issues arising
from air pollution in each
ward
Outcome:Frequent health
-related interventions being
undertaken at the ward level
for targeted groups
Organize regular free health
camps among the low-income
group to measure their level of
exposure to air pollution.
Time Frame:Regular activity to
be conducted every 6 months,
starting from 2022; would begin
after the identification of the
vulnerable population
Ward Assistant
Commissioner,
medical practitioners
from public health
centers, government
and private hospitals,
Executive Health
Officer from Public
Health Dept-BMC
CSR , NGOs, SHGs
and RWAs, BMC
Budget, 15th Finance
Commission
Output: No. of free health
camps organized in each ward
in a year
Outcome: Improved health
monitoring and diagnosis
of vulnerable communities,
incidence of airborne
diseases, injuries and sickness
due to indoor and outdoor air
pollution.
Sectoral Action Track 3:Ensure community health resilience through decentralized planning and awareness program
Priority Actions
Establish an online grievance
redressal mechanism to lodge
complaints against poor air
quality.
Time Frame:2022 -2023
BMCIT Dept-BMCBMC Budget
Output:No. of daily online
complaints lodged and
attended against bad air
quality
Outcome:Improved
monitoring of bad air quality
Set up “community kitchens
(Kundu, 2020)” in low-
income informal settlements
and slum areas, using LPG
cylinders provided by the local
government16.
Time Frame:2022-2025
(includes a period of 1 month for
setting up each kitchen)
Ward Assistant
Commissioners, BMC
CSR, Central and State
Food Ministries, BMC
Budget
Output:No. of slums/ low
-income informal settlement/
population covered under the
community kitchen program
per year
Outcome:Improved facility
of diet and nutrition amongst
low-income people
Sector-specific Inclusive Benefits
Decreasing air pollution would reduce health exposure to pollutants amongst vulnerable
population, such as low-income groups, construction workers and the traffic police.
Strengthening information, database and the monitoring and forecasting system would
improve information dissemination regarding advisory measures to reduce exposure and
consequent health hazard, especially amongst vulnerable communities, such as low
-income groups and migrants.
Facilitating improved health resilience at the community level through awareness
and training programs and investments as part of decentralized planning for air
pollution reduction.
Mumbai city is an estuary connecting the mainland
with the Arabian Sea (Refer Chapter 1). The city has
urbanized over the years and undergone reclamation
and concretization of its natural terrain, altering
several associated ecosystems. The city, which receives
an annual precipitation of around 2,000 mm, battles
routine flooding and waterlogging during the monsoon
season (IMD, 2020). Decadal rainfall data from BMC’s
Automated Weather Stations (AWS) reiterates the
increasing frequency of very heavy and extremely heavy
rainfall events in the city.
Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management5.6
Figure 38: Frequency of heavy rainfall events in Mumbai during 2011-2020
As described in the climate risks assessment, (Refer
Chapter 2.1), the recent IPCC AR6 report (2021) points
out that the precipitation is expected to increase and
become more extreme. The city’s storm water drainage
network consists of a dense network in the island city
and sparsely spread in the suburbs. Considering this, the
city is cautioned by the future possibilities of routine
inundation or partial submergence if actions towards
increasing the city’s flood resilience are not taken up.
Several habitations within the city are either just above
mean sea level or located on hill slopes. This makes these
habitations most vulnerable to the compounded impacts
of waterlogging, flooding and landslides resulting from
the simultaneous occurrence of extreme climatic events.
Fishing communities and other informal settlements
along the coasts are at the risk of inundation and
storm events. However, this is not the only risk these
communities face. Accessing water and sanitation
services is a routine struggle, which is exacerbated during
extreme climate events. Figure 38 presents a snapshot of
the water-related infrastructure and service systems in
the city.
2011 0
10
20
Age-old system with 64% of total length as roadside open drains
6 pumping stations with network capacity of 25mm/ hour at low tide
High surface run-off due to low percolation space and encroachment on natural ecosystems
Open drains susceptible to clogging and contamination
Water SupplyHeavy reliance on surface catchments located around 163 km away with 38% non-revenue
water (DP 2034)
Ban on groundwater use for domestic & drinking purposes
3850 MLD water supply with an average per capita supply higher national standards but
inadequate connections in informal settlements
Sanitation7 sewage zones with STP treatment capacity equal to generation
22% increase in sewage generated over the last decade of which around 63% is collected
and of that 87% is treated
High organic content found in wastewater near coastal outfalls
58.3% households have toilet amenities within their premises
Figure 39: Water infrastructure and service systems in Mumbai
Thus, it is evident that the city needs to integrate nature-based watershed approach while ensuring water and sanitation
access to vulnerable populations.
There are inconsistencies in water resource management
and service systems at various levels in the city, revealing
inconsistencies at various levels, as described below.
These inconsistencies make the city vulnerable to
increased climatic risk in future.
Data and information systems
Robust data and information systems are needed to
ensure the availability of water and sanitation services
for all through real-time monitoring of supply and
distribution network and the quality of groundwater
sources and by preparing an inventory of sanitation
data and services. This data can help design appropriate
byelaws to ensure that citizens, especially informal
habitants, are not denied their basic rights of water and
sanitation on account of their housing status. Similarly,
to understand the future climate risk and projections
more thoroughly, meteorological data such as rainfall,
temperature and humidity needs to be recorded
consistently.
Policy and planning mechanisms
The city primarily lacks urban planning, which has
resulted in high built-up coverage and inappropriate
land-use, leading to high surface run-off. The weak
enforcement of land-use policies has increased the risk
of flooding, loss of biodiversity, reduction in carbon-
sinks and sequestration capacity of natural ecosystems.
To address these flooding and surface run-off issues,
the city needs to adopt a watershed approach, focusing
on specific aspects such as rainwater harvesting and
decentralized treatment of wastewater.
Key Gaps and Challenges in Managing Water Resources and Urban Flooding
informal settlements, have long been struggling for
access to water connections and sanitation facilities.
Although the city receives abundant water, a lack of
connections is forcing the low-income communities to
resort to informal water supply mechanisms, impacting
their livelihoods. At several locations, the sewage
system and storm water drainage network are age-
old, making them susceptible to leakages, clogging and
contamination. Strong monitoring mechanisms need to
be integrated in the systems to plug these gaps. Besides,
the capacities and technologies used in wastewater
treatment are inadequate, thus polluting the coastal
waters and biodiversity.
Although several policies, guidelines and standards
are in place to ensure compliance with the existing
environmental norms, the lack of regulation and
enforcement is a key gap, resulting in inequities in service
provision, loss of permeable surfaces and biodiversity
and disasters caused by extreme climate events. Robust
regulatory mechanisms with clear monitoring systems
will reduce inequities, while safeguarding the natural
resources of the city.
A vulnerability assessment presented in chapter 2,
identifies current and future risks that the existing
systems, both infrastructural and institutional, are unable
to address. The gaps outlined in this sub-section add to
the challenges. To deal with these challenges, BMC will
need to adopt the approach presented in the subsequent
sub-sections.
Approach for a Water Resilient Mumbai City
The existing systems and infrastructure arrangements
are inadequate in achieving the adaptation goals set for
the city, with respect to stormwater drainage, water
supply and sanitation and sewage management. This
action plan proposes a holistic water resilience approach
to better manage water as a resource to reduce flood
risk, adopt water conservation approaches and address
vulnerability through water and sanitation equity. The
barriers identified in the previous sub-section informs
this approach and defines the action tracks for the sector.
Figure 40: Water resilient approach for Mumbai
Reduce flood risk
Conserve rainwater &
natural systems
Provide WASH equityIntegrate climate
science & ICT in disaster
preparedness
Water resilience
approach
Sectoral Priority
Increasing resilience by reducing water-sanitation
inequity and adopting nature-based solutions for water
conservation and flood risk management
Against the backdrop of the barriers and initiatives taken,
different stakeholders were consulted to validate the on-
ground realities, understand the requirements, and frame
the action tracks for the sector. These engagements
underpinned these action tracks and helped in
prioritizing them based on the sectoral approach. While
some sectoral experts highlighted the socio-economic
and inequities implications from the lack of service
provision in water supply and sanitation, officials of BMC
and other agencies explained the necessity to arrest run-
off at midstream of catchment areas. Submissions from
the MCAP website emphasized on the need to integrate
recyclable materials into land surface for increased
permeability. Similarly, zonal representatives identified
the micro-level risks, hazards due to the changing
climate. Future climate risk projections for Mumbai
city point towards urgent action on flood resilience,
improved management of water resources and inclusive
WASH provision. In addition, meeting critical policy and
regulatory gaps and intelligent disaster preparedness
through smart data and information management
systems. The urban flooding and water resource
management action plan recommends six goals for
the city.
Table 25 Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Ongoing initiatives of BMC
in Table 25.
Flood Risk ManagementWASH Equity
• Underground holding tanks constructed for
storing storm water, especially during high tide /
water logging incidents near Hindmata junction in
September 2021
• Mithi River Clean-up Project commissioned in
August 2021
• Extension of sanitation network in slum areas, based
on the latest discharge standards recommended by
National Green Tribunal
• Desalination projects proposed to recycle saline
water, provide water, reduce burden on freshwater
requirement and prevent deforestation in the
catchment areas of the proposed dams
Water Treatment & ConservationData & Information
• Issuance of occupation certificate after compliance
of rainwater harvesting schemes in new property
development with plot area more than 500 sq.
meters.
• Eco-housing program (BMC, n.d.), which encourages
environmentally sensitive residential development in
the city
• Designing of rainwater harvesting schemes free of
cost and other related initiatives by RWH and Water
Conservation Cell of BMC
• Water treatment plants at Bhandup and Panjarapur
powered by solar energy of 2.5 MW and 250 Kw
capacity, respectively
• Digitization of open and bore wells, with sub-soil
details
• Impact analysis of groundwater extraction in M/E
and P/S wards
• Mapping of sewage network based on Geographic
Information System (GIS) and sewerage assets
based on Global Positioning System (GPS), available
through the Web application of BMC
• Real-time and online monitoring of treated sewage
discharge flow
• Online monitoring of pumping stations and their
functioning parameters
Track 1Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure to minimize the risk of flooding and associated
impacts
Track 2Ensure that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation and
efficient use initiatives by 2030
Track 3Reducing pollution to conserve and restore aquatic & marine ecosystems and associated
biodiversity
Track 4Access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030
Track 5Provide clean, safe and accessible toilets to all by 2030
Track 6Ensure disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data monitoring
and integration, community engagement
Table 26 Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Sectoral action tracks
By Santosh Verma
Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 1: Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure to minimize the risk of flooding and
associated impacts
Priority Actions
Restore natural
drainage of the city
by rehabilitating
encroachment, clean-up
of waste disposed and
conserving the existing
open, green and blue
spaces.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Housing
Department-BMC, Solid
Waste Management
Department-BMC
Supporting:Garden &
Trees Garden and Tree
Authority-BMC, Mithi
River Development and
Planning Authority,
Environment Department-
BMC,
Disaster Management
Department-BMC,
Storm Water Drainage
Department-BMC,
Sewage Operation
Department-BMC ,
Mumbai Sewage Disposal
Project-BMC
Cost of Mithi River
Clean-up Project is
around INR 50 million
(MS, 2021), BMC’s
Departmental budgets
for Housing, Garden
& Trees, other funds
such Swachh Bharat
Mission, CSR funds of
private companies for
conservation of green
and open spaces
Output:1. Area of riverbanks
stabilized (m2/ km2)
2. Number of assets relocated
Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to
erosion
2. % of assets protected
from floods
3. Percentage of urban area
that is greenspace
Reduce the surface
run-off coefficient and
increase the permeable
surface by conserving the
existing green and blue
spaces, retrofitting land
surfaces with recycled
material and introducing
hybrid (gray and green)
and / or nature-based
solutions, especially at
mid-stream to avoid
surface run-off into low-
lying areas.
Time frame:2022 -2030
Lead:Garden & Trees
Department-BMC
Supporting:Roads
Department-BMC,
Environment Department-
BMC,
Disaster Management
Department-BMC
Output:1. Area of vegetated area
created (m2)
2. Area of riverbanks
stabilized (m2/ km2)
3. Area of slopes stabilized (m2
/ km2)
4. Volume of water retention
capacity created (m3)
Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to
flooding
2. % of heavy rainfall leading to
erosion
3. Percentage of urban area
that is green space
Table 27 Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management: Track-wise actions and their implementation
Sectoral Action Track 1: Build flood resilient systems and infrastructure to minimize the risk of flooding and
associated impacts
Medium and Long-term Actions
Upscale innovative
solutions to monitor
flood levels in all rivers,
tributaries and estuaries
of the city.
Timeframe:2031
onwards
Lead:Disaster
Management Department-
BMC
Supporting:Storm Water
Drainage Department-
BMC
Cost of flood mitigation
measures of Mumbai
using Japanese
technology is INR 5
million (Note: Based
on the figure quoted
in BMC Budget
document Mumbai,
Budget Estimate Fund
Code 11, 2021-2022),
funds from State
Disaster Management
Programmes
Output:1. Number / frequency of early
warnings of flood incidents
shared with the citizens
2. Area (m3) along rivers or
in coastal areas saved of
inundation/ flooding
Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to
flooding
2. Percentage of population
vulnerable to natural hazards
(e.g., flooding, landslides,
cyclones)
Make the installation
of Rooftop Rainwater
Harvesting (RWH)
mandatory in the existing
and new government and
private buildings.
Time frame:2031 -2040
Lead:Rainwater
Harvesting and Water
Conservation Cell-BMC
Supporting:Water Supply
Department-BMC
Cost of RWH system
- INR 2,000-30,000,
for an existing building
of about 300 sq.
meter (Rainwater
Harvesting Systems for
Existing Properties-
Challenges & Cost-
Effectiveness, 2018),
BMC’s departmental
budget for water
supply and rainwater
harvesting, funds for
specific projects from
bilateral, multilateral
organizations, civil
society and non-profit
organizations for
carrying out specific
projects or activities,
Jal Shakti Abhiyan of
National Water Mission
Output:1. Volume of water retention
capacity created (m3)
2. Number of assets
retrofitted
Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to
flooding
2. % of heavy rainfall leading
to erosion
3. % of assets protected from
floods
4. Percentage of monthly
income spent on water
5. Percentage of the city
population with safely
managed drinking water
services
6. Percentage of the city
population with safely
managed drinking water
services
Sectoral Action Track 2: Ensure that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation
and efficient use initiatives by 2030
Priority Actions
Organize large-scale
implementation of
Rainwater Harvesting
(RWH) systems
by developing a
comprehensive policy for
all typologies of buildings
based on a detailed water
audit report. Conduct
monitoring, particularly
in slum areas, to ensure
long-term utility and
sustainability of these
systems.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Hydraulic Engineer
(HE) Department-BMC
Supporting:Water Supply
Department-BMC,
Rainwater Harvesting
and Water Conservation
Cell-BMC
Cost of RWH system -
INR.2,000-30,000, for an
existing building of about
300 sq. meter (Rainwater
Harvesting Systems for
Existing Properties-
Challenges & Cost-
Effectiveness, 2018),
BMC’s departmental
budget for water
supply and rainwater
harvesting, funds for
specific projects from
bilateral, multilateral
organizations, civil
society and non-profit
organizations for
carrying out specific
projects or activities,
Jal Shakti Abhiyan of
National Water Mission
Output:1. Volume of water saved
through conservation
practices, especially in the high
2. Volume of water retention
capacity created (m3)
Outcome:1. Reduction in total water
demand of the city (m3)
2. Reduced surface-off in the
city
3. % of heavy rainfall leading to
flooding
4. Percentage of monthly
income spent on water
5.Percentage of the city
population with safely
managed drinking water
services
Decentralize the
treatment and reuse
of wastewater by
introducing byelaws,
incentives and nature-
based solutions and
integrating solar energy in
treatment processes.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:H Sewage Projects
Supporting:Sewage
Operations Department-
BMC,
Mumbai Sewage Disposal
Project-BMC
Installation of
a decentralized
wastewater treatment
plant of 8-10 KLD
capacity would cost
around INR 2.5-3
lakhs, average cost of
construction annually is
INR 10 million annually
(Cost estimation for
planning and designing
of decentralised
wastewater treatment
system), AMRUT
Output:1. Number of assets
retrofitted
2. Volume of wastewater
reused
Outcome:1. % of wastewater released
into the sea
2. Level of dissolved oxygen
(DO), phosphorous, nitrates,
nitrites, faecal matter; level of
sedimentation in freshwater
and marine water bodies
3. Percentage of households
connected to sewage system
4. Percentage of monthly
income spent on water
5. Number of water supply
interruptions per household
per day/week/month/year
Sectoral Action Track 2: Ensure that up to 50% of the city’s water demand is met through localized water conservation
and efficient use initiatives by 2030
Priority Actions
Increase outreach
through aggressive
campaigning of RWH
schemes, organizing
sensitization programs
for informal communities,
stationing a nodal officer
at ward level for RWH
and introducing water
conservation initiatives.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Rainwater
Harvesting and Water
Conservation Cell-BMC,
Sewage Operations
Department / Mumbai
Sewage Disposal Project-
BMC
Supporting:Ward-level
officers, civil society
organizations, community
representatives, elected
representatives
INR 4,50,000
(Note: Calculated based
on workshop expenses
and remuneration to
training faculty of HE
Department from BMC
Budget 2020-21), MVA
Output:1. % of population aware of
campaign
2. Number of workshops
conducted
3. List of nodal officers
Outcome:4. % population trained
5. % population implementing
response actions
6. Number of people
implementing response
actions
7. Number of residents
participating in public
planning processes and public
awareness events
8. Number and type of NGOs
involved in city issues
Action descriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 3: Reduce pollution to conserve and restore aquatic and marine ecosystems and the
associated biodiversity
Priority Actions
Introduce nature-based
sewage treatment
solutions at outfalls of
selected sewage zones to
treat 25% of the sewage
generated.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Sewage Operations
Department-BMC
Supporting:Sewage
Projects Department-
BMC,
Mumbai Sewage Disposal
Project -BMC
Access funds under
National Adaptation
Fund for Climate Change,
international banks
including World Bank,
Asian Development Bank.
Output:1. Water quality standards of
the marine outfalls samples.
Outcome:1. Increased marine
biodiversity along the coast
2. Level of DO, phosphorous,
nitrates, nitrites, faecal
matter; level of sedimentation
in freshwater and marine
water bodies
Sectoral Action Track 3: Reduce pollution to conserve and restore aquatic and marine ecosystems and the
associated biodiversity
Priority Actions
Ensure strict regulation
and enforcement of no-
development zones and
buffer zones along rivers.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:1. Development Plan
Department-BMC,
Supporting:Building
Proposal,
Storm Water Drainage
Department-BMC,
Disaster Management
Department-BMC
BMC’s budget under
Development Plan
Output:1. Area of riverbanks and
slopes stabilized (m2/ km2)
2. Area of vegetated area
created (m2)
3. Volume of water retention
capacity created (m3)
Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to
landslides/ erosion/ flooding
2. Percentage of urban area
that is greenspace
3. Level of DO, phosphorous,
nitrates, nitrites, faecal
matter; level of sedimentation
in freshwater and marine
water bodies
Ensure restoration of
riparian zone of rivers
and other water bodies to
reduce pollution.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:1. Garden & Trees
Department-BMC
Supporting:Mithi River
Development and
Planning Authority,
Disaster Management
Department-BMC,
Storm Water Drainage
Department-BMC
BMC’s budget of Garden
& Trees Department,
MVA
Output:1. Area of riverbanks
stabilized (m2 / km2)
Outcome:1. % of heavy rainfall leading to
erosion
2. % of heavy rainfall leading to
flooding
3. Level of DO, phosphorous,
nitrates, nitrites, faecal
matter; level of sedimentation
in freshwater and marine
water bodies
4. Percentage of urban area
that is greenspace
Sectoral Action Track 3: Reduce pollution to conserve and restore aquatic and marine ecosystems and the
associated biodiversity
Medium and Long-term Actions
Implement nature-
based sewage treatment
solutions phase-wise at
outfalls of sewage zones
to include 100% of the
sewage generated.
Timeframe:2031 -2040
Lead:1. Sewage
Operations Department-
BMC
Supporting: Sewage
Projects Department-
BMC,
Mumbai Sewage Disposal
Project Department-BMC
Access funds under
National Adaptation
Fund for Climate Change,
international banks
including World Bank,
Asian Development Bank
Output:1. Water quality standards of
the marine outfalls samples
Outcome:1. Increased marine
biodiversity along the coast
2. Level of DO, phosphorous,
nitrates, nitrites, faecal
matter; level of sedimentation
in freshwater and marine
water bodies
Action descriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 4: Ensure access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030
Priority Actions
As per the national
standards, ensure per
capita water supply of
150 lpcd to 100 % of the
population in the city,
irrespective of their legal,
residential status.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:1. Sewage
Water Supply Project
Department-BMC,
HE Department-BMC
Supporting: Ward-level
officers, community
representatives,
elected representatives
INR 3,173 million
(Note: this is an
estimation for 9 years
based on the revenue
budget estimates
of Water Supply
Project Department,
international banks
including World Bank,
Asian Development Bank,
AMRUT
Output:1. % of population having
access to safe drinking water
within or close to premises
Outcome:1. Improved health, well-being
and livelihood
2.Percentage of the city
population with safely
managed drinking water
services
3. Percentage of monthly
income spent on water
4. Percentage of monthly
income spent on water
5. Number of water supply
interruptions per household
per day/week/month/year
Sectoral Action Track 4: Ensure access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030
Priority Actions
Regulate or introduce
caps on pricing for
non-piped water in the
wards that are heavily
dependent on water
tankers for drinking and
domestic use.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:1. HE Department-
BMC, Public Health
Department-BMC
Supporting: Ward-level
officers, community
representatives,
MPCB
Output:1. Water charges / taxes
incurred from water tankers
Outcome:1. Reduced expenses for
procuring water from tankers
2.Percentage of monthly
income spent on water
3. Percentage of the city
population with safely
managed drinking water
services
4. Mortality rate attributed to
unsafe water
Formalize groundwater
connections for
monitoring water quality
for distribution in low-
income settlements at
monthly intervals.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Water Supply
Project Department-BMC
Supporting: HE
Department-BMC,
MSPCB,
Public Health
Department-BMC
BMC’s budget under
Water Supply and Public
Health Departments
Output:1. Inventory of groundwater
sources with digital maps,
wherever feasible
2. Water quality standards
from monitoring stations of
BMC and other agencies
Outcome:1. Reduced cases of water
contamination
2. Improved health and
well-being of impacted
communities
3. Percentage of the city
population with safely
managed drinking water
services
4. Mortality rate attributed to
unsafe water
Sectoral Action Track 4: Ensure access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030
Priority Actions
Climate-proof water
supply systems to avoid
outages during disasters
by undertaking energy
audit at annual intervals
to shift to renewable
sources.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Water Supply
Department-BMC,
HE Department-BMC
INR 1,00,000 for
undertaking energy
audit17(Mumbai,
Budget Estimate Fund
code 40, 2021-2022).
BMC’s budget under
Water Supply and HE
Departments, funds
from international banks
including World Bank,
Asian Development Bank
Output:1. Energy savings of the water
supply systems
Outcome:1. Reduced expenses on
energy supply to the water
supply systems
2. Number of water supply
interruptions per household
per day/week/month/year
Action DescriptionStakeholdersFunding/financing Monitoring Indicators
Sectoral Action Track 5: Provide clean, safe and accessible toilets to all by 2030
Priority Actions
Expand and monitor
toilet facilities phase-
wise to serve 100% of
the population through
suitable toilet models
based on a city-wide
sanitation data inventory.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Sewage Projects
Department-BMC,
Sewage Operations
Department -BMC
Supporting: Mumbai
Sewage Disposal Project-
BMC, Slum Sanitation
Programme,
organizations such as
MHADA or private
companies under CSR
Cost for 1 community
toilet built under Slum
Sanitation Programme
is around INR 2,50,000
(UNICEF, 2020),
average annual budget
of Sewerage Operations
Department is INR
1,065 billion (Mumbai,
Budget Estimate Fund
code 40, 2021-2022),
CSR funds of private
companies, funds for
specific projects from
bilateral, multilateral
organizations, civil
society and non-profit
organizations, Swachh
Bharat Mission
Output:1. Census service provision
parameters
2. Reporting in annual ESR
3. Online dashboard reflecting
the numbers, maps to display
the spatial distribution of
services, location, type,
implementing organization,
finance related details and
status of toilet blocks installed
Outcome:1. Improved sanitation
services in the city
2. Percentage of population
with access to sanitation
services
3. Percentage of households
connected to sewage system
Sectoral Action Track 5: Provide clean, safe and accessible toilets to all by 2030
Priority Actions
Connect slum sewage
to the main network for
eliminating leakages and
manual scavenging .
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Sewage Projects
Department-BMC
Supporting: Mumbai
Sewage Disposal Project-
BMC, Sewage Operations
Department-BMC
INR 9,773 million (Note:
Based on estimated
expenditure figures for
sewerage operations
department of BMC’s
Budget 2020-21) MVA,
Swachh Bharat Mission,
AMRUT
Output:1. Volume of sewage
flow monitored through
SCADA system of Sewage
Department.
2. Water quality of sources
located close to the leak points
Outcome:1. % of sewage flow from the
main network
2. Percentage of households
connected to sewage system
3. Level of DO, phosphorous,
nitrates, nitrites, faecal
matter; level of sedimentation
in freshwater and marine
water bodies
Generate awareness,
especially among
underserved
communities, about all
aspects of sanitation.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Sewage Operations
Department-BMC
Supporting: Mumbai
Sewage Disposal Project-
BMC
INR 8,00,000 annually18
(Mumbai, Budget
Estimate Fund code
40, 2021-2022),
CSR funds of private
companies, funds for
specific projects from
bilateral, multilateral
organizations, civil
society and non-profit
organizations
Output:1. % of population aware of
campaign
2. Number of workshops
conducted
Outcome:1. % population trained
2. % population implementing
response actions
3. Number of people
implementing response
actions
4. Percentage of households
connected to sewage system
5. Level of DO, phosphorous,
nitrates, nitrites, faecal
matter; level of sedimentation
in freshwater and marine
water bodies
6. Number of residents
participating in public
planning processes and public
awareness events
7. Number and type of NGOs
involved in city issues
Sectoral Action Track 6: Ensure disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data
monitoring and integration and community engagement
Priority Actions
Strengthen data monitoring and ensure consistency to minimize the gaps in local weather forecasting and tidal changes for sea-level rise, while collaborating with private and non-governmental organizations.
Time Frame:2022 -2030
Lead:Disaster Management Department-BMC Supporting:India Meteorological Department,private meteorological organizations such as Skymet, ward-level officers
Part of Disaster Management Department budget (Mumbai, Budget Estimate Fund Code 11, 2021-2022), funds from regional organizations for setting up tidal gauge, State and National Disaster Management Programmes
Output: 1. Number of early warnings at city and ward levels for each hazard2. Meteorological monthly data at ward level for3. Tidal data (e.g., western coast) to monitor sea-level rise
Outcome: 1. % of population reached through early warning systems for each hazard2. % of heavy rainfall leading to landslides/ erosion/ flooding3. Number of deaths from natural disasters per 100,000 population4. Percentage of population vulnerable to natural hazards (e.g., excessive heat, droughts, flooding, landslides, earthquakes, cyclones)
Integrate past and future climate risks, trends and
projections in planning for and implementing climate-proofing infrastructure - public and private, (e.g., SWD outfalls, residential / housing projects)
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Disaster Management
Department-BMC, Environment Department- BMC
Supporting: All infrastructure, housing, project development relevant departments,authorities constituted for special projects
Output:1. Climate criteria as part of EIA & internal approval process2. Dedicated data, norms and guidelines included in the feasibility, DPR, implementation plans
Outcome:1. Reduced losses (physical, financial and human) to infrastructure2.% of assets protected in storm surge flooding3. % of heavy rainfall leading to landslides/ erosion/ flooding4. Number of deaths from natural disasters per 100,000 population5. Percentage of population vulnerable to natural hazards (e.g., excessive heat, droughts, flooding, landslides,
Sectoral Action Track 6: Ensure disaster risk and impact reduction by strengthening early warning systems, data
monitoring and integration and community engagement
Priority Actions
Empower vulnerable
communities to better
understand and integrate
early warnings by
ensuring diversity of
language and technology
in early warning systems.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Disaster
Management
Department-BMC
Supporting: Environment
Department-BMC
Output:1. % of population aware
2. Number of workshops
conducted
Outcome:1. % population trained
2.% population implementing
response actions
3. Number of people
implementing response
actions
4. Number of deaths from
natural disasters per 100,000
population
5. Percentage of population
vulnerable to natural
hazards (e.g., excessive heat,
droughts, flooding, landslides,
earthquakes, cyclones)
6. Number of residents
participating in public
planning processes and public
awareness events
7. Number and type of NGOs
involved in city issues
Medium and Long-term Actions
Integrate a nature-,
ecosystem- and
community-based
approach in the overall
disaster risk management
of the city.
Timeframe:2022 -2030
Lead:Disaster
Management
Department-BMC
Supporting: Environment
Department-BMC
Output:1. Reduced disasters and
communities affected
2. Percentage of population
vulnerable to natural
hazards (e.g., excessive heat,
droughts, flooding, landslides,
earthquakes, cyclones)
Outcome:1. Reduced losses (physical,
financial and human) to
infrastructure
2. Number of deaths from
natural disasters per 100,000
population
Easy access to safe and affordable drinking water will help reduce the time spent on
and the burden of procuring water, especially for the women and children in informal
and low-income communities. This would also result in improved well-being and
increased job opportunities.
Improved access to toilet and sanitation facilities would result in an improved living
environment and provide health benefits, especially to the women, young girls and
children in informal, migrant and low-income communities.
Low-cost nature-based solutions to address flood and landslide risks would reduce
the vulnerability, particularly of the low-income areas, improve livelihood and create
green job opportunities.
Improved forecasting and emergency response mechanisms will help low-income
communities and migrant and temporary workers living in informal communities and
areas that are risk-prone to flood and landslides in early evacuation to temporary
flood shelters. The focus needs to be on a gradual in-situ rehabilitation of these
communities to safer locations.
Shot at Mahim Bandra Railway Track | By Pani Haq Samiti
Chapter 6:Governance and Institutional Structures
This chapter provides an overview of the existing governance structure of the city corporation and describes the
organizational structure of the proposed Climate Action Cell with a dedicated climate budget, which will aim for
the timely implementation of the MCAP.
The organizational structure of the BMC consists of a Deliberative wing comprising the elected representatives
of the city and an Administrative wing that represents the bureaucratic profile of the government (see Figure 41).
The two wings together are responsible for the overall administration of the city.
The Existing Organizational Structure of BMC6.1
Deliberative wing 
A total of 227 councillors are elected from each
ward who form the Deliberative wing of BMC. These
councillors elect, from amongst themselves, the mayor
(called the first citizen of Mumbai) and the deputy
mayor. The period of the Corporation is five years from
the date of its first meeting, and the term of office
of the councillors is co-terminus with the duration
of the Corporation. There are six committees in the
Deliberative wing. These committees perform the
function of presenting proposals on behalf of their
respective departments. The Standing Committee is
the most important committee. It has a statutory role
and consists of 36 members. It is entrusted with the
responsibility of approving major projects and works
costing more than INR 5 million.
Administrative wing
The Administrative wing headed by the Municipal
Commissioner (MC) is responsible for developing
and maintaining the civic infrastructure of the city,
including water supply, roads, storm water drainage
and the efficient delivery of various services to
the citizens of Mumbai. There are four Additional
Municipal Commissioners (AMC) – City, Eastern
Suburbs, Western Suburbs and Projects. The AMCs
are deputed in various departments. The projects or
works with a budget range of INR 2.5-5 million require
the administrative approval of the MC. The Deputy
Municipal Commissioners (DMC) or Joint Municipal
Commissioners (JMC) are appointed to assist the MC
administer the zones that consist of specific wards
(zonal DMC) and manage the departments deputed
through MC or AMCs. They are also responsible for
approving the projects that have budgets up to INR
2.5 million.
The 24 wards within BMC are administered by
Assistant Commissioners (AC) who report to the
respective zonal DMCs. For executing any project or
activity, the MC leads the coordination with external
agencies, such as the MMRDA, MPCB, Western
Railway, and the State Government, and is supported
by the AMCs, JMCs and DMCs and other counterparts.
At the ward level, for improved governance, BMC
has developed the “advanced locality management”
(ALM), which is a voluntary group constituted by a
group of residents and commercial establishments
for undertaking specific civic initiatives, such as
waste segregation, processing and minimization,
maintenance of green and open spaces and rainwater
harvesting. It is similar to resident welfare associations
formed in other cities across the country. The activities
that are a part of ALMs are carried out in conjunction
with BMC officials, including ACs, DMCs and AMCs.
Powers and capacities: The BMC works on
implementation, maintenance, policy formulation and
finance related to city provisions, such as water supply,
sanitation, storm water drainage, sewerage, solid
waste, roads, open spaces and public health. However,
in the sectors of energy, regional transport, air quality
and forest and mangrove conservation and restoration,
Reporting to DMC Environment and AMC City
BMC’s institutional and governance structure is
designed to carry out its functions related to key
infrastructure, services and maintenance needs of the
city. The central agency and ward level administration
are focused on ensuring the timely implementation of
sectoral and local administrative requirements of the
city. However, to meet the complex and
inter-connected challenges of climate change, strong
inter-departmental coordination is required to
achieve appropriate and desirable outputs. 
BMC is in charge of ensuring infrastructure
implementation and service delivery across sectors
such as water supply, sanitation, storm water
drainage, sewerage, solid waste, roads, open spaces
and public health. The effective implementation of
MCAP will require the mainstreaming of climate
actions in the existing priorities of the departments,
project plans and future proposals.
Several sectoral priorities, such as decarbonizing
of the energy grid, large-scale forest and mangrove
restoration, and a move to low carbon and accessible
transport, fall in the jurisdiction of Central and State
agencies, limiting the scope of BMC in influencing
planning, decision-making and monitoring. For
example, energy is supplied in the city by the State
Energy Department, with several sub-entities
entrusted with generation, transmission, distribution
and tariff regulation. If the city plans to expand
its renewable energy supply, it will need to work
in conjunction with the State government as
well as various sub-entities. Similarly, for making
travel seamless while moving towards low-carbon
transport, BMC will need to work with multiple
external agencies responsible for different mediums
and aspects of transport.
Table 28: Existing list of line departments and other agencies as per priority action areas
(A) The function of energy generation and distribution lies with DISCOMS. There are four public and private
DISCOMS operational in Mumbai.
(B) The Building Approvals Department enforces building byelaws that determine light-ventilation standards,
building materials, open space requirements and offset norms in all buildings across land use.
(C) The DP Department enforces land use zoning guidelines and Development Control Regulations.
Energy & Buildings
The Goals and Actions Proposed in the MCAP Fall in the Purview of Different Departments, as Listed in Table 28 Below:
(A) Public transport in Mumbai is operated by various agencies. BEST operates buses, MMRDA operates the metro
and mono rails. Western Railway and Central Railway manages the respective Suburban Railway lines.
(B) RTO is under the Transport Ministry that is headed by the Transport Commissioner. The RTO is the regulatory
authority for vehicle licenses, taxi and autorickshaw licenses and vehicle regulations, scrapping of old vehicles
among other responsibilities.
(C) The State Transport Authority oversees licensing and enforces vehicle safety norms.
Sustainable Mobility
(I) BMC’s SWM Department provides a daily door-to-door garbage collection service across Mumbai.
(J) This Department manages the garbage dump yards in the city, sets segregation, recovery and recycling policies,
and enforces segregation norms in private buildings and commercial development.
(A) BMC’s Garden’s Department develops and maintains public spaces and is responsible for tree planting on
avenues and in urban forests.
(B) There is a biodiversity committee set up to protect and conserve Mumbai’s flora and fauna.
(E) Traffic police regulates traffic flow, road safety and on-street parking
(F) BMC’s Road & Traffic Department builds and maintains roads, plans and enforces traffic management
regulations, and undertakes O&M and revenue collection from off-street public parking lots.
(G) Off-street parking norms are set by the DP Department as part of the Development Control Regulations (DCRs).
(H) Mumbai Parking Authority is being formed to oversee all parking norms, enforcement and revenue collection.
Sustainable Waste Management
Urban Greening & Biodiversity
Urban Flooding & Water Resource Management
(A) BMC’s Hydrology Department is responsible for water supply, water conservation and rainwater harvesting
measures at the building level.
(B) DP Department sets building byelaws for rainwater harvesting and other water conservation and percolation
systems to manage flood water on private plots.
(C) Storm Water Drainage Department builds infrastructure (along roads, rivers and coasts) to manage flood water
and ensures flood risk mitigation.
(D) Mumbai Sewage Disposal Project (MSDP) builds, operates and maintains sewage treatment plants and ensures
wastewater treatment.
(A) Air pollution is monitored by MPCB, SAFAR and BMC stations.
(B) Air quality measures are planned by BMC’s Environment Department under the NCAP and enforced by MPCB.
(C) The associated projects to increase ambient air quality are implemented by the respective Departments, such as
Garden (increasing greening), State Transport (improved traffic management) and SWM (C&D waste and other solid
waste).
Given the institutional set-up of the city and its
limitations, there is a need for a dedicated department
within BMC that would be responsible for the
implementation of MCAP, timely updates to the
inventory, assessments and revision of the CAP. In this
context, BMC has decided to expand the Environment
Department to the Department of Environment and
Climate Change. This department will be responsible
for ensuring science-based planning and decision-making,
encouraging innovation and tracking progress of key
targets and outcomes of the MCAP.
Stakeholder Consultations for MCAP at BMC | By Prutha Vaze
The Department of Environment is the nodal
coordinating agency for the MCAP, alongside other
related projects and initiatives such as MVA, Women
for Climate, Cities4Forests, NCAP and sustainable
development projects under the 15th Finance
Commission fund. It is, therefore, important to create a
climate action cell within the Environment Department.
However, the Environment Department is currently
not empowered to mediate/ coordinate across other
departments, advise on key amendments to statutory
regulations and liaise with parastatal agencies as per the
city’s needs. The existing department is an environment
protection and enforcement body to control pollution,
rather than a planning department to implement
the MCAP.
The Department of Environment will be expanded
and strengthened and renamed as the Department of
Environment and Climate Change following official
protocol. It will continue to report to AMC City,
designated as the Nodal Officer for MCAP and be headed
by the DMC, Environment & Climate Change. This
department will be supported by the State Government
of Maharashtra, and the Maharashtra Council for Climate
Change. Additionally, a group of honorary advisors (which
can be expanded as the plan progresses) will support the
Department of Environment and Climate Change for the
effective implementation of the MCAP. This department
is created with five objectives:
Considering the nature of work carried out in the city, the
existing institutional arrangement of the corporation is
based on addressing engineering and technical aspects.
Given the context of climate uncertainties and an
evolving environment of risks and challenges in the city,
it is prudent to introduce more planners, social scientists
and data analysts to meet these challenges. Officials
with diverse qualifications can introduce
holistic solutions that integrate traditional service
sectors to meet the objectives of the Climate Action Cell
(CAC). Figure 42 illustrates the proposed institutional
structure of the CAC.
To introduce new technical capacities within the corporation that is currently staffed with professionals who are
trained to execute engineered projects;
To introduce innovation – use of SMART technologies, locally-led solutions, artificial intelligence and machine
learning (AI/ML)-based service delivery and urban management – in meeting climate targets;
To coordinate across departments within the corporation and mainstream climate resilience in existing and
proposed projects;
To develop stringent guidelines for new infrastructure or building projects that align with climate goals and
encourage line departments to use these for project approval and to ensure regulatory enforcement;
To monitor MCAP progress, close data gaps, evaluate outcomes and report on targets at city and local levels
& Climate Change6.2
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 42: Proposed climate action cell
Climate Change (MCCC)
Chief ScientistClimate Change
Deputy Chief ScientistENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Senior Environmental Scientist
Air Quality Expert
Senior Conservationist
Environmental Engineer, Soil & Water
Environmental Law & Policy Expert
Environmental Engineer, SWM
Deputy Chief Scientist, KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATIONS
Deputy Chief Planner,LANDSCAPES & VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES
Deputy Chief Planner,BUILDINGS AND MOBILITY
Senior Climate Scientist (MER)
Senior Development Social Scientist
Senior Landscape Planner
Environmental Communications Fellow
MER Cell: Including 24 ward climate officers and 11 climate officers for DMCs
Biodiversity Committee can be housed here
Energy
Cell: DISCOMs, MEDA, SRA, MMRDA, MERC, Buildings
EV Cell:DISCOMs, MSEDCL, MSRTC, Transport Department, Roads & Traffic
Equity & Inclusion Fellow
Energy Efficiency & Buildings Fellow
Civil Engineer: Fellow
Road Safety & Street Design Fellow
Urban Water Resilience Fellow GIS FellowData Analyst Fellow
Climate Finance Fellow
Sustainable Innovations and Finance Expert
Senior Architect, Green Buildings
Senior Transportation Planner
Chief Planner Climate Change
Additional Municipal Commissioner: City
CLIMATE RESILIENT BUILDINGS
VULNERABLE COMMUNITIESKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND POLLUTION CONTROLINTEGRATED MOBILITY
SUSTAINABLE URBAN LANDSCAPES
INNOVATIONS & GREEN FINANCE
Every 2 years:Prepare GHG
Inventory and CCRA
Every 5 Years: Update Mumbai
Climate Action Plan (MCAP)
Regularly:Tracking progress at
Ward and Zonal Levels
Co-ordination with State Action
Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC)
Every 6 months the Mumbai Climate Action Cell reports to MCCC
In addition to the existing function of environment
protection and pollution control, the CAC will have
six Chief and Deputy Chief positions and six senior
professional positions leading other functions.The
Cell will be headed by a Chief Scientist and a Chief
Planner. Two Deputy Chief Scientists who will report to
the Chief Scientist will be responsible for environment
protection and pollution control, knowledge management
and innovations and green finance. Two Deputy
Chief Planners reporting to the Chief Planner will be
responsible for sustainable urban landscapes, vulnerable
mobility. They will be supported by six experienced
professionals – Senior Climate Scientist, Sustainable
Innovations & Finance Expert, Senior Landscape
Planner, Senior Development Scientist, Senior Architect
and Senior Transportation Planner. These senior
professionals will be supported by junior professionals
having expertise in urban water resilience, GIS, civil
engineering, climate finance, data analysis, equity &
inclusion, energy efficiency & green buildings, road safety
& street design and environmental communications.
Table 29 presents a summary of the functions of the
Deputy Municipal Commissioner Environment & Climate Change
Integrated Mobility
• The Department will address the mobility needs of city residents and workers with an integrated approach, ensuring land use and DCR recommendations wherever appropriate.
• The Department will identify priority “issues” or goals/targets laid out in MCAP and coordinate across all parastatal agencies to ensure a human-centred approach to mobility planning in the city.
• The Department will adopt AI/ML technologies to increase efficiency, increase access and equity in underserved neighbourhoods, and influence travel behavior.
• The Department will introduce finance tools to ease the transition to EV or clean fuel technologies by ensuring easy low-interest loans, etc. to assist IPT operators and freight to transition to low-carbon vehicles.
Environment Protection and Pollution Control
• The Department will work towards improving information on air pollutionthrough robust consistent monitoring.
• The Department will monitor and reduce water pollution and work towards restoring aquatic ecosystems (with MSDP).
• The Department will monitor and work towards preventing soil and groundwater pollution by reducing landfilled waste and remediation and scientific management of existing landfills (with SWM Dept).
• The Department will work towards synergizing the MCAP with other initiatives such as MVA and NCAP.
• The Department will be responsible for conducting environment impact assessments and coordinating with MPCB.
Sustainable Urban Landscapes
• The Department will address heat and flood risk mitigation through NBS and other hybrid infrastructure, design and planned landscape projects.
• The Department will address water and soil pollution and environmental degradation through NBS.
• The Department will recommend changes in existing pollution control norms and better solid waste management, sewage operations and disposal.
• The Department will coordinate with other departments of BMC – Storm Water Drainage, Hydraulic Engineering, Gardens Cell, Solid Waste Management, Sewage Operations and Sewage Disposal.
Climate Resilient Buildings
• The Department will address demand-side solutions for energy conservation by meeting Mumbai’s energy efficiency goals for all buildings by 2030.
• The Department will introduce DCR amendments, enforce green building norms for new buildings, and introduce guidelines and trainings to ensure passive architecture and passive cooling is integrated and enforced as part of building approvals.
• The Department will coordinate with Development Planning and Building Approvals within BMC and DISCOMS and other stakeholders.
Staffing Plan: Roles and Responsibilities
Innovations & Green Finance
• The Department will maintain a repository of solutions, technologies and tools to integrate the right solutions with the right projects or plans within the cell (similar to the GoI’s AGNI mission that brings local solutions to meet local needs).
• The Department will work with other departments within the CAC and across BMC to identify needs and challenges and connect the right solutions.
• The Department will work towards leveraging green finance to increase the overall finance pool, attract cutting-edge innovations and help channelize CSR/philanthropic funding and public private partnerships.
• The Department will also host a sustainability tech-fest to promote solutions and technologies to meet Mumbai’s climate and equity goals.
• The Department will commission community resilience assessments in vulnerable areas to understand the needs of residents.
• The Department will work closely with ACs and ward-level climate action officers to develop community resilience action plans at the local area level, address infrastructure and service delivery gaps and downscale DRR protocol to best fit community needs.
• The Department will work closely with SRA, MHADA and other planning agencies influencing housing design and allocation to ensure resilient infrastructure is built.
• The Department will work closely with the informal or formal labor groups employed in high-risk or vulnerable workforces (such as auto/taxi drivers exposed to heat risk and construction labor) and unhoused populations to address their adaptation needs.
Knowledge Management
• The Department will be responsible for the creation of the MER Cell, which will monitor the progress of MCAP implementation to meet targets, evaluate outcomes and report on KPIs.
• The Department will have 24 climate action officers (one for each ward) and 11 climate action officers (one for each DMC office) to track progress and report this in the central Monitoring Information System.
• This division will work closely with the DMC-Environment, AMC-City, and MC office to prepare a budget plan for each financial year, based on intended targets and progress made.
• The MER Department will lead the biennial GHG inventory and climate risk assessment update (next scheduled for 2023), and prepare an MCAP progress report every five years.
Aligning the MCAP with the State Action Plan on Climate
Change is critical to overcome the institutional barriers
in the implementation process. It is also essential for
the Department of Environment & Climate Change to
report to the Maharashtra Council for Climate Change
once a year to track the progress and request support
for further implementation, especially in sectors such
as transport and energy. Further, depending on the
requirement, either AMC City or DMC Environment
along with either Chief Officer Environment & CC and/
or respective vertical head can report to the Maharashtra
State Steering Committee for Climate Change.
The MCCC is chaired by the Chief Minister of the State,
co-chaired by the Deputy Chief Minister, and consists of
ministers from the Government of Maharashtra Cabinet.
It is meant to further climate change adaptation in the
state, and can support BMC in meeting the vision/goals
of the MCAP. At the state-level, the MCAP will also
inform the revision of the SAPCC and be a lighthouse for
other cities in the state that are part of the Race to Zero
campaign. The State Steering Committee on Climate
Change is responsible for supporting the implementation
and periodic evaluation of the State Action Plan and
the Climate Change Innovation Program initiated by
Government of India. It will provide timely guidance and
review on Climate Change related work in the state, and
help secure funding and green finance for climate change
related issues/initiatives at the national and international
level. This Committee is chaired by the Chief Secretary
to the Government of Maharashtra, and comprises of
Principal Secretaries from different departments. It will
also support BMC in furthering the vision of the MCAP.
Shot at Marine Drive | By Satyajeet Mazumdar
Currently the procedures for formulating the Municipal
Budget in BMC are initiated within respective Municipal
Departments, headed by the DMCs in the Administrative
Wing. Budget amounts of INR 2.5 million and less is
approved by DMCs, budget amounts of INR 2.5-5 million
are approved by AMCs and budget amounts more than
INR 5 million require an approval from the Standing
Committee of the Deliberative Wing of BMC.
Figure 43 shows budget estimates by department and
type of projects, based on the 2020-21 BMC budget
plan. (Only those departments/projects have been
extracted here that align with potential climate action
projects). Identifying the existing governance structure
and budgetary allocations by departments will help align
climate actions with specific departments for the CAC
to coordinate.
Creating a Climate Budget for Mumbai6.3
DepartmentBudget Allocated (in Thousands INR)
Roads & Traffic19 million
Garden & Recreation3.8 million
Development Plan7.9 million
Mechanical & Electrical1.2 million
Storm Water Drains11.6 million
Transport3.8 million
Solid Waste Management26.1 million
Disaster Management Cell0.5 million
% of Capital Expenditure% of Revenue Expenditure
64.24
45.07
92.56
35.76
54.93
7.44
Roads & Traffic
Garden & Recreation
Development Plan
Mechanical & Electrical
Storm Water Drains
Transport
Solid Waste Management
Disaster Management Cell
63.19
26.42
6.58
12.40
56.94
87.60
43.06
93.42
36.81
73.58
Mumbai is one of the 11 cities participating in the
climate budget pilot program of C40, which is being led
by the City of Oslo. Indicative financial resources have
been identified in the plan, and a proposed budget of
INR 10 million has been set aside to create the CAC
and identify projects for implementation over the next
financial year. This includes BMC’s budget; funds under
Majhi Vasundhara, other state and centrally sponsored
schemes and programs such as Swachh Bharat Mission
– Urban, AMRUT, FAME II and NCAP; sector-specific
agency budgets such as MEDA, which is the state
designated agency (SDA) to improve RE, EE and ECBC
in Maharashtra; green bonds; funds from 15th Finance
Commission; international developmental funds such as
GCF; CSR funds; and multilateral finance. The climate
budget will build on the technical analysis that was
undertaken while developing the GHG inventory, future
emission scenarios and strategies suggested in the plan.
A climate budget is essential for Mumbai to ensure that
dedicated financial resources are available to implement
MCAP and to leverage this as a governance tool to
overcome institutional barriers identified in the city’s
existing governance structure. Although the budget
will be anchored within BMC and prioritize activities
that are directly under BMC’s control, the CAC and the
climate budget will ensure parastatal agencies assume
responsibilities to implement climate actions that lie
within their control, to ensure better coordinated
outcomes. Through this engagement, the city will prepare
a climate budget for FY 2022-23 with sector-specific
emission ceilings, in alignment with the plan. The status
of climate efforts and achievements will be tracked
quarterly and reported annually. As part of the budget
process, climate measures will be proposed, implemented,
monitored and reported regularly as per the Monitoring,
Evaluation and Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting and
Learning (MERL) process laid out in Chapter 7.
Oslo is leading C40 Cities’ Climate Budget Pilot
Since September 2021, C40 has been supporting and connecting a group of cities interested in
investigating, developing, implementing and improving the use of a climate budget to tackle GHG
emissions. Led by the city of Oslo, the pilot includes Barcelona, Berlin, Los Angeles, Milan, Montreal,
Mumbai, Stockholm, Paris, Rio de Janeiro and Tshwane. These cities will explore different approaches to
climate budgeting in their unique contexts.
Chapter 7:Tracking Progress
The implementation of a climate action plan should
be followed by continuous Monitoring, Evaluation,
Reporting and Learning (MERL) of its progress.
MERL allows for actions to be tracked, evaluated
and reported in an organized manner to promote
accountability in implementation and make
improvements based on the learnings. Monitoring is
essential for tracking the progress of actions through
continuous, systematic data collection, evaluation is
important for assessing the impact of actions, while
reporting and learning enable transparency and data-
driven accountability amongst various stakeholders.
There are seven verticals in the Department of
Environment & Climate Change in BMC. One of these
is Knowledge Management which will house the
MERL cell, with a team of 24 climate officers (each
representing the 24 administrative wards) and 11
departmental MER analysts, each linked with one
DMC office within BMC. The MERL cell will be led
by the Chief Scientist who will report to the DMC-
Environment and the AMC-City. The MERL cell will
conduct a biennial update of the GHG inventory and
the climate risk assessment. Once in five years, it will
monitor the progress of MCAP against the targets
set in the plan, report on a list of key performance
indicators and communicate progress against
indicators and develop a system to reflect learnings
against the key objectives and principles of the MCAP.
BMC will create the MERL cell in the current year,
i.e., 2022 and set up a committee to update the GHG
inventory in 2023.
To track progress, key performance indicators (KPIs)
have been identified, which relate to the outcome
indicators for each of the six priority action areas.
Monitoring7.1
Table 30: Key Performance Indicators for priority actions
Action AreaKey Performance Indicators
Increasing renewable energy in the grid
No. of MW renewable energy capacity installed within city boundaries, percentage of renewable energy in the grid mix
Percentage of low-income population with electrical service supported by renewable energy
Energy-efficient
infrastructure
Energy savings in buildings per year (MWh per annum)
Percentage of monthly income spent on energy costs
Green buildingsNo. of ECBC-compliant buildings
Passive design and thermal Amount of MWh energy demand for cooling in buildings (in low- and high-income areas)
Energy and Buildings
Action AreaKey Performance indicators
Public transport
Annual no. of public transport trips per capita (disaggregated by gender and income level), percentage of mode share
Percentage of population within 500m walk of public transportation option (e.g., bus, metro, light rail)
Non-motorized transportNo. of km of walking and cycling infrastructure, % of mode share
Cleaner fuels% of CNG or electric vehicles in the city, decreasing total annual fuel consumption from transport
Sustainable freight % of low-carbon road freight Percentage of monthly income spent on transportation/delivery costs
Action AreaKey Performance indicators
Waste minimization and reduced disposal Waste generated per capita (kg/person/year) % of waste diverted away from landfills
Decentralized waste management % of solid waste that is recycled, ward-level segregation rate (%), no. of green jobs created, percentage of population with regular solid waste collection at home
Dumpsite remediation and scientific disposal Area of waste disposal site recovered/reclaimed (m2), surface of urban land that is contaminated
Sustainable Waste Management
Action AreaKey Performance indicators
Increasing green cover and permeable surfaces
Per capita green space (in high- and low-income areas), annual tree census, per capita open space (in low- and high-income areas), volume of water retention capacity created (m3), percentage of residents within a 5-minute walk to a park
Heat resilienceMean land surface temperature (across wards with different income levels), no. of heat prone wards (disaggregated by income level), percentage of urban area that is asphalt or building
Urban planning, green cover and biodiversity
Action AreaKey Performance indicators
Improved air quality Annual average for daily PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3(ozone) concentration in μg/m3, emissions (CO2, PM2.5, NO2) in key areas of the city (e.g., near hospitals, schools, care homes or low-income neighborhoods)
Data and monitoringNo. of monitoring stations installed per year, % of area/population covered by monitoring and modelling systems, no. of days above WHO pollutants recommendations
Health managementMortality and morbidity rates due to air pollution (disaggregated by gender and income level)
Action AreaKey Performance indicators
Flood and disaster resilience
% of population trained to respond to the hazard risk, no. of flood risk zones, % of heavy rainfall leading to floods
Percentage of population with access to early warning systems
Water conservation and access % of water recycled, % of households with piped connection, % of households receiving treated water, non-revenue water loss
Urban flooding and water resources management
During the process of developing MCAP, various data
gaps came to light, which challenged the extent of
correctness and representation of several recent sectoral
challenges. Socio-economic data and demographic
differences at ward level were extracted from Census of
India 2011, knowing that conditions would have changed
over the past decade. Information on the impact of
climate change on jobs, livelihoods and housing security
were referenced from reports and articles in the media
due to lack of government data. Sector-specific data was
accessed from government reports. For example, travel
behavior and modal splits data was referenced from the
Comprehensive Mobility Plan prepared in 2016, and,
therefore, modal splits for the base year 2019 onwards
were not available.
Monitored data used for the risk assessment – for air
pollution, coastal risks and weather data – was irregular
or available intermittently for some stations, restricting
the projected risks that can influence accurate climate-
resilient infrastructure projects. The MCAP process also
revealed that Mumbai’s planning authorities – BMC,
MMRDA, SRA, MHADA and Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT)
– do not integrate climate risks and weather-related
information in their planning processes. As a coastal city,
Mumbai must include coastal risk analysis in planning
decisions; however, the Indian National Centre for
Oceans Information Services (INCOIS) tide gauge data is
not used by any department or agency. Instead, Mumbai
Maritime Board’s (MMB) modelled tide height data is
used to predict high-tide timings and issue storm surge
warnings during extreme weather events. Modelled data
has limited accuracy in predicting future risk projections.
It is, therefore, recommended that BMC integrate
monitored data into planning and decision-making. The
C40 cities climate data management framework (C40
Knowledge Hub, 2021) can be a starting point to
evaluate the data maturity of the city and effectively
Data Management
A comprehensive evaluation of the status of current
actions within the CAP will be conducted once in
five years. A proposed evaluation and reporting
template is provided in Table 31. The evaluation
process will involve all relevant BMC departments
and administrative officers – BMC’s CAC-MER Cell
and Heads of Departments, City Engineers, and
Assistant Commissioners – to evaluate the success
of on-ground implementation activities. The process
will be participatory, involving external stakeholders
and impacted communities, such as community-based
organizations (CBOs), NGOs, and research agencies,
to improve MCAP’s impact on improving the lives of
vulnerable communities and ensuring inclusivity.
This process will help the city assess the inclusivity
of actions and the equitable distribution of impacts.
The results of the evaluation process will be published
and reported to various stakeholders for enhanced
transparency and participatory review. This, along
with the updated climate risk assessment and GHG
inventory, can be used to revise the baselines, targets
and trajectories in MCAP to accelerate action.
Evaluation7.2
Table 31: Sample reporting template for energy sector actions
Goal 1: Increasing the Proportion of Renewable Energy to 50% by 2030 and 100% by 2050 in Mumbai’s Energy Mix
Amending building byelaws to promote integration of RE systems, such as mandatory solar water heater and rooftop solar for all building typologies, and defining thresholds in a way that buildings meet more than 25% of their energy needs from RE systems
Output IndicatorTarget (date)Current progress (date)Source
% of energy in buildings met through RE 25% (2030)15 % (2025)Energy audit of municipal buildings (provide document)
Develop a GIS-based Mumbai solar map and framework, which can allow users to plan a PV installation on their roof and gather information regarding possible costs and potential savings
Output IndicatorTarget (date)Current progress (date)Source
Development of mapDevelop a GIS-based solar map and framework (2025)
In draft stage, available in the public domain for feedback (2025) Draft report (source)
Develop a strategic renewable energy roadmap for Mumbai on how to achieve 100% RE target by 2050
Output IndicatorTarget (date)Current progress (date)Source
% of RE in the grid25% (2025)15% (2025)MEDA annual statistics 2025 (link)
The climate cell, responsible for monitoring MCAP,
will also ensure that the GHG inventory as well as the
climate risk assessment is updated every two years, to
understand the city- and sector-wide impacts of CAP
implementation. These inventories will also monitor
and report on residual emissions in meeting the 2050
net zero target. Every three years, the MER Cell (part
of the Department of Environment & Climate Change)
will prepare an MCAP progress report, evaluating
three levels of indicators – 1) at an aggregate city
level, as per table 30; 2) as per KPIs (from Table 31);
and 3) as per outcome indicators listed across every
action in the sectoral action plans (Refer Chapter
5). Table 32 presents a list of indicators proposed
for aggregate city-level progress assessment; these
can be revised and updated as per the department’s
decisions. Additionally, the MER cell will also prepare
an updated MCAP every five years to keep the city
focused on its intended net zero target for 2050.
* This is an indicative list to help the department in drafting a detailed MER framework that builds on the outcome indicators and KPIs
and helps communicate climate action impacts to a wide range of city stakeholders (who are not technically qualified.
Reporting7.3
Department
1.Total GHG emissions reduced – aggregate reduction across all actions in MCAP, which would result in emission
reduction
2. Total green jobs created – aggregated green jobs created across all actions in MCAP
3. Total lives saved in vulnerable communities – estimated lives saved in risk-prone areas where adaptation actions
are implemented
4. Overall community health improved – qualitative assessment of improved health in vulnerable/exposed
communities
5. Total biodiversity gained – aggregate species increased (returned) or protected in the local areas of the city by
implementing MCAP actions
Table 32: Proposed indicators for aggregate city-level progress assessment
In the face of rising global temperatures and more
frequent extreme weather events over recent
decades, BMC has intensified its focus on combatting
climate change and increasing the climate resilience of
Mumbai. To this end, MCAP serves as a roadmap that
outlines the city’s strategies and actions to tackle this
pressing global and local crisis.
MCAP builds on policies and plans developed at
city, regional, state and national scales and aligns
with the goals at global (SDGs) and regional (MVA)
levels. The Development Plan 2034 was an integral
planning document that provided the basis for MCAP
analysis and future planning recommendations. The
Department of Environment & Climate Change will
continue to work with the DP Department towards
policy reforms and regulatory amendments to
mainstream climate actions within BMC’s planning
ethos. Other key policies and plans reviewed as part of
the gaps assessment are presented in Annexure 2.
The MCAP process adopted a consultative and
collaborative approach built on the contributions
of several experts, CBOs, research institutions
and private consultants. The process involved
participation within BMC’s departments and
administrative wings at the zonal level, and in the
future, will include suggestions and feedback from
local political leaders to downscale climate actions
to the local level. Annexure 3 includes a list of
CBOs, NGOs, think tanks, consultants and research
institutes that are invested and working in Mumbai
and who can be engaged and consulted during the
progress reporting and learning process of MCAP.
Finally, the success of MCAP is also dependent on
the residents of Mumbai and their willingness to
adopt sustainable choices in their daily lives to help
achieve several MCAP targets. RWAs, ALMs, civil
society groups and private investors are encouraged
to participate, deliberate and catalyse the success of
Mumbai’s first ever climate action plan.
Conclusion7.4
ANNEXURE 1
Annex 1.1: Figure 44 Map representing access to recreational open spaces
within 1km walking distance
Navi Mumbai
Thane
Arabian Sea
mass transit stations within 1km walking distance
052.5Kms
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Population not having access
Population having access
Population per Ha
Population per Ha
Hospitals
Worli
Kanjurmarg
Navi Mumbai
Thane
Arabian Sea
Thane Creek
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
N H 4 8
NH16 0
NH48
ACCESS TO HOSPITALS
Mahim Bay
Back Bay
CSMIA
Dadar
Borivali
Mulund
Mankhurd
CSMT
Andheri
Ghatkopar
distance of educational institutions
Worli
Kanjurmarg
Navi Mumbai
Thane
Arabian Sea
Thane Creek
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
NH48
NH16 0
NH48
Mahim Bay
Back Bay
CSMIA
Dadar
Borivali
Mulund
Mankhurd
CSMT
Andheri
Ghatkopar
052.5Kms
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Population not having access
Population having access
Population per Ha
Population per Ha
SchoolsACCESS TO SCHOOLS
5-minute response time across Mumbai
052.5Kms
Worli
Kanjurmarg
Navi Mumbai
Thane
Arabian Sea
Thane Creek
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
N H 4 8
NH160
NH48
Mahim Bay
Back Bay
CSMIA
Dadar
Borivali
Mulund
Mankhurd
CSMT
Andheri
Ghatkopar
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Population not having access
Population having access
Population per Ha
Population per Ha
Fire StationsACCESS TO FIRE STATIONS
population density within 1km walking distance
052.5Kms
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Railway Line Major Roads BMC Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport
500 - 10005 - 5001000 - 13791
Population not having access
Population having access
Population per Ha
Population per Ha
Flood SheltersACCESS TO FLOOD SHELTERS
Worli
Kanjurmarg
Navi Mumbai
Thane
Arabian Sea
Thane Creek
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
NH48
NH16 0
NH48
Mahim Bay
Back Bay
CSMIA
Dadar
Borivali
Mulund
Mankhurd
CSMT
Andheri
Ghatkopar
052.5Kms
Railway Line Major Roads MCGM Boundary Sea Port National Park Airport
Flood SheltersACCESS TO FLOOD SHELTERS
Worli
Kanjurmarg
Navi Mumbai
Thane
Arabian Sea
Thane Creek
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
NH 48
N H16 0
NH48
Mahim Bay
Back Bay
CSMIA
Dadar
Borivali
Mulund
Mankhurd
CSMT
Andheri
Ghatkopar
City-level Policies and Plans Reviewed During Gap Assessment
ANNEXURE 2
Energy and Buildings
Energy Department, Government of Maharashtra
A.Net Metering Policy, 2015 
B.Energy Conservation Policy, 2017 
C.Renewable Energy Generation Policy, 2020 
D.Green Tariff Policy, 2021
Greater Mumbai Draft Development Plan (2014-2034)
Development Control Regulations for Mumbai Metropolitan Region (2016-2036)
Environmental Status Report of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (annually)
1
1
2
3
Cross-sectoral
Sustainable Mobility
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
A.Pedestrian first footpath guidelines, 2014 
B.Comprehensive Mobility Plan, 2016
Transport Department, Government of Maharashtra, State Urban Transport Policy, 2017
Environment and Climate Change Department, Government of Maharashtra, Electric Vehicle Policy, 2021
1
2
3
Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity
Urban Flooding and Water Resources Management
Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of Maharashtra
A.Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 
B.Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2018
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
A.Swachh Mumbai Prabodhan Abhiyan, 2013 
B.Mumbai Solid Waste Management Plan (under development)
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
A.Biodiversity Committee, 2020 
B.Garden Policy (under development)
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
A.Water Charges Rules and Sewerage & Waste Removal Rules, 2015 
B.Mumbai City & Suburban Disaster Management Plan
C.Eco-housing program
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
A.Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 
B.E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016
C.Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement), 2016
D.Bio-Medical Waste Management (Second Amendment) Rules, 2019
E.Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021
Swachh Bharat Mission, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India (2014 onwards)
Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra, Maharashtra Tree Protection and Conservation Act, 1975 – amendment in 2021 to include trees older than 50 years as heritage trees
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for guidelines of water quality and common effluent treatment plants standards
Urban Development Department, Rainwater Harvesting norms under the Maharashtra Regional and Town
1
4
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
A.National Clean Air Programme, 2019 
B.Bharat Stage Emission Standards, 2000 onwards 
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Environment and Climate Change, Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities of Maharashtra - Mumbai, 2019
2
1
Stakeholder Consultations Conducted in the Process of Developing MCAP
ANNEXURE 3
Stakeholder Organizations Represented
• Jyoti Mhapsekar, Stree Mukti Sanghatana
• Monisha Narke, R U R Greenlife
• Kedar Sohoni, Founder, Green Communities Foundation
• Pramod Dabrase, Director, Centre for Sustainable Environment and Development Initiatives
Waste
Stakeholder Organizations Represented
• Ashok Datar, Chairman, Mumbai Environmental Social Network
• Zohra Mutabanna, Senior Urban Planner - Associate, IBI Group
• Sonal Shah, Founder, The Urban Catalysts
• Antony Samy, Co-Convenor, Aamchi Mumbai Aamchi BEST
• Shashank Rao, Leader, Autorickshaw Union
• Prachi Merchant, Senior Urban Planner, Tata Institute of Social Sciences
• Maxson Lewis, Managing Director, Magenta - ChargeGrid
Sustainable Mobility
Stakeholder Organizations Represented
• Stalin D., Director, Vanashakti
• Sucharita Roy, Head - Planning & Building, Aga Khan Agency for Habitat, India
• Dr. Shubhalaxmi V., Founder & CEO, Ladybird Environmental Consulting LLP
• Samarth Das, Architect & Urban Designer, P.K. Das & Associates
• Pankaj Joshi, Trustee, Urban Centre Trust
• Pradeep Tripathi, Founder & Executive Director, Green Yatra
Urban Greening and Biodiversity
External consultations
In these consultations, representatives from various research organizations, NGOs, community organizations and the
private sector participated. The names of the participants are listed below:
Stakeholder Organizations Represented
• Ashish Fernandes, CEO & Lead Analyst, Climate Risk Horizons
• Sunil Dahiya, Analyst, Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
• Dr. Sunita Purushottam, Mahindra
• Nilesh Kane, Tata Power
Energy and Buildings
Stakeholder Organizations Represented
• Gufran Beig, Former Chief Scientist, IITM Pune SAFAR Project
• Ronak Sutaria, Founder, Respirer Sciences Pvt Ltd
• Anumita Roy Chowdhury, Research and Advocacy and head of the air pollution and clean transportation programme, campaigns for clean air and public health, Centre for Science and Environment
• Vijay Anadkat, Fellow, WRI India
• Bhagwan Keshbhat, Founder, Waatavaran Foundation
• Nitai Mehta, Founder, Praja Foundation
Stakeholder Organizations Represented
• Professor Kapil Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
• Rhea Shah, Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture and Environmental Studies
• Subhajit Mukherjee, Mission Green Mumbai
• Sitaram Shelar, Pani Haq Samiti
• Amita Bhide, TISS
• Roshni Nuggehalli, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA)
• Nikhil Anand, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania
Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management
Zonal Consultations
in these consultations to streamline and finalize the sectoral goals, targets and actions identified. A list of these
organizations is given below:
The ward level consultations saw representation from Assistant Commissioners, assistant engineers from the ward
level and zonal Deputy Municipal Commissioners from three districts. The wards represented by the participants are
listed below:
Departments within BMCOther Agencies
• Storm Water Drains
• Gardens & Tree Authority
• Hydraulic Engineer
• Coastal Road
• Sewerage Operations
• Deonar Abattoir
• Parking Authority
• Building Maintenance
• Development Planning
• Environment Department
• Mechanical and El ectrical
• Solid Waste Management
• Mumbai Port Trust
• Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
• Central Pollution Control Board
• Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
• MMRDA Monorail
• Mumbai Metro One Private Limited
• BEST
• Reliance Metro
• Adani Electricity
• C40 Cities
• Tata Power
• Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited
• Magenta Group
• Environment Department, GoM
WesternP/S ward, K/W ward, K/E ward, R/N ward, R/C ward. Kandivali east
west ward, H/E ward
EasternN ward, T ward, M/East ward, M/W ward
CityC ward, F/N ward, E ward, F/S ward, G/N ward, P/N ward, M/W ward
Data Check List
ANNEXURE 4
SectorDepartmentData Points
Water SupplyHydraulic Engineering
1.Water demand of the city in MLD & LPCD
2.Water supplied to the city in MLD & LPCD
3.Sources of water supply and their capacity
4.Future sources of water supply to cater to the projected demand and
their capacity
5.The water quality standard that is maintained while treating the
drinking water
6.% of HHs having piped water connection
7.% of HHs having 24x7 water supply
8.Total water put into the transmission and distribution system
9.Total water sold
10.Electricity required to supply 1,000 litres of water by municipal
authorities
11.Energy consumed Per MLD water supplied over a year
12.Annual electricity consumption of water supply management
13.The Mumbai Water Supply Management Plan (No Water Supply
Management Plan; got the Expert Committee Report on ‘Towards
Equitable and 24x7 Water Supply for Greater Mumbai)
14.Map and location of the WTPs and the city-wide Water Supply
Network (GIS and PDF layer) (GIS Shape files are not there with HE
dept.)
15.Changes in number of distributions of WTPs and total units of
electricity consumed for water supply management over the years
(from 2010-2020) (only the power consumption data for May 2021
against the substations have been shared, the other years’ data are
remaining)
16.Total number of waterbodies in the city (2015-2020)
17.Total area of waterbodies (2015-2020)
18.Plans to conserve waterbodies, 2021 and onwards
QuestionsQuestions
1.Has the city carried out a study indicating stock of existing water
resources and its uses for various sectors with projections? (Yes/No)
2.Does the city have water resource management plan with actions?
3. Is the city on target to meet the future water demand (2035- 40)?
(Yes/No)
4. Has city considered climate change scenarios in estimating future
water availability? (Yes/No)
5. Has city conducted the Energy Audit including for water supply
pumping stations and treatment plants? (Yes/No)
6. What is the process of treatment of drinking water before releasing
for transmission?
7.How is the monitoring of the treatment of the water done?
8.Does the City have a Water Supply Management Plan? (Yes/No)
9.Does city prioritize rejuvenation and conservation of water bodies?
10.Has city allocated any financial resources for rejuvenation and
conservation of urban water bodies and open areas?
11.Is the city reviewing and monitoring urban water bodies and open
areas and maintaining rejuvenated/conserved water bodies and
open areas?
Storm Water Drainage
SWD Planning Cell1. Storm water drainage network – natural and artificial drainage
network (with design details: length, volume, flow rates, outfalls,
location of flood gates, etc.)
2. Length of covered drains and open drains
3. Capacity of the present SWD network and how much should be the
required capacity to accommodate flood-like situation
4. Frequency of cleaning and desilting the nallahs, Mithi river and water
bodies, and when is it done?
5.Mapping of problem areas/sections within the storm water drainage
network
6.Map/spatial location of areas prone to water logging
7.Map/spatial extent of flood-prone and affected areas
8.Map/spatial extension of evacuation network paths (including road
network map)
9.Physical protective barriers to manage flooding/sea water intrusion:
flood walls, embankments, dykes, MOSE gate, etc.
10.% of widening and deepening of Mithi river that is completed
11.GIS shape files of city-wide Storm Water Drainage Network with
location of pumping stations and outfalls
12.PDF files of city-wide Storm Water Drainage Network with location
of pumping stations and outfalls
13.Condition of the floodgates at the outfalls (number of floodgates
and their maintenance condition)
SWD (O&M)
SWD (M&E) Projects
QuestionsQuestions
1.How old is the present storm water drainage network?
2.What is the process of cleaning and desilting of nallahs, rivers and
waterbodies?
3.Has city conducted a rapid flood risk assessment? (Yes/No)
4.Has city prepared a flood risk mitigation plan? (Yes/No)
5.Has city implemented the flood management plan? (Yes/No)
6.Has city conducted a scientific hazard risk vulnerability assessment
(HRVA) and included recommendations in the relevant plans? (Yes/No)
Sewerage and Sanitation
Sewerage Operations1. Quantity of wastewater generated for the years 2010-2020
2.Process of treatment of wastewater and sewage  
3.Wastewater’s source and its organic content – 
a. BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) concentration 
b. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) content 
4.Organic component removed as sludge
5.Amount of methane recovered from the process of treatment of
wastewater
6.Treated wastewater recycled and reused in million litres per day
7.Energy consumed per MLD of wastewater generated and treated
8.Annual electricity consumption of wastewater management
9.The City Sanitation Plan of Mumbai: i) Sewage Master Plan (1979-
2005) and ii) MSDP (2005-2025)
10.Number, location (map-wise) and capacity of proposed STPs and
WWTFs
11.Number and Location Map of existing STP and WWTFs
12.City-level Zone Map based on the service coverage of each STP (GIS
shape files)
13.Map showing overall city-level Sewerage Network Map (GIS
shapefiles)
14.Process of treatment of wastewater and sewage  
15.Water quality standard maintained for treated sewage and waste
water
QuestionsQuestions
1.Where does the city re-use the wastewater?
2.Has city conducted the Energy Audit including for wastewater
pumping stations and treatment plants? (Yes/No)
3.Does the city have any Sanitation Plan? (yes/no)
Sewerage Project
Mumbai Sewerage Disposal Project
Solid Waste Managemen
Solid Waste
Management
Department
1.Total solid waste generated in Mumbai (annual average tonnes per
day) – 2015 to 2021 <2010 – 2020>
2.Based on the data submitted between 2015 and 2021, waste
generation data has been decreasing in Mumbai – why/how is there a
decrease?
3.Waste generated by sector – residential buildings, commercial
buildings & municipal buildings (2010 – 2020)
4.Number of vehicles used for waste management by sector –
residential buildings, commercial buildings & municipal buildings (2010
– 2020)
5.Vehicle kilometres travelled by waste management vehicles (2010 –
2020)
6.Fuel consumption (fuel sales data) for waste management vehicles
(2010 – 2020) - petrol, diesel, CNG, biofuel, electricity
7.Total waste processed through composting, waste to energy,
biomethanisation RDF (total tonnes per annum)
8.Total waste recycled, MRF – formal or informal (tonnes per annum)
9.Total waste recovered and recycled (tonnes per annum)
10.SCF/RDF utilized (tonnes per annum)
11.Total Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste transferred to
processing facility or designated dumping point (tonnes per annum) [No
info available]
12.Total C&D waste generated in city (tonnes per annum) [No info
available]
13.Total C&D waste transferred to processing facility which is
converted to recycled products (tonnes per annum)
14.Number, location and map of dumpsites/landfills in and around
Mumbai
15.Total waste sent to dumpsites/landfills (tonnes per annum)
16.Type/condition of landfill/dumpsite (managed, unmanaged – deep,
unmanaged – shallow, uncategorized) [Will make assumption]
17.Waste composition (for calculating DOC) – fraction/percentage of
waste by type (food waste, garden & park waste, nappies & sanitary
waste, paper/cardboard waste, rubber & leather, textiles, wood, others)
18.Methane recovered at landfill (flared or energy recovery) – Yes/No
19.Quantity of waste treated through biological processes
(composting/anaerobic digestion)
20.Type of waste (wet/dry)
21.Biological treatment type (composting/anaerobic digestion)
22.Quantity of methane recovered from biological processing of waste
23.Quantity of waste incinerated or burnt
24.Type of treatment (incineration/open burning)
25.Type of premises (stoker/fluidized bed – continuous incineration,
semi-continuous incineration, batch type incineration)
26.% of total domestic hazardous waste (menstrual waste/baby and
adult diapers) collected (whether collected separately at source or
received from MRF center) is treated, either by BMC or through third
party managing biomedical waste (hazardous waste from hospitals,
nursing homes/clinics/labs, etc. not considered)
27.% of wet waste processed out of total wet waste collected
28.% of dry waste processed out of total dry waste collected (excluding
domestic hazardous waste) through MRF, RDF or W2E plants, etc.
29.% of HH having individual toilet facilities [Directed by sewerage
operations to SWM]
30.% of HH catered by community toilets [Directed by sewerage
operations to SWM]
31.% of HH having soak pits [Directed by sewerage operations to SWM]
32.% of HH practising open defecation [Directed by sewerage
operations to SWM]
33.Does the City have Waste to Energy Plants? (yes/ No), If yes, how
many and their location map (MSDP directed the information to be
taken from SWM department)
QuestionsQuestions
1.Does Mumbai have dedicated facilities for material recovery and
SCF/Refuse Derived Fuel? (Yes/No)
2. Does city practice scientific disposal of municipal solid waste? (Yes/
No)
3.Does city landfill have Environmental Clearance (EC) from SEIAA or
as applicable for the State? (Yes/No)
4.Does the operation of landfills in Mumbai take place as per SWM
Rules, 2016? (Yes/No)
5.Has Mumbai planned for any scientific landfill/dumpsite closure along
with post closure maintenance? (Yes/No)
6.Has the city executed scientific closure of landfill/dumpsites and
mitigation of landfill gas? (Yes/No)
7.Has the city executed scientific closure, utilization of landfill gas and
maintained the site post closure? (Yes/No)
8.Has Mumbai converted any scientifically capped landfill/dumpsite
into green space for public/multi-use after post maintenance period?
(Yes/No)
10. Is the city recycling & reusing Construction & Demolition waste?
11.Has Mumbai undergone the Swachh Survekshan survey? If yes,
please share report/findings
12. Does the city have a solid waste management plan? (There is no
SWM Plan)
13.Is there a ban on the use, sale and storage of non-biodegradable
plastic bags/products less than 50 microns, in compliance with plastic
waste management rules 2016?
14.Were there any initiatives undertaken in 2019-21 to reduce
generation of dry/wet waste? If yes, share details
15.Is there any on-site wet waste processing by non-bulk waste
generators?
16.How are Bulk Waste Generators managed?
(i) doing onsite processing of wet waste generated, including kitchen
and garden waste or organic waste or getting wet waste collected
and processed by private parties authorized by BMC
(ii) Handing over segregated dry waste to authorized waste pickers
or waste collectors
17.Does the capacity of dry waste processing facility/facilities match
with the total dry waste collected in the city?
18.What are the mechanisms in place to collect and process/reuse C&D
waste as per C&D waste management rules, 2016?
19.Has Mumbai considered remediation of all identified dumpsites, no
legacy waste (dumpsite)/zero landfill city?
20.Is the landfill in Mumbai a sanitary landfill?
Air QualityEnvironment Dept
1.Ambient Air Quality levels for pollutants PM2.5, PM10, Ozone, NO2,
CO, SO2, CO2, NOX, SOX, NH3and C6H6for the years between 2010-
2020 (Only for the month of Nov 2020, Jan 2021 and Feb 2021 has
been received)
2.AQI values against different monitoring stations (2010-2020)
Questions
1.Number of Air Pollution/Quality Monitoring Stations and their
locations
2.Does city perform pollutant source identification and have a clean air
action plan?
3.Has clean air action plan been implemented?
4.Is assessment of impacts of clean air action plan being done?
5.Does the city monitor the basic pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SOxas
per Central Pollution Control Board Guidelines? (Yes/No)
7. Does the city demonstrate reduction trend/incremental
improvements in compliance to NCAP targets? (Yes/No)
8.Does city's air quality comply with National Ambient Air Quality
Standards? (Yes/No)
DisasterDisaster Management
1.Map/spatial location of areas prone to water logging
2.Map/spatial extent of flood prone and affected area
3.Map/spatial extension of evacuation network paths (include Road
network map)
4.Map/spatial location of landslide-prone and affected areas 
5.Study undertaken on landslides and slope failures in Mumbai
6.CRZ Zones
7.The latest Disaster Management Plan of Mumbai
8.Types of calamities, their impact area, loss of lives and potential
economic losses and loss of jobs (calamity-wise and sector-wise) from
2010-2020 (Only the peoples’ lives lost data against the incidents are
obtained)
9.Different types of risks and their priorities
10.BMC daily/ monthly rain gauge data (1969-2020) recorded against
all the rain gauge stations of BMC
Questions
1.Has city conducted a rapid flood risk assessment? (Yes/No)
2.Has city prepared a flood risk mitigation plan? (Yes/No)
3.Has city implemented the flood management plan? (Yes/No)
4.Has city conducted a scientific hazard risk vulnerability assessment
(HRVA) and included recommendations in the relevant plans? (Yes/No)
Mumbai Port Trust
1.Tide Level Data at one minute/hourly interval (2010-2020)
Maharashtra Maritime
Board
Indian Meteorological
Department
1.Average Storm Surge Height (one minute interval/hourly interval) (2010-2020) (redirected to get the data from INCOIS)
2.Frequency of Cyclones (2010-2020)
3.Cyclonic pathways (2010-2020)
ClimateIndian Meteorological Department
1.Precipitation data from IMD – decadal trend since 1969
2.Temperature data from IMD – decadal trend since 1969
3.Humidity or dew point temperature data from IMD – decadal trend
since 1969
Urban Planning
Developmental
Planning Dept
1.Map of water bodies
2.Map of open areas
3.Map of green cover
4.Existing land use management characteristics/land use map
5.Total green cover in the city as a percentage of municipal area
6.Total urban and peri-urban areas (including institutional lands)
7.Population/Demography
8.GDP of Mumbai and per capita income
9.Total area of city
10.Slum population in the city
11.Metro rail network with stations
12.Suburban railway network with station
Green Cover and Biodiversity
Garden and Tree
Authority, Garden Cell
1.Map of open spaces (2020)
2.Map of green spaces (2020)
3.Location of trees and types (2020)
4.Proposed green area increase after 2021, with upcoming projects and documents
5.T otal green cover in the city as a percentage of total municipal area (2015-2021)
6.Total mangrove cover in the city (2020)
7.Total area of open forests [1](2015-2021)
8.Total area of scrub/grassland vegetation (2015-2021)
9.Total area of wetlands (2015-2021)
10.Total areas of urban and social forestry (improved & new) (2015- 2021)
11.Map of soil type and cover (2020)
Questions
1.Does the city prioritize conservation of open spaces?
2.Has the city mapped open areas? What is the location of trees and types?
3.Has the city allocated any financial resources for rejuvenation and conservation of open areas?
4.Is the city reviewing and monitoring open areas and maintaining
rejuvenated/conserved open areas?
6.Has the city established a city-level biodiversity management
committee?
7.Has the city conducted baseline assessment for urban biodiversity
management?
8.Has the city identified measures to increase the urban biodiversity
with sufficient resources allocated for its implementation? If yes, has
the city implemented the said measures?
TransportA.Traffic department
Data for 2020
1.Total road network map and length (data given in polygon form)
2.Length of footpaths and cycle paths (km)
3.Length of pedestrian pathways (km)
4. Length of cycle lanes if any (km)
5.Average vehicle kilometres travelled by cars, taxis – kaali peelis,
autorickshaws, 2-wheelers, BEST buses
6.Road congestion map/list
Questions
1.Is the city considering congestion pricing/new parking policies or any
other measures to tackle congestion?
A.The Brihanmumbai
Electric Supply &
Transport Undertaking
B.Maharashtra State
Road Transport
Corporation
C.Mumbai Bus Malak
Sanghatana (private bus
operators association)
D.Cityflo (premium
AC buses for office
corporates)
Data from 2010-2021 and onwards
1.Number of buses (segregated by clean fuels such as CNG, LPG,
hybrid, biofuels, electric) in the city
2.Number of privately operated buses (segregated by fuel such as CNG,
LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city
3.Electricity and fuel consumption for all the above buses
4.Fuel efficiency and age of buses
5.Number and distribution of EV chargers and/or battery swapping
stations for buses
6.Total public transport availability per 1000 people
Questions
1.Does the city have clean technology shared vehicles?
2.Does the city have a robust public transport system?
3.Does the city have any incentives for clean fuel public transport?
A.OLA/Uber, Meru
cabs, Mega cabs
B.Ola research center
C.Motor Vehicles
Transport data (2010 – 2020) and 2021 and onwards
1.Number of taxis (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid,
biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city
2.Number of app-based cabs (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG,
D.Magenta Power |
ChargeGrid | Mobility
(charging infrastructure
company)
E.Strom Motors
(startup in Mumbai for
e-cars)
F.Mumbai Metropolitan
Region Transport
Authority
G.Mumbai Taxi
Association
3.Number of app-based 2-wheelers (segregated by fuel such as CNG,
LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city
4.Number of auto rickshaws (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG,
hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city
5.Electricity and fuel consumption for autos, 2-wheelers, taxis and cabs
6.Number of private 2-wheelers (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG,
hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol)
7.Number of private, commercial, government 3-wheelers (segregated
by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol)
8.Number of private, commercial, government 4-wheelers (segregated
by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol)
9.Number of private, commercial, government multi axle vehicles
(segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid, biofuels, electric, diesel,
petrol)
10.Total/average vehicle kilometres by the above modes
A.Mumbai
Metropolitan Region
Development Authority
B.Central Railways
C.Western Railways
D.Mumbai Metro Rail
Corporation
E.Mumbai Railway
Vikas Corporation
Data from 2014-2020 and 2021 onwards with year and proposed
expansion
1.Fleet size of metro rail
2.Fleet size of suburban rail network
3.Fleet size of mono rail
4.Daily ridership vs expected ridership of metro
5.Daily vs expected ridership of suburban rail
6.Daily ridership vs expected ridership of mono rail
7.Electricity consumption for suburban rail, metro and monorail
Questions
Does the metro route have optimal last-mile connectivity initiatives or
plans to increase last-mile access?
A.Traffic department
B.RTO
Data from 2010-2020
1.Number of private vehicles (millions) (4-wheelers and 2-wheelers)
2.Number of electric vehicles in the city (2-, 3- and 4-wheelers)
3.Number of commercial app based 2-wheelers
4.Total electricity and fuel consumption by private 4-wheelers and
2-wheelers
5.Number of 3-wheelers (millions): commercial, private, govt, number
of diesel vehicles, number of petrol vehicles, number of CNG/LPG
vehicles
6.Number of commercial taxis and cabs
7.Number of private, government, diesel, petrol, and CNG/LPG
7.Total number of multi-axle (million), number of commercial multi
axle, govt. multi-axle, number of diesel multi-axles and CNG/LPG-based
multi-axles in the city
(yet to receive from west RTO)
Questions
1.What are the initiatives in place or proposed for managing
congestion? (congestion charges, parking policy, parking charges, low
emission zones, etc.)
2.What are the incentives in place to promote clean fuel private
vehicles?
A.Maharashtra State
Road Development
Corporation
B.Maharashtra
Maritime Board
C.Mumbai Port Trust
Data from 2010-2020
1.Number of ferries (segregated by fuel such as CNG, LPG, hybrid,
biofuels, electric, diesel, petrol) in the city
2.ROPAX fleet size: current and proposed
3.Fuel/electricity consumption of ferry fleet
4.Ridership for ferry
5.List of ferry stations and routes
Petroleum companies
DISCOMs – BEST, TATA
Power, Adani
BMC Departments
Data for GHG inventory (2010-2020)
1.Electricity consumption – on-road vehicles, off-road vehicles,
railways, waterborne navigation, electricity consumption at charging
stations
(Received for metro, BEST buses, Central Railway)
2.Fuel consumption (total fuel sales) data at the city-level – diesel,
petrol, auto LPG, CNG, biofuel (specify kind of biofuel), aviation turbine
fuel for on-road, off-road, railways, aviation and water navigation, by
fleet (municipal, public, private, commercial, multiple) type
Cross SectoralMarket Department
1.List of existing markets
2.I nformation on ongoing projects
3.Is there any NMT infrastructure construction at existing markets?
4.What are the existing waste management systems at various
markets?
5.Fuel consumption by street vendors, hawkers – LPG, CNG, coal,
firewood <not available>
Energy & Buildings
Chief Engineer (Building
Maintenance, Building
Proposal) Department
1.Total electric energy generated from all grid-connected renewable
energy sources within the city (2010 – 2020)
2.Total electricity consumption in the city (2010 – 2020)
3.Total electrical energy supplied from all grid-connected renewable
energy sources to the city (2010 – 2020)
4.Total number of units lost due to T&D loss (2010 – 2020)
5.Cumulative installed capacity (off grid + on grid) from renewable
energy sources for self-consumption (2010 – 2020)
6.Total connected load in the city (2010 – 2020)
7.Building height
8.Building footprint of Mumbai
Percentage of buildings securing green building compliance, pre-
certification, and final certification
9.Total number of pre-certified buildings for the assessment period
10.Total number of buildings approved for the construction for the
assessment period
11.Built-up area of green buildings certified for the assessment period
12.Built-up area of all buildings completed for the assessment period
13.Are all the buildings in the base year certified? (Yes/No)
14.Total electricity consumption of green buildings certified till 2020
15.Total electricity consumption of all buildings completed in 2020
Level of compliance, implementation procedures and stakeholder co-
operation in place for green buildings
16.Is there any existing compliance procedure at state level? (Yes/No)
17.Is there inclusion of latest National Building Codes (NBC 2016) and/
or Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC 2017) (commercial &
residential) as notified in City Development Control Regulations (DCRs/
GDCRs), building rules/byelaws? (Yes/No)
Mechanical and
Electrical
1.Total number of and electricity consumption for public parks and
gardens (2010 – 2020)
2.Total number of and electrical energy consumption for municipal
schools (2010 – 2020)
3.Total number of and electricity consumption for municipal buildings
(2010 – 2020)
4.Total number of and electricity consumption for community halls
(2010 – 2020)
5.Total number of and electricity consumption for govt. hospitals/clinics
(2010 – 2020)
6.Total electricity consumption for fire services (2010 – 2020)
7.T otal number of and electricity consumption for all streetlights
(2010 – 2020)
8.Total number of and electricity consumption for energy efficient
streetlights (2010 – 2020)
9.Total number of and electricity consumption for streetlights under
smart street lighting automation (2010 – 2020)
10.Total number of RE-powered streetlighting (2010 – 2020)
11.Total number of and electricity consumption for WTPs
(2010 – 2020)
12.Total number of and electricity consumption for STPs (2010 – 2020)
13. Map of streetlighting in Mumbai
Mumbai Fire Brigade
1.Total electricity consumption for fire services (2010 – 2020)
2.Total diesel consumption (2010 – 2020)
3.Total petrol consumption (2010 – 2020)
4.Total LPG consumption (2010 – 2020)
5.Total CNG consumption (2010 – 2020)
6.Mention name and quantity of any other fuel consumed (2010 – 2020)
DISCOMs (TATA Power,
Adani, BEST)
MSEDCL
Electricity consumption data (2010 – 2020)
Residential subsector
Number of residential consumers (LT)
Total number of units consumed by residential consumers (Kwh)
Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)
Commercial subsector
Number of commercial consumers (LT)
Total number of units consumed by commercial consumers (Kwh)
Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)
Municipal/Public facilities and buildings subsector
Number of public streetlights and parks (LT)
Total number of units consumed by public streetlights and parks (Kwh)
Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)
Industrial subsector
Number of residential consumers (LT/HT)
Total number of units consumed by residential consumers [LT/HT] (Kwh)
Total number of units generated by renewable energy (Kwh)
Mahanagar Gas,
HP, Indane, Bharat Gas,
Indian Oil, Petrol pump
associations
Fossil fuel data by residential, commercial, municipal/public facilities &
buildings, industrial, energy industries subsectors (2010 – 2020)
Total coal consumption in city (in tons)
Total diesel consumption in city (in KL)
Total petrol consumption in city (in KL)
Total kerosene consumption in city (in KL)
Total PNG consumption in city (in kg)
Total CNG consumption in city (in kg)
Total LPG consumption in city (in kg)
Total aviation turbine fuel/jet fuel consumption in city
Total furnace oil consumption in city (in litres)
Total fuel wood consumption in city (in tons)
Total biodiesel consumption in city (in litres)
Total solar energy consumption in city (in MWh)
Total wind energy consumption in city (in MWh)
Total hydro energy consumption in city (in MWh)
Total nuclear energy consumption in city (in joule)
Total waste to energy consumed in city (in MWh)
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